Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Review Article
ISSN 2320-4818
JSIR 2013; 2(6): 1086-1096
2013, All rights reserved
Received: 10-11-2013
Accepted: 23-12-2013
Abstract
Rakesh S. Shivatare
R&D, Ari Healthcare Pvt. Ltd.,
International Biotech Park, MIDC
Phase II, Hinjewadi, Pune, India
Dheeraj H. Nagore
R&D, Ari Healthcare Pvt. Ltd.,
International Biotech Park, MIDC
Phase II, Hinjewadi, Pune, India
Sanjay U. Nipanikar
R&D, Ari Healthcare Pvt. Ltd.,
International Biotech Park, MIDC
Phase II, Hinjewadi, Pune, India
The analysis and quality control of herbal medicines are moving a step ahead towards an
integrative and comprehensive direction, in order to tackle the complex nature of herbal
medicines. High-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) is one of the sophisticated
instrumental techniques for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the herbs and herbal drugs.
This article emphasize on HPTLC based analytical method development and evaluation of
validation characteristics.
Introduction
In the present era, universal trend has been shifted from synthetic to herbal medicine
i.e. Return to Nature.1 Ayurveda is a time-tested, trusted worldwide plant based
system of medicines2 which is developed through daily life experiences with the mutual
relationship between mankind and nature.3 As per WHO, there are three kinds of herbal
medicines: raw plant material, processed plant material and medicinal herbal products.4
Herbal medicines are complex chemical mixtures obtained from a plant which is
widely used in health-care in both developed and developing countries.5 It is no wonder
that the worlds one-fourth population is using traditional medicines for the treatment
of various ailments.6 However, one of the impediments in the acceptance of the
Ayurvedic or Herbal medicines is the lack of standard quality control profiles.7 Due to
the complex nature and inherent variability of the chemical constituents of the plant
based drugs, it is difficult to establish quality control parameter.8 Quality assurance of
herbal medicine is an important factor and basic requirement for herbal drug industry
and other drug development organization.9 There are several problems which influence
the quality of herbal drugs.
Correspondence:
Dheeraj H. Nagore
R&D, Ari Healthcare Pvt. Ltd.,
Unit no-4, International Biotech
Park, BTS-2, Chrysalis Enclave,
4th floor, Plot No 2A, MIDC Phase
II, Hinjewadi, Pune, India
Tel: +91-8550993932
E-mail:
dheeraj.nagore@ariheathcare.in
1086
HPTLC is a modern adaptation of TLC with better and advanced separation efficiency and detection limits. The table 1
compares HPTLC and TLC.19-28
Table 1: Difference between TLC and HPTLC
PARAMETER
Technique
Efficiency
Layer
Mean particle size
Layer Thickness
Plate Height
Solid Support
Sample Spotting
TLC
Manual
Less
Lab Made/ Pre-Coated
10-12 um
250 um
30 um
Silica
Gel,
Alumina,
Kiesulguhr
Manual Spotting (Capillary/
HPTLC
Instrumental
High (Due to smaller particle size)
Pre-coated
5-6 um
100 um
12 um
Silica Gel- Normal Phase
C8 and C18- Reverse phase
Auto sampler (Syringe)
1087
Sample Volume
Pipette)
1-5 ul
0.1-0.5 ul
Shape of Sample
Rectangular (6 mm L 1mm W)
Separation
10-15 cm
3-5 cm
Separation Time
20-200 Min
3-20 Min
10
36 (72)
1-5 pg
100-500 pg
Detection limits
(Fluorescence)
50-100 pg
5-10 pg
PC connectivity,
Method Storage
No
Yes
Validation,
Quantitative
Analysis, Spectrum Analysis
No
Yes
Analysis Time
Slower
Wavelength Range
Scanning
Not possible
Classification of HPTLC
HPTLC techniques may be classified into four classes i.e.
Classical, High performance, Ultra and Preparative thinlayer chromatography. They differ with classical TLC in
the particle size distribution and thickness of the sorbent
layers. The mean particles sizes are 12, 5, 25 m for
classical, high-performance and preparative thin-layer
chromatography, respectively, whereas Ultra thin layer
chromatography does not have particles but a monolithic
layer with 12 um macropores.32 Another difference is the
thickness of the sorbent layers which is 250 um, 200 um,
10 um and 0.52 mm, for classical, high-performance,
ultra-thin and preparative sorbent layers, respectively.21
1088
Range
Accuracy
Precision
Detection Limit, Quantitation Limit
Robustness
Basic Steps:
Selection of the stationary phaseDuring method development, stationary phase selection
should be based on the type of compounds to be
separated.36 HPTLC uses smaller plates (10*10 or 10*20
cm) with significantly decreased development distance
(typically 6 cm) and analysis time (720 min). HPTLC
plates provide improved resolution, higher detection
sensitivity, and improved in situ quantification and are
used for industrial pharmaceutical densitometric
quantitative analysis.31, 37
Mobile phase selection and optimization-
Quantitation:
HPTLC method
analysis:
validation
for
pharmaceutical
Specificity
Linearity
Chemical Compounds
Polar Compounds
Anthraglycosides, Arbutin, Alkaloids, Cardiac
Glycosides, Bitter Principles, Flavonoids,
Saponin
Lipophilic Compounds
Mobile Phase
Ethyl Acetate: Methanol: Water [100:13.5:10]
1089
3
4
Essential
oils,
Terpenes,
Napthoquinons, Velpotriate
Alkaloids
Flavonoids
Saponin
Coumarin
7
8
Bitter Drug
Cardiac Glycosides
Essential Oil
10
Lignans
11
Pigments
12
13
Pungent Testing
Terpenes
14
Triterpenes
Coumarin,
Toluene: Ethyl Acetate: Diethyl Amine [70:20:10]
Ethyl Acetate: Formic Acid: Glacial Acetic Acid: Water
[100:11:11:26]
Chloroform: Glacial Acetic Acid: Methanol: Water
[64:32:12:8]
Diethyl Ether: Toluene
[1:1] Saturated with 10% Acetic Acid
Ethyl Acetate: Methanol: Water [77:15:8]
Ethyl Acetate: Methanol: Water
[100:13.5:10] OR [81:11:8]
Toluene: Ethyl Acetate
[93:7]
Chloroform: Methanol: Water [70:30:4]
Chloroform: Methanol [90:10]
Toluene: Ethyl Acetate [70:30]
Ethyl Acetate: Formic Acid: Glacial Acetic Acid: Water
[100:11:11:26]
Toluene: Ethyl Acetate [70:30]
Chloroform: Methanol: Water
[65:25:4]
Ethyl Acetate: Toluene: Formic Acid [50:50:15]
Toluene: Chloroform: Ethanol [40:40:10]
Hexane
0.01
Cyclohexane
0.04
Carbon tetrachloride
0.18
Toluene
0.29
Chloroform
0.40
Methylene Chloride
0.42
Tetrahydrofuran
0.45
Acetone
0.56
10
Ethyl Acetate
0.58
11
Aniline
0.62
12
Acetonitrile
0.65
13
Ethanol
0.88
14
Methanol
0.95
15
Acetic Acid
Large
Solvent
N- Pentane
S. No
1
1090
Visualization at UV 366 nm
F 366 should be described as Fluorescence quenching. In
this instance the fluorescence does not remains after the
source of excitation is removed.42 This quenching is shown
by all anthraglycosides, coumarins, flavonoids,
Phenolcarboxylic acids, some alkaloid types (Rauwolfia,
Ipecacuanha alkaloids).29
Visualization at white light
Colour Reagent
Dragendroff Reagent
It forms complex reaction with
some
nitrogen
containing
compounds
Natural productsPolyethylene Glycol reagent i.e.
Diphenylboric acid -2-aminoethyl
ester forms complexes with 3hydroxyflavones via condensation
reaction
Vanillin Sulphuric Acid OR
Anisaldehyde Sulphuric Acid
Chemical Compounds
Alkaloids
Colour
Red-brown Zone (vis)
Flavonoids
Bitter Principle
Saponin
Essential Oil
Green
1091
10 % Ethanolic KOH
Ninhydrin Reagent
Iodine
It produce iodine reaction possibly
result in an oxidative products
Anthraquinones
(Emodin, Rhein)
Anthrones
(Aloin, Cascarosides)
Coumarins,
Scopoletin,
Umbelliferone
Amino acids, peptides,
amines and amino-sugars
Indole,
quinoline
derivative, thiols and all
organic compounds
Quantitation:
Generally quantitative evaluation is performed by
measuring the zones of samples and standards using a
densitometer or scanner with a fixed sample light beam in
the form of a rectangular slit. The chromatogram can be
scanned in reflectance or in transmittance mode by
absorbance or by fluorescent mode; scanning speed is used
up to 100 mm/s.23,28 Due to scanning spectra calibration of
single and multiple levels of linearity, linear and nonlinear
regression equations are possible. Scanning has been done
by two methods i.e. Slit Scanning and Video Scanning.21
Slit ScanningSlit-scanning densitometry is now relatively mature and
although limited to absorption and fluorescence detection
in the UVvisible range. It consists of fiber optic bundle
for illumination of sample zones and collection of reflected
light (or fluorescence). Photodiode-array detector is used
for simultaneous length detection and spectral recording.28
Video ScanningVideo densitometry is fast and simultaneous data
acquisition from the whole plate. In which optical scanning
takes place electronically, using a computer with video
digitizer, light source, monochromators, and appropriate
optics to illuminate the plate and focus the image onto a
charge-coupled device (CCD) video camera. It is also
useful in two-dimensional separations for thin-layer
chromatography with image analysis.28
HPTLC method
analysis:
validation
for
pharmaceutical
from
HPLC
Reverse Phase Chromagraphy
Liquid
None
Partition
By machine
On line
Very high
Closed
Tubular column
Broad peaks
HPTLC
Straight Phase Chromagraphy
Solid
Gas
Adsorption
By machine + eyes
Off line
Moderate to high
Open
Planar layer (plate)
Sharp Peaks
No.
Only 1 at a time
High pressure
2 60 min
Limited to very high
Yes.
Upto 100 samples.
None
1-30 min
High to very high
1093
Limited possibilities.
Cumbersome.
Sensitivity
Fluorescence data
Detectors
High to ultra
Possible, optional
UV, Fluor, electrochem Light
scatter , MS
No
Chromatogram
documentation
Sample clean-up
image
Chromatographic fingerprint
Cost per analysis
Eqpt. maintenance
Analysts skills required
References
1. Sharma A., Shanker C., Tyagi L.K., Singh M., Rao V.
Herbal Medicine for Market Potential in India: An
Overview. Academic J. Plant Sci. 2008; 1 (2): 26-36.
2. Kadam P.V., Yadav K.N., Shivatare R.S., Pande A.S.,
Patel A.N., Patil M.J. Standardization of Gomutra Haritaki
Vati: An Ayurvedic Formulation. Int. J. Pharm. Bio. Sci.
2012; 3(3): 181 187.
3. Mukharjee P.K., Wahile A. Integrated approaches
towards drug development from Ayurveda and other
Indian system of medicines. J. Ethanopharmacol. 2006;
103 (1): 25-35.
6. Jena A., Saha D., Biswal B., Jana S.B., Koley A., Sur
D., Battacharya A. Pharmacognostic Studies of leaves of
Pterospermum Suberifolium. Int. J. Res. Pharmaceutical
Biomed. Sci. 2011; 2(1): 2229-3701.
7. Bagul M.S., Rajani M. Phytochemical evaluation of
classical formulation: A case study. Indian Drugs 2005;
42:15-19.
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