Topic: The glaciers melting in Antarctica cause disasters (Focus-on-Effects)

Zoom out topic sentences: Local areas(cities or towns) Countries Earth

Title Calamity in the Earth

Topic sentences People of Earth are struggling with global warming. It causes the
glaciers melting in Antarctica and there are several disasters following.
Hook The climate of Antarctica is the coldest on Earth. Antarctica is 50% larger
than the United States.

Paragraph #1 People who live near coastal cities in the world are endangered.
1) Since Antarcticas glaciers are melting continuously, the residents, who live
cities close to the ocean, have to move on.
2) Melting glaciers not only rises up sea-level, but also causes typhoons,
hurricanes, and so on.

Paragraph#2 The countries which are lowlands, are rapidly flooded.

1) Low-lying countries are submerged.
2) Ones country is affected by economic troubles.

Paragraph#3 If the glaciers kept melting, it would be fatal to the Earth.

1) The Earths temperature goes up constantly.
2) There would be more intense disasters near future.

Conclusion Repeat the topic sentence and summarize paragraph #1,2,3

<Reference>
1. Turner, John, et al. Record low surface air temperature at Vostok station,
Antarctica. Journal of Geophysical Research. 114. D24 (2009). John Wiley & Sons,
Ltd. 21 Nov. 2016.

2. Rignot and Eric. Is Antarctica melting? Wires Climate Change 2 3 (2011): 324-331.
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 17 Nov. 2016.
Antarctica is 50% larger in area than the United States, or 12 million square kilometers.
Precipitation on the continent is comparable to that of a desert, at 13 cm of water
equivalent per year on average, compared to a global mean of 100 cm water equivalent.
Yet this desert holds 70% of the world freshwater and if all ice in it were to melt to sea, it
would raise global sea level by 56 m.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wcc.110/epdf

3. Mark B. Dyurgerov and Mark F. Meier. Glaciers and The Changing Earth System: A
2004 Snapshot.
Glacier variations are sensitive indicators of changes in climate and may have direct
impacts on processes of global importance such as sea-level rise, the hydrology of
mountain-fed rivers, the freshwater balance of the oceans, natural disasters, and even
the shape and rotation of the Earth. In recent years the rate of loss of glacier ice to the
oceans has accelerated, and this trend is expected to continue as a result of the rise of
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
http://instaar.colorado.edu/uploads/occasional-papers/OP58_dyurgerov_meier.pdf

4. Diaz, James H. "Global climate changes, natural disasters, and travel health
risks." Journal of travel medicine 13.6 (2006): 361-372.
If the entire Western Antarctic ice sheet were to melt, sea levels would rise by
another 6.1 m.11 Flooding is now the most common type of natural disaster
worldwide, and ash ooding, usually associated with tropical storms and
hurricanes, is among the leading causes of weather-related deaths in the United
States, along with heat wave-related deaths. As a result of climate changes, more
frequently alternating Pacic Ocean surface and subsurface temperature
oscillations, as NOAA asserts, or synergistic combinations, hurricanes of category 3
or greater now strike the continental United States approximately every 18 months.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1708-8305.2006.00072.x/epdf

5. Dyurgerov, Mark B., and Mark F. Meier. Glaciers and the changing Earth system: a
2004 snapshot. Vol. 58. Boulder: Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University
of Colorado, (2005). 21 Nov.2016.
The massive Antarctic ice cover, which averages 2.3 kilometers in thickness and
represents some 91 percent of Earth's ice, is also melting. So far, most of the loss
has occurred along the edges of the Antarctic Peninsula, on the ice shelves that form
when the land-based ice sheets flow into the ocean and begin to float. Within the
past decade, three ice shelves have fully disintegrated: the Wordie, the Larsen A,
and the Prince Gustav. Two more, the Larsen B and the Wilkins, are in full retreat
and are expected to break up soon, having lost more than one-seventh of their
combined 21,000 square kilometers since late 1998-a loss the size of Rhode Island.
Icebergs as big as Delaware have also broken off Antarctica in recent years, posing
threats to open-water shipping.
The disappearance of Earth's ice cover would significantly alter the global climatethough the net effects remain unknown. Ice, particularly polar ice, reflects large

amounts of solar energy back into space, and helps keep the planet cool. When ice
melts, however, this exposes land and water surfaces that retain heat-leading to
even more melt and creating a feedback loop that accelerates the overall warming
process.
Large-scale ice melt would also raise sea levels and flood coastal areas, currently
home to about half the world's people. Over the past century, melting in ice caps and
mountain glaciers has contributed on average about one-fifth of the estimated 10-25
centimeter (4-10 inch) global sea level rise with the rest caused by thermal
expansion of the ocean as the Earth warmed.
http://www.mtnforum.org/sites/default/files/publication/files/142.pdf