Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Contract No 2011/278827
Implemented by:
Ramboll Denmark A/S (lead partner)
EIR Development Partners Ltd.
The British Standards Institution
LDK Consultants S.A.
MVV decon GmbH
ICF International
Statistics Denmark
Energy Institute Hrvoje Poar
June 2015
Prepar
ed by
Name
Date
09.06.2015
Checke
d by
Approv
ed by
This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The
contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and can in no way be
taken to reflect the views of the European Union.
Table of Contents
1. Project sheet
2. Input data
3. Technical calculation
4. Financial calculation
5. Used formulas
6. X-steam Table Nr.1.
7. X-steam Table Nr.2.
Introduction
Keywords
ACTION
ET - 000 No:
16
Recommended Action Energy efficiency opportunity
Prepared for
Sample
Report date:
tel/fax
E-mail
Prepared by:
Checked by:
Approved by:
Content
Action name:
Area of the Plant Affected:
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Recovered Reduction of
heat for DHW
fuel
system
consumption
[GJ/year]
[MDL]
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
P a y b a c k p e r io d [ Ye a r ]
#VALUE!
MDL
63,539
1,258,200
629,100
629,100
0
2,579,939
(non energy)
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Fuel cost
7.1
3
[MDL/m
72]
7.5
70
7.9
69
9.1
64
2000000
0
4000000
Pa
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Fuel cost
7.1
3
[MDL/m
72]
7.5
70
7.9
69
9.1
64
2000000
0
4000000
Existing solution:
Combustion air
M2
Fuel consumption
M3
Steam (saturated)
M4
Feed water
M5
Flue gas
Temperature [C]
Relative humidity [%]
Fuel flow rate [l/h, t/h, nm3/h]
Temperature [C]
Pressure [bar]
Mass flow rate [t/h]
Temperature [C]
Conductivity [S/cm]
Temperature [C]
Oxygen-content [%]
CO-content [ppm]
M6
Blow-down
M7
Boiler-water
Conductivity [S/cm]
Recommended solution:
Factory
HLG 20/12
1965
Serial number
Fire Tube Heating fluid
Nr. 19650523-15-25
Steam
36.62
0.96
35874
C2 H 6
0.04
64423
C3 H 8
92887
C4H10
122572
CmHn
CO
H2
CO2
N2
O2
H 2S
594
H 2O
[MJ/m^3]
[m3/m3 fuel]
12623
10799
40.57
Heating value of
comp. [kJ/m3]
[MJ/m^3]
Fire Tube
Water Tube
Electric
Natural Draft
Forced Draft
Condensing
Other _________
Natural gas
PB-gas
Water (<110C)
Fuel oil
Water (>110C)
Coal
Steam
Other
Profile of operation
<---
0.9718
250
115
100
80
60
55
12
85
0.5
1.5
80
100
60
40
Profile
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
20
Profile of operation
Peformance rate [%]
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Check
2.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
ce rate [%]
100000
0.35
20.97
3,030
60,000
30,000
30,000
0
-10
-5
15
25
Financial analysis
1
Fuel cost
[MDL/m 3 ]
0.9
80
100
60
Financial data
0.8
0.7
7.1
72
0.6
7.5
70
0.5
0.4
7.9
69
0.3
9.1
64
0.2
0.1
0
1000000
2000000
3000000
4000000
Factory
HLG 20/12
1965
Serial number
Fire Tube Heating fluid
Nr. 19650523-15-25
Steam
36.62
0.96
35874
C2 H 6
0.04
64423
C3 H 8
92887
C4H10
122572
CmHn
CO
H2
CO2
N2
O2
H 2S
594
H 2O
[MJ/m^3]
[m3/m3 fuel]
12623
10799
40.57
[MJ/m^3]
Heating value of
comp. [kJ/m3]
37.0
If you have the composition list of fuel, and not the exact heating value, then please
copy D32 to B18
Input data in yellow cells.
Calculated data in red cells.
30
40
50
60
70
80
400
1000
1555
4295
1250
90
100
Check
0
0
Correct input data
Profile
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
O p e a rito n tim e [h /a ]
Profile of operation
Peformance rate [%]
0
10
20
<---
Fuel consumption
Steam enthalpy [kJ/kg]
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Fuel consumption
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
10
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
20
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
30
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
40
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
50
#VALUE!
60
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
70
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
80
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
90
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
100
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
[m3]
#VALUE!
70
80
90
100
rate [%]
3.5
1.2
0.9718
150
0
10.2536
9.7712
12.20784
50
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
60
70
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
80
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
90
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
100
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
X-axis (1)
Heat [MJ]
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
150
135
100
115.0
115
0
0
100
115.0
0
115
100
#VALUE!
Gradient
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Reduction of fuel [m /a] #VALUE!
3
80
60
#VALUE!
60
60
#VALUE!
80
80
#VALUE! #VALUE!
60
#VALUE! #VALUE!
80
60
#VALUE!
55
12
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
12
55
0
55
12
55
12
12
Conclusion
Q a.c.
#VALUE!
Q h.s.
#VALUE!
Q dhw.s.
#VALUE!
efficiency
[GJ/a] Vgas at reference
#VALUE!
[m3/a]
Vgas at reference efficiency
[GJ/a]
#VALUE! [m3/a]
Vgas at reference efficiency
[GJ/a]
#VALUE! [m3/a]
Cgas
#VALUE! [MDL/a]
Cgas
#VALUE! [MDL/a]
Cgas
#VALUE! [MDL/a]
Flue gas
120
Pinch point
Row 11
100
Row 12
Row 13
80
60
40
Row 21
Row 22
20
0
Row 23
0.5
1.5
2.5
100000
0.38
#VALUE!
20.97
3,030
60,000
30,000
30,000
0
#VALUE!
Sensitivity
Project cost [MDL]
Rate of increase [%]
Increased project cost [MDL]
2,579,939
25
3,224,924
-10
7.172
Pa yb a c k p e rio d [Ye a r]
2097000 [MDL/a]
[MDL/m3]
7.97
#VALUE! [MDL/a]
MDL
63539
1258200
629100
629100
0
MDL
15
25
7.969
9.164
9.961
X-axis (1)
2,579,939
X-axis (2)
2,579,939
Financial analysis
1
0.8
0.6
Y-axis (1)
0
Fuel
cost
7.1
[MDL/
72
3
m7.5
]
0.4
70
0.2
7.9
69
1000000
2000000
3000000
4000000
9.1
64
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Y-axis (2)
#VALUE!
Used formulas:
1.
q quantity of fuel used [m3]
Q quantity of steam generated per secundum [kg/sec]
hg enthalpy of saturated steam [kJ/kg]
hf enthalpy of feed water [kJ/kg]
boiler efficiency [-]
LHV Lower heating value [kJ/kg, kJ/m3]
top operation time [sec]
2.
L0 - Theoretical air required for complete combustion [m 3/m3]
LHV - Lower heating value [MJ/m3]
3.
V0 - Stoichiometrical quantity of flue gas [m3/m3]
LHV - Lower heating value [MJ/m3]
4.
Vfg - Specific flue gas flow [m3/m3]
V0 - Stoichiometrical quantity of flue gas [m3/m3]
Excess air [-]
L0 - Theoretical air required for complete combustion [m 3/m3]
5.
Qfg - Heat content of flue gas [MJ]
Vfg,a Actual flue gas flow [m3]
tfg Temperature of flue gas [C]
ta - Ambient temperature [C]
cp - Specific heat of flue gas [kJ/(m3C)]
6.
LHV - Lower heating value [MJ/m3 or MJ/kg]
ci Proportion of the i. component in the fuel [m 3/m3 fuel or kg/kg fuel]
LHVi - Lower heating value of components[MJ/m3 or MJ/kg]
7.
Qin Heat input [MJ]
LHV - Lower heating value [MJ/m3 or MJ/kg]
FC Fuel consumption [m3 or kg]
8.
Lambda [-] = (1+(EA/100)), where EA means excess air in [%]
O2 Measured oxygen cocentration in flue gas [%]
9.
Vfg,a Actual flue gas flow [m3]
Vfg - Specific flue gas flow [m3/m3]
FC Fuel consumption [m3 or kg]
10.
SPP Simple payback period [Year]
YB Yearly benefits [MDL/a]
YC Yearly costs [MDL/a]
PC - Project cost [MDL]
X Steam Tables
Excel macros, IF-97 Steam tables.
The excel scripts are stored inside this workbook. A complete list of functions for use is available on th
The steam tables are free and provided as is. We take no responsibilities for any errors in the code or
www.x-eng.com
OBS: This workbook uses macros. Set security options in Tools:Macro:Security to enable macros.
X Steam Tables
v2.6 http://www.x-eng.com
Steam tables by Magnus Holmgren according to IAPWS IF-97
The excel scripts are stored inside this workbook. (No extra files are needed. Start from a copy of this workbook. This page can be removed)
For error-reporting, feedback, other units etc. contact:
magnus@x-eng.com
The steam tables are free and provided as is. We take no responsibilities for any errors in the code or damage thereby.
OBS: This workbook uses macros. Set security options in Tools:Macro:Security to enable macros.
Temperature
Tsat_p
T_ph
T_ps
T_hs
1
1
1
100
bar
bar
bar
kJ/kg
100 kJ/kg
1 kJ/(kg K)
0.2 kJ/(kg K)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
C
C
C
C
Saturation temperature
Temperture as a function of pressur
Temperture as a function of pressur
Temperture as a function of enthalp
100 C
84 kJ/kg
### kJ/kg
0.3 kJ/(kg K)
5 kg/m3
#VALUE! bar
#VALUE! bar
#VALUE! bar
Saturation pressure
Pressure as a function of h and s.
Pressure as a function of h and rho
20 C
1 kJ/(kg K)
0.5
0.5
2 kg/m3
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
100 C
### kJ/kg
5 kJ/(kg K)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
m3/kg
m3/kg
m3/kg
m3/kg
m3/kg
m3/kg
m3/kg
100 C
### kJ/kg
1 kJ/(kg K)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
kg/m3
kg/m3
kg/m3
kg/m3
kg/m3
kg/m3
kg/m3
20 C
### kJ/kg
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
kJ/(kg K)
kJ/(kg K)
kJ/(kg K)
kJ/(kg K)
kJ/(kg K)
kJ/(kg K)
Pressure
psat_T
p_hs
p_hrho
Enthalpy
hV_p
hL_p
hV_T
hL_T
h_pT
h_ps
h_px
h_Tx
h_prho
1
1
100
100
1
1
1
100
1
bar
bar
C
C
bar
bar
bar
C
bar
1
1
100
100
1
1
1
bar
bar
C
C
bar
bar
bar
1
1
100
100
1
1
1
bar
bar
C
C
bar
bar
bar
0.01
0.01
0
100
1
1
bar
bar
C
C
bar
bar
Specific volume
vV_p
vL_p
vV_T
vL_T
v_pT
v_ph
v_ps
Density
rhoV_p
rhoL_p
rhoV_T
rhoL_T
rho_pT
rho_ph
rho_ps
Specific entropy
sV_p
sL_p
sV_T
sL_T
s_pT
s_ph
1 bar
1 bar
100 C
#VALUE! kJ/kg
#VALUE! kJ/kg
#VALUE! kJ/kg
uL_T
u_pT
u_ph
u_ps
100
1
1
1
C
bar
bar
bar
100 C
### kJ/kg
1 kJ/(kg K)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
100 C
200 kJ/kg
1 kJ/(kg K)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
kJ/(kgC)
kJ/(kgC)
kJ/(kgC)
kJ/(kgC)
kJ/(kgC)
kJ/(kgC)
kJ/(kgC)
100 C
200 kJ/kg
1 kJ/(kg K)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
kJ/(kgC)
kJ/(kgC)
kJ/(kgC)
kJ/(kgC)
kJ/(kgC)
kJ/(kgC)
kJ/(kgC)
100 C
200 kJ/kg
1 kJ/(kg K)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
1
1
100
100
1
1
1
bar
bar
C
C
bar
bar
bar
1
1
100
100
1
1
1
bar
bar
C
C
bar
bar
bar
1
1
100
100
1
1
1
bar
bar
C
C
bar
bar
bar
Speed of sound
wV_p
wL_p
wV_T
wL_T
w_pT
w_ph
w_ps
Dynamic Viscosity
Viscosity is not part of IAPWS Steam IF97. Equations from "Revised Release on the IAPWS Formulation 1985 for the Viscosity of Ordinary Water Substa
Viscosity in the mixed region (4) is interpolated according to the density. This is not true since it will be two fases.
my_pT
my_ph
my_ps
1 bar
1 bar
1 bar
100 C
100 kJ/kg
1 kJ/(kg K)
#VALUE! Pa s
#VALUE! Pa s
#VALUE! Pa s
1 bar
1 bar
200 C
### kJ/kg
#VALUE! #VALUE! -
Prandtl
Calcualted as Cp*my/tc
pr_pT
pr_ph
Thermal Conductivity
Revised release on the IAPS Formulation 1985 for the Thermal Conductivity of ordinary water substance (IAPWS 1998)
tcL_p
tcV_p
tcL_T
tcV_T
tc_pT
tc_ph
tc_hs
100
1
100
100
100
1
100
bar
bar
C
C
bar
350 C
bar
350 kJ/(kg K)
kJ/(kg K) 0.34 kJ/(kg K)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
W/(m K)
W/(m K)
W/(m K)
W/(m K)
W/(m K)
W/(m K)
W/(m K)
Surface Tension
IAPWS Release on Surface Tension of Ordinary Water Substance, September 1994
st_T
st_p
100 C
1 bar
#VALUE! N/m
#VALUE! N/m
#VALUE!
Vapour fraction
x_ph
1 bar
### kJ/kg
x_ps
1 bar
4 kJ/(kg K)
#VALUE!
Observe that vapour volume fraction is very sensitive. Vapour volume is about 1000 times greater than liquid volume and therfore vapour volume fraction
gets close to the accurancy of steam IF-97
vx_ph
vx_ps
1 bar
1 bar
418 kJ/kg
4 kJ/(kg K)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Version history
News in V2.6
* Error in valid region for function tc_ptrho
* Error in function h3_pt for temperatures near the saturation point.
News in V2.5
* DLL distrubution for use in other applications
* Freebasic translation
* Fixed small error in Cv Region 5 p>1000bar
News in V2.4a
* ToSIUnit for h_ps region 4. (No effect in SI unit version).
News in V2.4
* Functions by p,rho inplemented in matlab also.
* Many missing ; in matlab causing printouts detected.
* OpenOffice version introduced. (Fixed calculation differences in open office and excel)
* Matlab error giving varaible undefined in some backwards solutions fixed.
News in V2.3
* Option Explicit, gives more efficient calculations.
* Extensive testing
* my_ph not defined in region 4.
* Problems at region border for h4V_p to adress solver problems at the exact border.
* Problem at fast border check in region_ph fixed.
News in V2.2
* Extensive testing
* Fixed error in Cp_ph
* Function p_hrho added. (Very good for calcualting pressure when heating a volume with water/steam mixture.)
* Fixed error in T_hs return no value for vet region bellow the water saturation line.
* Prandtl number added
News in V2.1
* Calling function h_prho
* Fixed problem with Cv reporting NaN in region 5.
* Equivivalent to the Matlab version. (Downloadable from www.x-eng.com)
News in V2
* Calling functions of h and s added.
* Thermal conductivity, Surface tension added
* Calling functions h_px and h_tx added.
* Cp, Cv and w undefined in the mixed region. (Before interpolation with the vapor fraction was used.)
* A work sheet "Properties" for simple lookups added.
on temperature
ure as a function of pressure and enthalpy
ure as a function of pressure and entropy
ure as a function of enthalpy and entropy
e as a function of h and s.
e as a function of h and rho (density). Very unaccurate for solid water region since it's almost incompressible!
ed vapour enthalpy
ed liquid enthalpy
ed vapour enthalpy
ed liquid enthalpy
as a function of pressure and temperature.
as a function of pressure and entropy.
as a function of pressure and vapour fraction
as a function of temperature and vapour fraction
as a function of pressure and density. Observe for low temperatures (liquid) this equation has 2 solutions. (Not valid!!)
ed vapour volume
ed liquid volume
ed vapour volume
ed liquid volume
volume as a function of pressure and temperature.
volume as a function of pressure and enthalpy
volume as a function of pressure and entropy.
ed vapour density
ed liquid density
ed vapour density
ed liquid density
as a function of pressure and temperature.
as a function of pressure and enthalpy
as a function of pressure and entropy.
ed vapour entropy
ed liquid entropy
ed vapour entropy
ed liquid entropy
entropy as a function of pressure and temperature (Returns saturated vapour entalpy if mixture.)
entropy as a function of pressure and enthalpy