Portfolio

n8 Report

Electric Energy
Transport

Saul Villamizar
Lukinel Kaly

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SUMMARY
SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................................................. 2
Exercise 1 : Single phase AC steady state electrical circuit .............................................................. 3
Procedure .............................................................................................................................................................. 4
1st Step: Find the equivalent impedance Ze ....................................................................................... 5
2nd Step: Find the current crossing the impedance Ze ................................................................. 5
3rd Step: Computation of tension UAB .................................................................................................... 5
4th Step: Computation of others currents I4 and I6 crossing our circuit. .............................. 6
5th Step: Computation of tensions UL1 and UR1 ................................................................................ 7
6th Step: Computation of active and reactive power .................................................................... 8
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................. 9
Exercise 2 : Overhaed Power line ................................................................................................................ 9
Procedure .............................................................................................................................................................. 9
Picture .............................................................................................................................................................. 10
AC Three-phase model of the power line .......................................................................................... 12
Single-phase line model with fictitious neutral ............................................................................. 13
Maximum active power thaht can be delivered to the charge : Pmax .................................. 14
............................................................................................................................................................................. 15
Maximum active power that can be delivered to the charge when the line voltage
drop is under 5% ......................................................................................................................................... 16
Compensated line : how to offset the reactive power of the line ........................................... 16
Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................................... 18
Exercise 3 : Learning outcomes ................................................................................................................. 19

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Exercise 1 : Single phase AC steady state electrical circuit

Draw the original diagram of the circuit, with indication of the names and units
and numrical values of the parameters (resistors, inductors, capacitors, sources,
etc.) as provided in the portfolio description assigned to your group.
Compute every voltage, current, active power, reactive power and apparent
power in every component of the circuit. Complexe numbers associated to
voltage and current must be used to work out the solution. For each electric
voltage and electric current youll mention its complex (polar and cartesian)
expression and its sinusoidal expression including all the numerical values.
Different tools are at your disposal : Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL), Kirchhoffs
Current Law (KCL), Ohms Law, Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuit. You may
change the original circuit drawing to ease your work but at the end the results
must refer to the original circuit.

Sum up the numerical values of the voltages, currents and powers (generated or
absorbed) for each element of the original circuit in a table. Youll check that the
sum of the generated active and reactive power equals the sum of the absorbed
active and reactive power.

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Procedure
For the first exercise, we had the portfolio number 8. In this portfolio there
were the following compnents:
1 current generator (f = 50 Hz) with an internal impedance of 3 + j
1 current generator (f = 50 Hz) with an internal impedance of 6
1 impedance of 10 + 10j.

Portfolio

Z
Type

10 + 10j

Current

Generator 1
No load
Internal
Type
RMS
Impedance
value
4A
3 + j
Current

Generator 2
No load
Internal
RMS
Impedance
value
3A
6

Diagram 1: Original diagram of our circuit

w = 2f = 314 with f = 50Hz

I1=4A
I2= 3A
R1=3
X1= L1w =1
R2=10
X2= L2w =10
R3=6

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Diagram 2: Equivalent diagram of our circuit

To find out the solution, firstly we looked for the equivalent impedance Ze of our
circuit.

1st Step: Find the equivalent impedance Ze

The impedances being in parallel the equivalent impedance will be the following:


1/Ze = (1/Z1) + (1/Z) + (1/R3) (1)

with Z1 = R1 + jX1 and Z = R2 + jX2 complex form

2nd Step: Find the current crossing the impedance Ze

Thanks to the equivalent diagram (diagram 2), we worked out the tension UAB.
We use the Nodes Law in the point A.

Nodes law at the point A:

I1 + I2 = I3 (2)

3rd Step: Computation of tension UAB

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After the current I3, using the Ohm law we find the tension UAB .

UAB = Ze x I5 (3)

4th Step: Computation of others currents I4 and I6 crossing our circuit.

To find out these currents we have used the third diagram (Figure 3):

Figure 3: Third diagram equivalent of our circuit

As you can see, we reduced the resistor and the coil of the first generator to equivalent
impedance Z1. We know the tension crossing this equivalent impedance UAB. Using the
Ohms Law and isolating the current I4 we find his value.

Ohms law:
UAB = I4 x Z1 I4 = UAB / Z1 (4) with Z1 = R1 + jX1 in complex form

In the same way we compute the current I6 and I5
UAB = I6 x Z2 I6 = UAB / Z2 (5) avec Z2 = R3
I5 = UAB / Z (6) with Z = R2 + jX2

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5th Step: Computation of tensions UL1 and UR1

Now the currents I4, I6 and I5 are known we can compute the tensions of each
component.

UL1 = ZL1 . I4 (7)

UR1 = R1 . I4 (8)

UR2 = R2 . I5 (9)

UX2 = ZX2 . I5 (10)

UR3 = R3 . I6 (11)

Table of results

With f = 50Hz the frequence of each generator. The angle are on radians.
Current (A)
I1
I2
I3
I4

Complex form
4
3
7
4,111 0,1612 j

Exponential form
4.eJ0
3.eJ0
7.eJ0
4,114.e-J0,0392

Sinusodal form
42 sin (314t+ 0)
32 sin (314t+ 0)
72 sin (314t+ 0)
4,114 2 sin (314t
0,0392)
0,922 sin (314t
0,5028)
2,1692 sin (314t+
0,2826)

I5

0,8061 0,4434 j

0,92.e-J0,5028

I6

2,083 + 0,6046 j

2,169.eJ0,2826

Tensions (V)
UAB = UR3

12,5 + 3,628 j

13,01.eJ0,2826

UR1

12,33 0,4837 j

12,34.e-J0,0392

UX1

0,1612 + 4,111 j

4,114.eJ1,532

UR2
UX2
Impedance
Z1
X1
Z2
X2
R3
Ze

8,061 4,434 j
4,434 + 8,061 j

9,2.e-J0,5028
9,2.eJ1,068

13,012 sin (314t+

0,2826)
12,342 sin (314t
0,0392)
4,1142 sin (314t+
1,532)
9,22 sin (314t 0,5028)
9,22 sin (314t+ 1,068)

3
1
10
10
6
1,785 + 0,5182 j

3.eJ 0
1 eJ 0.5
10.eJ 0
10eJ 0.5
6.eJ 0
1,859eJ 0.2826

All the equations used to find out the solution:
1/Ze = (1/Z1) + (1/Z) + (1/R3) (1)
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I1 + I2 = I3 (2)
UAB = Ze x I5 (3)
I4 = UAB / Z1 (4)
I5 = UAB / Z (5)
I6 = UAB / Z2 (6)
UX1 =ZX1 . I4 (7)
UR1 = R1 . I4 (8)
UR2 = R2 . I5 (9)
UX2 = ZX2 . I5 (10)
UR3 = R3 . I6 (11)

6th Step: Computation of active and reactive power

To calculate the active and reactive power in each component we multiply the tension
just by the conjugate of the current through the component. The imaginary part equal to
the reactive power (Q) and the real part to the active power (P). The power apparent (S)
is the argument between the active power and reactive power.

For example for the power of the first generator we have:
Sgenerator1 = Conjugate (I1) . UAB (12)

In the same way w in other components:
Table of results:
Component
R1
X1
R2
X2
R3

P (Watts)
50,79
0
8,464
0
28,21

Q (V.A.R)
0
16,93
0
8,464
0

S(V.A)
50,79
16,93
8,464
8,464
28,21

P (Watts)
49,98
37,49

Q (V.A.R)
14,51
10,88

S(V.A)
52,04
39,03

Component
Generator 1
Generator 2

Sgenerated,total=87,47 + 25,39j (13)
Sconsumed,total=87,47 + 25,39j (14)

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Conclusion

The impedance of the generator one is consuming more than what it produces,
even though, it is possible because there is another generator in the circuit.
Also we can observe that the impedance Z consumes the less because the current
passing through is weak in regard to the other two, it is due to its high impedance.

Sgenerated,total = Sconsumed,total

Exercise 2 : Overhaed Power line

A very simple model of an overhead high voltage transmission line at industrial
frequency of 50Hz is used in this exercise. The power line connects a voltage generator
to a charge . The purpose of the study are the followings:
To demonstrate the need to use high voltages for electricity transport (efficiency
concern)
To compute the maximum active power that can be transmitted through the line
To compute the maximum active power that will be transmitted under
constranits stipulated in the contract with the electricity provider (5% charge
voltage fluctuation allowed Voltage/Power relation)
To show the need to offset the reactive power close to the charge. This will
minimise the voltage drops and maximise that can be transmitted under
constraints stipulated in the contract with the electricity provider.

Procedure
For the second exercise, we had the portfolio number 8. In this portfolio there
were the following compnents:
1 current generator (f = 50 Hz) with an internal impedance of 3 + j
1 current generator (f = 50 Hz) with an internal impedance of 6
1 impedance of 10 + 10j.

Portfolio #

Type of cable

Lenght of the line

2 x Aster 570

80 km

Rated compound
voltage
225 kV

Table 1 Overhead Power Lines technical features

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Number of conductors
per phase and type
2 x Aster 570

Rated compound
voltage (kV)
225

Resistance per unit

length
0,03

Reactance per unit

length (Ohms/km)
0,28

Table 2 Overhead Power Lines technical features

Picture



After some internet research we found two different overhead powerlines that
are the following:

Pylon 1: LIT 225kV N0 1 CERGY-LIESS / CERGY H.BOR 1 ;
Location : Cergy Boulevard de lOise 49.048132, 2.054865
Characteristics : high voltage of 225kV

Figure 4: Picture of the Overhead Power Line of 225kV

Figure 5: Location of the pwl on Google Map

Pylon 2 : LIT 400kV N0 1 LAUNAY - TAUTE ; LIT 400kV N02 LAUNAY-TAUTE

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Location : Saint-Sebastien-de-Raids 49.048132, 2.054865
Characteristics : high voltage of 400kV

Figure 6: Picture of the pwl of 400kV

Figure 7: Location of the pwl of 400kV

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AC Three-phase model of the power line

Figure 8: Diagram of our circuit

Z1= Z2 = Z3


With the figure 4 we gonna demonstrate the magnitude of the current IN in the
neutral wire is zero. First we know for a balance three phase wye voltage generator we
have the following characteristics:

Characteristics of a balance three-phase wye voltage generator:

= 2/3 the angle between each phase of the balanced three-phase wye voltage
generator.
|V1| = |V2| = |V3| = V
V1 = V ej0
V2 = V e-j2/3
V3= V ej2/3

Now knowing all of this characteristics we can demonstrate the magnitude of the
current IN in the neutral wire is zero.

Firstly we know with the Ohms law IN = (V1 + V2 + V3)/Z (1)

IN = (V1 + V2 + V3)/Z
[V (ej0 + e-j2/3 + ej2/3)]/Z
[V (cos(0) + jsin(0) + cos (2/3) + jsin (2/3) + cos (-2/3) + jsin (-2/3))]/Z
[V (1 + 0 0,5 + 0,86 0,5 0,86)]/Z
[V (0)]/Z
0/Z = 0
IN = 0 (2)
Finally we demonstrated the magnitude of the current IN in the neutral wire is zero.

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Now well try to find out the ratio between the RMS values of the line voltage and the
phase voltage. (U12 / V1 )

Firstly we know (Node law) -V1 + V2 + U12 = 0 U12 = V1 - V2 (3)
We are looking for the following ratio U12 / V1 = ?
V (ej0 - e-j2/3) / V ej0
(ej0 - e-j2/3) / ej0
(cos (0) + jsin (0) cos (-2/3) jsin (-2/3) )/ (cos (0) + jsin (0)
(cos (0) + cos (-2/3) jsin (-2/3) + jsin (0))/ 1
(1 + 0,5 + j 0,86)/1
1,5 + j0,86
As we are looking for the ratio of the magnitudes:
(1,52 + 0,862)
|U12 |/| V1| = 3

We conclude the ratio is 3 (4)

Single-phase line model with fictitious neutral

For now on well consider the three-phase power line as three identical single
phase lines. So our study will be reduced to one of them.

Figure 9:Circuit diagram of the single phase

Where;
Vf is the tension between one line and the neutral
Z is the equivalent impedance of the cable
Rc is a load at the end of the line
Vc is the tension of the load
I is the current that flows through the line

From the values of the table 2, we have that the impedance of our line is:

Z =2,4+22,4

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Once we have simplified the problem as a single line, we may proceed to study the
behaviour of the power delivered in function of the load set.

The Ohms law defines the tension of the line of study:
! = (5)
Where:
= + +
Out of these two equations we can deduce the current of the line:
!
=
+ (7)
+ ! + !

Maximum active power thaht can be delivered to the charge : Pmax

We have mention in the previous exercise the power is given by:
= (8)

As the searched power is the one of the load (this power is delivered by one line):
= (9)
= 10
= (11)

Then after computing this equation of the power with the current found, the power is
given in function of the load as:

! ! !"

!!!" ! !!! !

(12)

As there is just one resistance, we only have active power.

Figure 10: Curve power_delivered_vs_Rc

And it maximum is under the following conditions:

= 0; =

! + ! (13)
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A.N
For Pmax:

= 2.4! + 22.4! = 22.5282 22.53
!"# _!"#$ 26.54 ,
!"# _!"!#$ = 3 !"#$!"#$ = 79.61

Now we will demonstrate with an efficiency curve (active power consumed over
active power supplied), why high voltage is used on the transmission of energy.
For this case, we will set the power consumed at 30% of the maximum; also we are
going to consider that there is no voltage drop in the line.
!
!
=
=
(14)
!"##$%&! ! + !"#$

As we assume no voltage drop, the calculus of the power lost will be made with
the current through the resistance.

!"#$ = ! (15)
= ! (16)
! !
!"#$ =
(17)

!
!
!
=
= !
= !
(18)
!!
+ 0,3 !"#$!"#$
+ ! + !
!

!!!

For the whole system (the three lines) is equivalent:

!
= !
(19)
+ 0,3 !"#$!"#$%

Figure 11: Curve n_vs_Vc

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The efficiency of the power line studied is:
(!"###) = 98.58%

Maximum active power that can be delivered to the charge when the line voltage
drop is under 5%

In this section of the study we are taking into account the voltage drop in the line,
it is imposed that the difference of the load voltage and the source voltage do not exceed
the 5%.
We will study under this conditions which will be the maximum power delivered by the
three lines.
So we are going to draw the graphic of the ratio of voltage vs the power delivered:
!!
!"#$%"# =
(20)
+ ! + !

! ||

=
=
(21)
!
||
+ ! + !

Figure 12: Curve ratio of voltage_vs_delivered power

5%=12.67

Compensated line : how to offset the reactive power of the line

In order to offset the reactive power consumed by the reactance of the line, a capacitor
is added in parallel with the resistance Rc.
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Figure 13: Circuit diagram of single phase with capacitor to offset reactive power

The capacitor is setted that the equivalent impedence of the load is:

=(0.646)
The new equations for the same study are:

!! 0,646
=
(22)
!
+ 0,646
+ ( + (0,646))!

=
(23)
!
!
!
+ 0,646
+ + 0,646

Figure 14: Comparison of delivered power without & with capacitor

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With the compensation of this capacitor, we find that the higher power delivered
is when the load voltage is 1.4% higher than the source voltage.

= 1.014; ! = 48.19
!

Conclusion

As we could see in the previous study, we can increase the active power with a
capacitor bank. This sort of systems are used in systems with low power factor; this is
phenomena in most of cases is induced by the motors because they are nothing but coils,
so the reactive power dominates.
En few words, the active power is the one we can actually use, and the apparent is the
one we pay, so the more active power we can profit from the same apparent power the
more rentable and efficient is the system.

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Exercise 3 : Learning outcomes

Throughout this module, we have worked on electricity issues. All these
problems mostly have used the basics of electricity (ohm's law, KVL, Law of Nodes ...).
Frankly before starting this module, Lukinel Kaly I wasnt very convinced its usefulness
for energy companies engineers because I considered that this module isnt very useful
option for where we were and that we considered already processed and scanned the
broad lines of electricity especially with electromagnetism and risks related to the use of
electricity. However, in seeking to resolve some of the problems and especially in
advancing the understanding of electricity I quickly realized that there were essential
concepts that a future mechanical engineer specializing in energetic ought to know. This
was felt especially on the second issue of the portfolio (Overhead Power Line) where the
reflection had to be a little more advanced than the 1st exercise (Single Phase AC steady
state electrical circuit). High voltage lines were a new concept for us. At the beginning
unlike the first exercise which used electricity bases the 2nd exercise asked more
knowledge and more computations. Initially we tried to resolve basically this exercise
but after some failures we had sought out how to use high voltage lines. With this issue
we realized their usefulness to our daily to route the mains current up to us. With regard
to the Elecric Energy Transport the three main points we've Learned The Following are:

The use of high voltage to reduce the current and thus reduce the losses by Joule
effect

Use of high voltage power lines to carry current over long distances (> 10 km)

Choice of material and the cable diameter constituing the power line in order to
have a achemiment with few losses.


For me, Saul Villamizar, this course not only helped me to remember all I knew of
this subject from comparable courses that I had in Colombia, but also it helped me to
understand some concepts that weren't that clear such as the internal impedances
depending on the type of generator, also I learned different mechanisms to analyse the
power lines.
At the begging of the exercises we made some failures, which made us search more
information to understand the calculations, we made and not just compute
mechanically.
Even though I think that concepts as the capacitor power banks, the power factor
correctors and the filters could be included into this course, I find them very important
in our engineering career (i dont know if they are teacher in other years).

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