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INTRODUCTION
Figure 2: Early Miocene and Recent maps showing depth changes to Wadati-Benioff zone proposed by
Isacks (1988) along with arc volcanic front (red), backarc mafic centers (black), and large ignimbritic
centers (red stripes) from Kay et al. (1999). Miocene ore districts shown in brown boxes. Patterned bands
are locations of reconstructed Miocene to Recent lithospheric cross sections in Figures 3 and 4.
MAGMATISM, DEFORMATION,
AND MINERALIZATION OVER A
SHALLOWING SUBDUCTION ZONE
The lithospheric cross sections in Figure 3
illustrate a working model for the postearly
Miocene shallowing of the Chilean
subduction zone that accounts for magmatic,
structural, and basin evolution over the
modern flat-slab region and its borders (e.g.,
Kay et al., 1991, 1999; Jordan et al., 1993;
Figure 6: Cartoon showing genetic model for major Miocene central Andean
ore districts. Stage 1 shows magmas equilibrating with pyroxene-bearing
mineral residues in normal thickness continental crust over relatively steep
subduction zone. Stages 2 and 3 show magmas equilibrating with
amphibole-bearing and garnet-bearing mineral residues in deep parts of
thickening crust over shallowing subduction zone. Mineralization occurs
between stages 2 and 3. Critical ingredients are a hydrated mantle above a
shallow subduction zone, storage of fluid in amphibole and hydrous magmas
in the deep crust, and release of that fluid in conjunction with breakdown of
amphibole-bearing crustal assemblages in crustal melt zones during
subhorizontal shortening and thickening of ductile, magma-injected crust.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Discussions with R.W. Kay, B. Coira, V.A.
Ramos, and E. Godoy are especially
acknowledged. Funding came from the
National Science Foundation (EAR89-03732,
92-05042), CODELCO, Chilean
SERNAGEOMIN and FONDECYT (1950025,
1990009), and Argentine Geologic Survey.
Review by Jeremy Richards and Karl
Karlstrom improved the presentation.
REFERENCES CITED
KARST HYDROLOGY
June 18-23, 2001
This is the 22nd year for this successful,
"hands-on" course/workshop offered in
Bowling Green, Kentucky. It deals with
groundwater monitoring techniques,
tracers, and the movement of contaminants through karst aquifers. Other topics include methods for preventing or
treating sinkhole flooding and collapse.
A primary objective of this course is to
provide "state-of-the-practice" information and experience for dealing with
groundwater problems of karst regions.
INSTRUCTORS:
William B. White, Ph.D.
Nicholas C. Crawford, Ph.D.
offered by the
Center for Cave and Karst Studies
Applied Research & Technology Program
of Distinction
Department of Geography and Geology
Western Kentucky University
Kay, S.M., Mpodozis, C., Tittler, A., and Cornejo, P., 1994,
Tertiary magmatic evolution of the Maricunga mineral belt
in Chile: International Geology Review, v. 36,
p. 10791112.
Kurtz, A., Kay, S.M., Charrier, R., and Farrar, E., 1997,
Geochronology of Miocene plutons and Andean uplift
history in the El Teniente region, central Chile (3435S):
Revista Geolgica de Chile, v. 24, p. 7590.
Martin, M., Clavero, J., and Mpodozis, C., 1997, Eocene
to Late Miocene magmatic development of the El Indio belt,
~30S, north-central Chile: Antofagasta, Chile, VIII
Congreso Geolgico Chileno Actas 1, p. 149153.
Mpodozis, C., Cornejo, P., Kay, S.M., and Tittler, A., 1995,
La Franja de Maricunga: Sintesis de la evolucin del frente
volcnico oligoceno-mioceno de la zona sur de los Andes
Centrales: Revista Geolgica de Chile, v. 22, p. 273314.