TUGAS REKAYASA PERKERASAN JALAN 1

INOVASI PEMURNIAN POLUSI UDARA DENGAN

MATERIAL PERKERASAN LENTUR

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover ................................................. .................................................. ..................................... i
Table of contents ................................................ ..................................................................... ii
I. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1
Background II ...................................................................................................... .................... 1
Problem Formulation I.II ............................................. .............................................................1
I.III Interest Discussion ............................................. ............................................................... 1
II. Content ................................................................................................................................. 2
II.I Influence of Titanium Dioxide Photocatalyst to .......................................... ...................... 2
II.II Forokatalik material applied to be able to cleanse yourself .............................................. 5
II.III Air Purification Application for Photocatalytic Materials ............................................... 6
Application in the Field Investigation II.IV ............................................................................ 10
Photocatalytic Asphalt Pavement II.V .................................................................................... 12
II.VI Factor Impact on Photocatalytic Effect .......................................................................... 14
Health Concerns II.VII Nano-Particles ................................................................................... 14
III. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 16
IV. Suggestion ................................................. ....................................................................... 16
Bibliography ................................................ .......................................................................... 17

I. PRELIMINARY
I.I Background
One of the big problems facing cities - big cities around the world is the air pollution
caused by motor vehicles. The main pollutants released by vehicles are carbon monoxide
(CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulates. It has
been proven that titanium dioxide (TiO2) has photocatalytic properties that effectively reduce
VOC and NOx (Beeldens 2006; Chen and Poon 2009 ;. Hassan et al 2009). In the process of
TiO2 photocatalyst molecules absorb pollutants from the air and convert it into harmless
substances that inorganic anions using UV sunlight (Fujishima and Zhang 2006). TiO2 is
relatively inexpensive, has a rapid reaction rate, and can convert a wide range of organic
compounds. Additionally TiO2 has hydrophilic properties which enable self-cleaning when it
rains, and are catalysts that can be used indefinitely (Fujishima et al. 2000). These advantages
make TiO2 an ideal material to be incorporated into the infrastructure and to improve air
quality TiO2 ada.Bahan can be fastened with asphalt material in a way Atmospheric pressure
cold plasma (APCP) so that the results are stronger bond.
I.II Problem Formulation
One major problem and the advantage is the concentration of VOC and NOx from
vehicles is too high in urban areas. The auto industry has been working to reduce auto
emissions, but not too successful. Paving permurni air will succeed because the pollutants will
settle in a long time on the highway, because the structure of a high building in the city to
prevent the dispersion of pollutants.
I.III Objective Discussion
The purpose of this discussion paper is to evaluate the performance of TiO2 TiO2 layer on the
effectiveness in removing NOx, and check the durability of the asphalt layer.

II. CONTENT
II.I. The influence of the Titanium Dioxide Photocatalyst
TiO2 is a natural oxide in metallic titanium and can have three different crystal
structures: anatase, rutile and brookite. The crystal structure can be identified by their
octahedral chain configuration. Based on the design and thermodynamic calculations
octahedral rutile phase was found to be the most stable at all temperatures followed by anatase
(Carp et al. 2004) .Anatase is a form of molecules used to eliminate air pollution due to the
higher photocatalytic reactivity.
TiO2 photocatalytic effect was discovered by Fujishima in the late 1960s when he was
using TiO2 to decompose water into oxygen and hydrogen in the presence of sunlight
(Fujishima and Honda in 1972). Sunlight will decompose organic material from time to time,
but photocatalysts can be used to speed up the process (Chusid 2009). A photocatalyst is
defined as a material that uses solar energy to speed up chemical reactions without being
consumed or discharged in a process (Chusid 2009).
Anatase and rutile are the most common crystal structure of TiO2, both having
photocatalytic properties, but anatase has been proven to be better photocatalytic for most
applications (Banerjee et al 2006 ;. Beeldens 2006). This is because anatase has a higher level
of Fermi, low capacity to absorb oxygen, and a higher level of hydroxylation (Carp et al.
2004). TiO2 is a stable compound in the dark, but in the presence of UV light that becomes
active stimulates chemical reactions (Hashimoto et al., 2005). To begin the oxidation process
takes UV-light with wavelengths less than 387 nm (Beeldens 2006).
Photocatalytic process first starts from the currently activated by the energy from UV
light, TiO2 interact with water vapor and oxygen to create hydroxyl radicals and superoxide
ions which disperse over the surface of the catalyst and react with other substances.
Significantly, these radicals and ions oxidize organic compounds such as nitrogen and sulfur
oxides, the main ingredient of air pollution. Byproducts from the reaction vary depending on
what substance was involved, but they are relatively benign. Nitrogen oxides are broken down
into nitrate, while organic compounds are transformed into carbon dioxide and water. It is this
photocatalytic reaction that destroys the molecules of air pollutants, including nitrogen and
sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, and benzene. With the light and air, titanium dioxide (TiO2)
break down into harmless elements relatively benign molecules such as calcium carbonate
and nitrate.

Photocatalytic reaction occurs with the formation of electron-hole pairs are initiated
by sunlight or other UV sources, which results in the formation of hydroxyl radicals (OH).
(Fujishima et al 2000 ;. Fujishima and Honda in 1972). The hydroxyl radical is a strong
oxidizing and reducing agents and can decompose organic and inorganic compounds (Hassan
et al 2010 ;. Fujishima and Zhang 2006). For example nitrogen oxides can be decomposed
into nitrate and sulfur dioxide into sulfuric (Beeldens 2006; Hassan et al 2010 ;. Katzman
2006). In this process, pollutants are absorbed into the surface, oxidized to less harmful
pollutants UV-light, and then washed off the surface (Beeldens 2006).
Environmental Factors Affecting Photocatalytic is the wavelength and intensity of
light, relative humidity, temperature, and wind; so play an important role in the effectiveness
of the photocatalytic process.
Best photocatalytic results obtained under higher temperature and light intensity
greater than 300 nm. An increased relative humidity (over 30%) in the atmosphere reduces the
adhesion of pollutants to the surface of TiO2. Therefore, a hot summer day with low relative
humidity and no wind would provide optimal conditions for reducing air pollution; accuracy,
this type of scenario often coincides with high smog levels. Other factors such as the speed of
traffic, the concentration of air pollutants, and the wind direction also affects the level of
pollutant reduction. But not too researched into the impact of global warming and acid rain.
Mechanism of Titanium Di-oxide (TiO2):
When titanium dioxide is exposed to ultraviolet radiation from sunlight, absorb
radiation and electron excitation occurs. The following reaction then occurs on the surface of
titanium dioxide crystals:
Photolysis of water: H2O? H + + OH (hydroxyl radical) + eO2 + e-? O2 (superoxide ion)
Therefore, the overall reaction is:
H2O + O2? H + + O2 + OH
The hydroxyl radical is a strong oxidizing agent and can oxidize nitrogen dioxide to
nitric ion:
NO2 + OH? H + + NO3
Superoxide ions are also able to form nitrate ions of nitrogen monoxide:
NO + O2? NO3-

NOx oxidation to nitrate ions occurs very slowly in normal atmospheric conditions
due to the low concentration of the reaction. Photochemical oxidation with the aid of titanium
dioxide much faster because the energy is absorbed by the layer of blocks and also because
the reactants are held together on the surface of the block. Reactions using titanium dioxide
showed oxidation strength greater than most other metal-based catalysts.

1. Ultraviolet radiation is absorbed by the titanium dioxide, which causes the photolysis of
water into superoxide ions and hydroxyl radicals.
2. Nitrogen oxide reacts with superoxide ions and hydroxyl radicals to form nitrate ions.
While organic compounds are transformed into carbon dioxide and water. This is a
photocatalytic reaction that destroys the molecules of air pollutants, including sulfur oxides,
carbon monoxide, and benzene.
3. nitrate ions and other molecules are absorbed into the block and form a stable compound.
TiO2 is an ideal photocatalyst and can be used for many different applications because it is
relatively cheap, chemically stable, and hole-generated highly oxidizing (Carp et al 2004 ;.
Fujishima et al, 2000) .. TiO2 photocatalysts can degenerate and convert organic , bacteria,
viruses, and fungi into CO2, H2O, and the harmful inorganic anion (Banerjee et al. 2006).
Most of the applications of TiO2 photocatalyst currently fall into four main categories: selfcleaning, air purification, water purification, and anti-bacterial sterilization (Fujishima et al,
2000).

TiO2 in these applications has proven to increase the reflectance of light, reducing heat
buildup, and helps reduce the urban heat island effect (Kalessi et al 2009 ;. Levinson et al
2009 ;. Macleod 1986). Since the 1980s there has been a lot of interest in the property
photocatalytic TiO2 (Hashimoto et al., 2005).
II.II Forokatalik material applied to be able to cleanse yourself
When TiO2 is activated by UV light, will have a hydrophilic nature allows clean
themselves when there is water or rain (Fujishima, and Zhang 2006; Beeldens 2006).
A TiO2 thin films applied to the substrate which has two photo-induced nature. First
he has the ability to oxidize organic stains and pollutants that come into contact with TiO2
films. Both movies are creating a hydrophilic surface to improve wettability allows for
organic and inorganic pollutants to be washed from the surface (Puzenat 2009). Being
hydrophilic layer of water attracted to the surface and got between the dirt and the surface.

II.III Air Purification Application for Photocatalytic Materials

Now many studies focus on leveraging the capabilities of air purification TiO2 to
reduce the concentration of urban air of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic
compounds (VOC) emissions from motor vehicle exhaust gas (Beeldens 2006; Chen and
Poon, 2009; Hassan et al. 2010). In the last 10 years there has been a lot of patented designs
that apply to the TiO 2 surface layer of concrete blocks or tiles during the manufacturing
process (Hsken et al 2007 ;. Mureta et al, 2002 ;. Puzenant 2009). The patented paving

blocks have demonstrated the ability to degrade pollutants in the laboratory (Hsken et al
2007 ;. Mureta et al, 2002). Also, studies that focus on the application layer of the
photocatalyst to highways, tunnels, and the sound barrier with nano-TiO2 powder mixed into
the paint, concrete slurry, and other products (Carp et al 2004 ;. Beeldens 2008).
For the application the goal is to put as much TiO2 on the surface as possible without
losing TiO2 abrasion or weathering, and to obtain a uniform distribution of TiO2 to ensure
maximum exposure of nanoparticles at the surface (Beeldens 2006; Hassan et al. 2010).
Generally, the higher the level the higher the catalytic decomposition of pollutants (Carp et al.
2004).
For concrete blocks or tiles generally photocatalytic TiO2 mixed up put on the block
layer, which allows the new TiO2 which will hit the tile surface wear on the traffic (Hsken et
al 2007 ;. Mureta et al, 2002 ;. Puzenant 2009). European markets have a variety of stones air
purifiers available for commercial use. Hsken et al. (2007) conducted a comparative study of
NOx removal efficiency of photocatalytic paving five different products following Standard
ISO TC 206 / SCN for NOx degradation in the environment of space. Produknys showed an
average 40% reduction in NO experience, but there is great variation depending on products
ranging from 4.0% NO reduction to 44.6% reduction in NO (Hsken et al. 2007). Four of
those products paving stones from different manufacturers and one is a cement suspension
TiO2 in cement designed for application on asphalt pavements for sidewalks and fill porosity
makes the surface air purifiers (Hsken et al. 2007).
Photocatalytic pavement overlay become a popular concept because they are cheaper
than the photocatalytic paving stones and more durable than mixing TiO2 with paint or other
materials (Beeldens 2006; Hassan et al 2010 ;. Mureta et al, 2002). Mureta et al. (2002) have
patented NOx cleaning paving structure that defines the three-layer structure consisting of a
layer of a concrete base, a layer of paving, and the surface layer. The surface layer is
composed of cement, TiO2, and aggregates. This design clears the air, patented, is
recommended for use as an overlay on the existing concrete or asphalt, and determine layer
thickness and materials based on the existing pavement condition (Mureta et al. 2002).
Many applications involve mixing the pavement as nano TiO2 powder in concrete
slurry, applying TiO2 over the wet pavement, or apply liquid coatings for concrete repair
(Hassan et al 2009). Louisiana State University (LSU) compared three methods of these
applications based on the robustness and NOx removal efficiency. Concrete coatings applied
to concrete cured 10 mm thick layer containing 3% and 5% TiO2 weight of the slurry. The
coating consists of TiO2, cement, water, and sand with a maximum nominal size of 1.18mm.

For the method of two commercial liquid TiO2 product (PURETI) applied to concrete repair,
and the method consists of three spark nano TiO2 powder on the fresh concrete prior to repair.
Then the cleaning efficiency of pollution and visual inspection of the surface treatments were
made before and after abrasion. Before abrasion 5% TiO2 coating and repair PURETI showed
the highest NO reduction. Based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) spectroscopy and
X-ray energy dispersive (EDS) analysis of the surface, after repairs PURETI surface appear
significant damage and pollution removal efficiency declined slightly. For the method of
sprinkling NO reduction increases after abrasion for more than TiO2 that become exposed on
the surface (Hassan et al. 2010).
To improve the properties of TiO2 photocatalytic paving blocks researchers created
paving blocks that include non-traditional materials (Cheung 2005; Chen and Poon 2009). In
HongKong TiO2 photocatalytic paving blocks made from local construction waste materials.
With two goals in mind: (1) to help clean the air, and (2) reduce the amount of construction
waste materials. Recycling of waste materials including aggregates, furnace bottom ash and
recycled glass mixed into paving blocks with TiO2 (Cheung 2005). Block prepared in two
layers with TiO2 is added to the top layer only. It was found that the higher the porosity of the
higher block cleanup NO (Cheung 2005). Also, when the recycled glass is used as aggregate
elimination of NO increased significantly as more light is transmitted into the sample. It
shows there is likely to be reflective glass and activate TiO2 on and on down, especially in the
more porous structure (Cheung 2005). In 2009, Chen and Poon far tested this theory and
found that substituting pasirdalam mix concrete with recycled glass flakes dramatically
increase the photocatalytic effect. NO removal efficiency increased from 1 mg h-1 m-2 to 3
mg h-1 m-2 when the glass is replaced 100 percent of fine aggregate (Chen and Poon 2009).
Examples of companies that apply are GREYS Paper Recycling Industries Limited,
Edmonton had a proposal to produce "Paving Blocks" of glass waste and other waste
products. The composition of raw materials for the manufacture of "Pavement Blocks" will be
30% of glass waste, 20% recycled aggregate, 20% and 30% flyash cement. This technology
uses a mechanical printing method for the manufacture of paving blocks. This method can
replace both the fine and coarse aggregates experienced by recycled aggregate in making
paving block. Using such methods, a mixture that was formed under the combined vibrating
and compacting means that the requirement to maintain a workable mix is not as important as
in normal concrete. Only a minimal amount of water needed to make the mix enough liquid to
put in a printing machine. At the top of the block, 5-6 mm thick layer of TiO2 (Titanium Dioxide) will be applied to the binding agent.

Pavement Blocks 3D image with a 5-6 mm layer of TiO2

Flow chart:
This flow diagram clearly explain how post-consumer glass bottles are processed and
recycled as an essential ingredient in the production of block paving an environmentally how
the block is used recycled and reused:

In a recent study at Washington State University photocatalytic TiO2 applied pervious

concrete. Permeable pavements are becoming more popular because they can significantly
reduce storm water runoff and groundwater recharge (Montes and Hasselbach 2006). So,
apply the surface treatment of TiO2 photocatalysts for pervious concrete to reduce air
pollution will make these products more sustainable. Advantages of pervious concrete
compared to traditional concrete is high porosity and surface roughness allowing more TiO2
particles to have contact with UV rays increase the efficiency of removal of pollution (Shen et
al., 2011). The number of high pollution reduction seen for TiO2 mixed with a protective way,
commercial PURETI coating, TiO2 in water, commercial sol TiO2 products, and cementwater slurry with low semen concentration. Each method of treatment showed a reduction in
NO good; but VOC (trimethylbenzene and toluene) have more variability in pollutant removal
rate (Shen et al., 2011).
II.IV. Application Field Investigation
Photocatalytic pavement has been proven to show a high NO reduction in the laboratory. Now
the next step is to test the material in the field. There are many challenges to evaluating the
photocatalyst products in the field. Many factors such as wind, climate, and traffic levels
make it very challenging (Berdahl and Akbari, 2008; Beeldens 2008; Cheung 2005). Also
there is no definitive standard making it difficult to compare results from experiment to
experiment. Field investigations are very important to answer questions such as what the
minimum surface diperlukanterkait with the traffic, and how often to do maintenance on
photocatalytic pavements (Beeldens 2008). Also important field investigations to identify the
durability materialdan efficiency of the photocatalyst over time (Beeldens 2008) .Blok paving
concrete containing recycled glass, sand, metakaolin, carbon and the surface layer of cement
and recycled aggregate and cement in the base layer is prepared in factory then placed in the
field. NO 12% reported a reduction in the basic rate and 8% on the upper level. After four
months of blocks have been taken and then tested in the laboratory to see if the reduction
efficiency of NO decreased, and indeed decreased by 23% (Cheung 2005).

A four-year project carried out in Antwerp Belgium and the results obtained in
laboratoriumdan in the field. On-site 10,000 m2 of photocatalytic paving blocks put on line
parkirseperti illustrated in Figure 2.5.

Figure 2.5 Photocatalytic paving blocks in Antwerp Belgium (Courtesy of Cheung 2005)
After one year obtained a 20% reduction of air purification efficiency measurement. The
result is determined by taking a few blocks of paving after different time periods and measure
the efficiency of NOx in the laboratory. The results are promising, but the translation from the
laboratory to the site is still in question (Beeldens 2008).
Eindhoven University of Technology (EUT) in the Netherlands researcher mempaving 1000
square meters of new road with a chemical mixture of TiO2 and concrete. Universities have
proved that the product can reduce NOx in the laboratory, but this is the first open session. In
the tests obtained NOx reduction between 25% and 45% as measured on the highway
compared to traditional concrete (Loveday 2010). Cost of new mixtures including TiO2 is
about 50% larger than ordinary cement, but the overall cost of the development process is
only increased by 10%. The problem is the implementation of these technologies involves the
repaving of existing roads is expensive and time consuming (Loveday 2010).
The Essroc Italcementi Group to produce a new cement product called TX Active are using
TiO2 to reduce pollution and provide self-cleaning properties. This technology is used to
maintain a more aesthetic structure, to reduce exterior maintenance and cleaning, and to help
improve air quality (Cassar 2003; Essroc Italcementi 2009). Tests on the road near Milan
showed TX Active reduce NOx levels by 65% (United Press International 2006). These
products have been marketed worldwide as a product to reduce air pollution.
In California photocatalytic pavement quantitative analysis was used to estimate that every
square meter of high quality TiO2 photocatalytic coating can eliminate NOx of 200 m3 of air
per day when exposed to sunlight (Berdahl and Akbari 2008). It depends on many factors
including the size of the treated surface, the concentration of pollution, humidity, and ambient
temperatures (Berdahl and Akbari 2008, Dylla et al. 2010). The application field

investigations showed promising results that the reduction of high pollution was reported in
the lab can be transferred to real-world applications, but much work remains to be done
(Beeldens 2008). It is also difficult to compare the different layers of the photocatalytic
pavement because there is no standard to measure the reduction of NOx from the sidewalk in
the field (Beeldens 2008; Berdahl and Akbari 2008).
Another way to understand the potential long-term benefits and durability of photocatalytic
pavement is to create numerical models (Meggos et al. 2007).
Meggos et al. (2007) developed a numerical model simulation tool that can explain the data
climatologically and street canyon effect. In this experiment, three artificial canyon road is
developed on a scale of 1: 5 and continuous NOx measurement taken in the canyon at street
level. It was found that the canyon road with a TiO2 coating has a NOx level of 36.7% to
82.0% lower than the street canyons without TiO2 (Meggos et al. 2007).
II.V. Photocatalytic Asphalt Pavement
Yet there is much research was done to find success (durable and efficient) in a way to
incorporate TiO2 photocatalytic asphalt pavement, and this is an important issue to investigate
because the asphalt covers 94% of the streets around the world. So far most efforts to
implement TiO2 photocatalysts for asphalt coating into two categories: applying the cement
slurry above the asphalt road, or applying the asphalt emulsion to the surface of TiO2
(Crispino et al, 2010; Hassan et al 2011; Mureta .. et al. 2002).
Applying a photocatalytic cement mortar to the asphalt surface has shown better results for
applying TiO2 to an existing sidewalk as illustrated in Figure 2.6 (Crispino et al. 2010).

Figure 2.6 Photocatalytic Coating mortar asphalt (Courtesy of Crispino et al. 2010)
The pores in the asphalt overlay opens rated allowing for better and better durability of
the photocatalytic layer to the asphalt (al. Crispino et 2010). The problem is these coatings
can be expensive and cover the asphalt surface of the concrete surface (Mureta et al, 2002;
Crispino et al., 2010) .In Politecinico Milano TiO2 emulsion spray has been applied to the
surface of the cold and hot asphalt. Aqueous suspension or emulsion is sprayed directly on the
surface using a spray bar on the vehicle. This coating has demonstrated good photocatalytic
activity of up to 40% NOx reduction.
Emulsion photocatalytic then applied to the Wheel Test to simulate the use of which
occur along the pavement at specified intervals. Once applied menurunan NOx by 50%
(Crispino et al. 2010). Also, Chen and Liu (2010) penyemprotann TiO2 applied to the road
surface asphalt and measured its level of decomposition of NOx between 6% and 12%.
At LSU TiO2 is also incorporated into the warm mix asphalt (WMA). Two application
methods were tested. The first mixed with a binder TiO2 WMA that can tie up at 3, 5 and 7%
by weight of the binder. The second method consists of applying the coating surface PURETI
in the level of coverage of 0.11, 0.21 and 0.31 kg / m2. When TiO2 is used as a modifier and
mixed into the WMA, the lowest NOx reduction is from 3.3 to 5.8%. For NOx reduction rate
of the surface layer is between 38 and 53% (Hassan et al 2011). Also at LSU researchers
applied a layer PURETI to two sections of the road. One section is asphalt and one is
concrete, but there are no results for this experiment (Wold 2010)

II.VI. Factors Impact on Photocatalytic Effect

The main environmental factors that influence the conversion rate of oxidation is
temperature and relative humidity. The higher the temperature and the humidity better results
oxidation (Beeldens 2006 ;. Dylla et al 2010). It has been reported that the photocatalytic best
results obtained at high temperatures, low relative humidity, high light intensity and long
contact time (Beeldens 2006; Dylla 2010 ;. Katzman et al 2006). This correlates with hot
sunny days with no wind, that is when the risk of the formation of haze due to high levels of
pollution is the biggest (Beeldens 2006; Beeldens 2008; Dylla et al 2010). Also for outdoor
applications whose traffic affects the residence time (Beeldens 2008).
Human intrusion can also reduce the pollution removal efficiency of photocatalytic coating. In
Hong Kong TiO2 paving blocks are exposed to environmental conditions during 4bulan and
12 months at 5 different paths (Chai-Mei Yu 2003). The photocatalytic activity of paving
blocks downhill in areas of heavy pedestrian traffic, where more contaminants accumulated
on the surface (Chai-Mei Yu 2003). The surface area is missing from the accumulation of
dust, dirt, oil, grease, and other products such as chewing gum (Chai-Mei Yu 2003). In the
area of non-pedestrian NOx removal efficiency is not significantly decreased. Washing with
water block does not effectively recover the photocatalytic activity (Chai-Mei Yu 2003).
II.VI. Health Concerns Nanoparticles
There is concern about the health risks of nano-TiO2 particles as nano particles are
being made for new applications at high speeds, and their effects on living tissue just
beginning to be understood. Tokyo University of Science injected pregnant mice with nano
particles of TiO2 and discovered the effect of genes in the central nervous system of the
developing rat (Science Centric 2009). This study adds to concerns when nanomaterial that
may be harmful to human health. The study notes that gene expression data can not be
directly related to human health, and that the particles are injected at high doses so that the
relevance of exposure to real life is limited, but this is something that continues to be studied
more as nanoparticle TiO2 is used for self-cleaning and application deletion pollution
(Science Centric 2009).
According to the safety data sheet PC105 nano TiO2 powder is not expected to pose
an acute health hazard significance with short-term exposure. Although, nano-TiO2 powder is
still listed as carcinogenic to humans. But this is based on evidence that was not sufficient as

carcinogenicity in humans but there is sufficient evidence in experimental animals (global

Cristal 2007). So, there is concern that breathing in a state where the air contains high
concentrations of nano TiO2 can menyebabkanmasalah breathing. When working with nanoTiO2 powder on a regular base workers should take precautions such as wearing a dust mask
when mixing powders.

III. CONCLUSION
Paving blocks purification of air pollution not only effectively help protect the
environment, but can be made from environmentally friendly materials, reducing waste
disposal needs for local governments. Block paving has anti-slip and resistant to pressure.
They are made to withstand the weight of 60 tons and 90 tons on the sidewalks in the streets.
Their variety of design, environmental friendliness and cost will definitely ensure broad use in
big cities.

IV. SUGGESTION
Better developed Paving blocks purification of air pollution are durable and stronger because
research Paving blocks purification of air pollution is just beginning to advance in five years
ago, so it is not known resistance Paving blocks purification of this air pollution when used up
to 5 years.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Journals and theses:
http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Fall2011/J_Westergreen_111111.pdf (2011)
https://www.fraunhofer.de/content/dam/zv/en/documents/rn8_AUGUST_tcm63-59839.pdf
(2010)
http://www.sasaki.com/media/files/whitepaperbuildingtowardacleanerenvironment20061220.pdf ( 2006)
The company's products:
http://www.greys.ca/products/waste-glass-recycling/(2015)