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Om Amriteshwaryai Namah

EC311 Electronic Circuits II


Topics

Detailed Break up
Amplifier black box structure, difference between bias and signal to be amplified, concept of
biasing, definition of gain (stress that it is AC signal gain).
Biasing schemes (fixing IB). Dependence of IC on beta. expression for gain. Hence bias and gain
instability when beta or temp changes

Biasing scheme (Include RE). Derive expression for IC. IC independent of beta for high RE. Write
expression for gain. Hence stability of bias and gain. but at the cost of reduced gain
Add signal using capacitance. Importance of coupling capacitance (how it prevents loss of biasing).
concept of DC + AC at input due to capacitance. Draw RC coupled CE amplifier and gain
expression

Workingof Amplifiers

use of output coupling capacitances. why output biasing point is important? why do we bias at vcc/2
Can we have direct coupled CE amplifiers? under what condition (base at zero DC, but requires two
power supplies).
Show the frequency response of RC coupled and direct coupled amplifiers.
importance of capacitance removal: large capacitance cumbersome in IC, effect of low frequency
response
Introduce Diff amp : what to do when we don't have input signal relative to ground? Draw the
corresponding freq response
Difference between differential amplifier and difference amplifier

Amplifier Characterization

Draw blackbox structure of voltage/curent controlled sources and voltage/current sources using
input and output resistances.
Derive conditions for Rin and Rout for each of the 4 possible cases.
Concept of loading effect and importance of voltage buffers
Analysis of cascaded amplifiers and how gain reduces due to loading effect
Introduce Op-amp using differential amplifier
Ideal properties of an Op-amp
High gain A, but very sensitive to frequency and change in beta
Open loop output for positive and negative (V+ - V- ) ;why going in to saturation
transfer chara showing very sharp rise (doesnot behave like an amplifier with linear chara).
so is there any use for it ? mainly used with feedback. (positive and negative). hence 3 modes of
operation open loop, negative fb and positive fb closed loop

Introduction to Opamps

opamp as a comparator : open loop (input sine wave, output square wave of vaying duty cycles)

Large signal operations and


DCimperfections

Large signal operations of opamps: voltage and current saturation


Slew rate (stress on how large input values and high frequency may cause poor response due to
slew rate effect).
Remember: voltage, current saturation and slew rate are non linear effects that change the shape
of the signal, while reduction in gain at high and low frequencies (seen in frequency response
plots) are linear effects where the output is still a sinusoid.
DC imperfections: offset voltage, bias currents (circuit to calculate off set voltage)

Negative feedback
characteristics

Negative feedback introduction, concept of input-output tracking, (concept of mixer)


Properties of negative feedback.
Feedback topologies: Block level representation; concept of mixing and sampling; naming
conventions;
Representation of all 4 topolpogies and their ideal representations. Derivation for effective Rin and
Rout
Identifying the feeback topologies of given circuits
Inverting configuration: Gain and input resistance

Applications on opamps in
negative feedback

Summing circuit
Non inverting configuratioin: gain and input resistance ;
Voltage follower ; importance of voltage follower as buffer circuit
Effect of finite open loop gain (inverting and non inverting)

End of Portions for first internals

Reference

Practice problems/Tutorial problems

Refer class notesand Section 1.4 and


relevant sections in chapter 3 of
Sedra and smi th
Do exercise problems in relevant section

Section 1.5

exercises1.11 - 1.15

section 5.1

Understand and practice all problems of lab 2.

5.6.1-5.6.3, 5.7

example 5.6, execise 5.22, 5.23, 5.24. unsolved


problem 5.94

7.1-7.3, 7.4-7.6 (ideal casesonly)

Derivation of effective input and output


resitances of the ideal cases for all the 4
topologies. Unsolved problems7.1, 7.9, 7.11,
7.21, 7.22

Sections 5.2-5.3

exercise D5.4, 5.6 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, 5.10, 5.11,


5.12, 5.13, 5.14.

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