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Hadi Suyono, Ph.D | Power System Analysis | Department of Electrical Engineering | Brawijaya University
Almost all modern power systems are three-phase systems with the phases of equal
amplitude and shifted by 120. Since phases are similar, it is customary to sketch
power systems in a simple form with a single line representing all three phases of
the real system.
Example 10.1: a power system containing two synchronous machines, two loads, two busses, two
transformers, and a transmission line to connect busses together.
All devices are protected by oil circuit breakers (OCBs). We notice that the diagram indicates the
type of connection for each machine and transformer, and also the points in the system connected
to the ground.
The ground connections are important since they affect the current flowing in nonsymmetrical faults.
These connection can be direct or through a resistor or inductor (they help reducing the fault current
that flows in unsymmetrical faults, while having no impact on the steady-state operation of the
system since the current through them will be zero). Machine ratings, impedances, and/or
consumed (or supplied) powers are usually included in the diagrams.
I base =
S1 ,base
VLN ,base
VLN ,base
=
Z base =
I base
(V
LN ,base
S1 ,base
(1.1)
2
(1.2)
I base =
S3 ,base
(5.1)
3VLL ,base
VLL ,base
=
Z base =
3I base
(V
LL ,base
2
(5.2)
S3 ,base
In the per-unit system, all quantities are represented as a fraction of the base value:
actual value
Quantity in per unit =
base value of quantity
(5.3)
Vold S new
= per unit Z old
V
S
new old
(10.6.1)
Example 10.2: a power system consists of one synchronous generator and one synchronous motor
connected by two transformers and a transmission line. Create a per-phase, per-unit equivalent
circuit of this power system using a base apparent power of 100 MVA and a base line voltage of the
generator G1 of 13.8 kV. Given that:
G1 ratings: 100 MVA, 13.8 kV, R = 0.1 pu, Xs = 0.9 pu;
T1 ratings: 100 MVA, 13.8/110 kV, R = 0.01 pu, Xs = 0.05 pu;
T2 ratings: 50 MVA, 120/14.4 kV, R = 0.01 pu, Xs = 0.05 pu;
M ratings: 50 MVA, 13.8 kV, R = 0.1 pu, Xs = 1.1 pu;
L1 impedance: R = 15 , X = 75 .
14.4
Vbase=
V
= 13.2 kV
,3
base ,2
120
Region 2
(10.7.1)
G1 ratings: 100
MVA, 13.8 kV,
R = 0.1 pu,
Xs = 0.9 pu;
Base New
S =100 MVA,
kV= 13.8 kV,
L1 impedance:
R = 15 , X = 75 .
T1 ratings: 100
MVA, 13.8/110
kV, R = 0.01 pu,
Xs = 0.05 pu;
T2 ratings: 50
MVA, 120/14.4
kV, R = 0.01 pu,
Xs = 0.05 pu;
M ratings: 50
MVA, 13.8 kV,
R = 0.1 pu, Xs
= 1.1 pu;
VLL ,base 2
=
Z=
base ,1
S3 ,base
(13.8 kV=
) 1.904
100 MVA
2
Region 1
VLL ,base 2
=
=
Z base
,3
S3 ,base
(13.2 kV=
) 1.743
100 MVA
Region 1
(10.8.1)
Region 1
The impedances of G1 and T1 are specified in per-unit on a base of 13.8 kV and 100
MVA, which is the same as the system base in Region 1. Therefore, the per-unit
resistances and reactances of these components on the system base are
unchanged:
RG1,pu = 0.1 per unit
XG1,pu = 0.9 per unit
RT1,pu = 0.01 per unit
XT1,pu = 0.05 per unit
Rline, system =
X line, system
15
= 0.124 per unit
121
75
=
= 0.620 per unit
121
(1.1)
per unit Z new = per unit Z given (Vgiven Vnew ) ( S new S given )
2
(10.9.2)
(10.9.3)
per unit Z new = per unit Z given (Vgiven Vnew ) ( S new S given )
2
(10.10.1)
Homework
1. Based on the single line diagram given in the previous slide
calculate the actual impedance for each component/device
2. if the new base is given as follows: S = 80MVA and voltage
base V = 110kV, calculate the new per-unit impedance for
each component/devices
3. If motor absorb the active power 0.8pu at pf 0.85 lagging,
and the voltage 10o calculate the voltage at each buses:
v1, v2, and v3
Note that the per-unit series impedances of the transformers and the transmission
lines between each pair of busses have been added up, and the resulting
impedances were expressed as admittances (Y=1/Z) to simplify nodal analysis.
Shunt admittance at each bus is shown between the bus and the neutral. This
admittance can include the shunt admittance of the line models and shunt
admittance associated with any generators or loads on a bus.
=
I1
(10.13.1)
I2
(V2 V1 ) Ya + (V2 V3 ) Yc + V2Ye =
I3
(V3 V1 ) Yb + (V3 V2 ) Yc + V3Y f =
(10.14.1)
(10.14.2)
I1
(Ya + Yb + Yd )V1 YaV2 YbV3 =
YaV1 + (Ya + Yc + Ye ) V2 YcV3 =
I2
(10.14.3)
In matrix form:
Ya + Yb + Yd
Ya
Yb
Ya
Ya + Yc + Ye
Yc
V1 I1
Yc
V2 =
I2
Yb + Yc + Y f V3 I 3
Yb
(10.14.4)
YbusV = I
(10.15.1)
where Ybus is the bus admittance matrix of a system, which has the form:
Ybus
(10.15.2)
Z bus = Ybus 1
(10.16.1)
Simple technique for constructing Ybus is only applicable for components that are not
mutually coupled. The technique applicable to mutually coupled components can be
found elsewhere.
Once Ybus is calculated, the solution to (10.15.1) is
or
1
bus
V =Y I
(10.16.2)
V = bus I
(10.16.3)
Ax = b
(10.17.1)
where A is an n x n matrix and b is and n-element column vector; the solution will be
x=A b
(10.17.2)
Example 10.3: a
power system
consists of four
busses
interconnected by
five transmission
lines. It includes
one generator
attached to bus 1
and one
synchronous
motor connected
to bus 3.
Voc 1.110
I sc=
=
= 1.0 80
ZTH
j1.1
The Nortons equivalent circuit.
(10.21.1)
I sc
=
Voc 0.9 22
=
= 0.563 112
ZTH
j1.6
(10.22.1)
Ybus
j 5.0
0
j 6.667
j12.576
j 5.0
j
12.5
j
5.0
j
2.5
0
j 5.0 10.625
j 5.0
j
6.667
j
2.5
j
5.0
j
14.167
(10.24.1)
1.0 80
I =
0.563 112
(10.24.2)
0.989 0.60
0.981 1.58
1
V
V Y=
=
bus I
0.974 2.62
0.982 1.48
(10.25.1)
I=
1
= 0.092 25.16
(10.25.2)