Outline Notecards

Outline
Introduction: Human mind is too delicate to have a man-made

replica. Machine intelligence may be in the equal level with human
intelligence one day or even out run us , but it would be in a
different way.
1 Definition of AI
Title:
existing intelligent machines
Source:
Hey, Anthony J. G, and Gyuri Pau0301pay. The
Computing Universe: A Journey through a Revolution.
New York, Cambridge UP, 2015.
Direct Quote:
The machines of which we are now speaking are not
the dream of the sensationalist nor the hope of some
future time. They already exist as thermostats,
automatic gyrocompass ship-steering systems, selfpropelled missiles - especially such as seek their target
- anti-aircraft fire control systems, automatically
controlled oil cracking still, ultra-rapid computing
machines, and the like...
Paraphrase:
There are now-existing machines that are partially
intelligent. For example, the anti-aircraft fire control
system can find its target and give out orders on its
own. Yet non of the machines is astonishing.
My Ideas:
There are machines with some ability to think and
make decision, but still far behind out running human
brain.
History:
Created: 11/15/2016 09:00 PM
2
Definition of "thinking"
Title:
When does machine learn?
Source:
Barrat, James. Our Final Invention: Artificial Intelligence
and the End of the Human Era. New York, Thomas
Dunne Books, 2013.
Pages:
72
Direct Quote:
When does a machine learn? The concept of learning is
a lot like intelligence because there are many
definitions, and most are correct. In the simplest sense,
learning occurs in a machine when there's a change in
it that allows it to perform a task better the second
time. Machine learning enables Internet search, speech
and handwriting recognition, and improves the user
experience in dozen of other applications.
Paraphrase:
dq
My Ideas:
true!
History:
Created: 12/05/2016 08:23 PM
3
My question: Can AI one day think the same way human do?
(no)
Title:
The question
Source:
Zarkadakeu0304s, Giou0304rgos. In Our Own Image:
Savior or Destroyer? : the History and Future of
Artificial Intelligence. New York, Pegasus Books, 2016.
Pages:
25
Direct Quote:
When we aim to program a machine to think, what
exactly do we mean? What exactly is thinking? Who,
or what, does the thinking in us humans? Is it our brain
that wet, convoluted, mushy, material object? People
who are religious might argue that thinking, feeling and
self-awareness lack physical substance, and that
consciousness is the manifestation of an immaterial
soul.
Paraphrase:
How can we define the "thinking" process? What is it?
What makes human's thinking special? Is our brain that
is special?
My Ideas:
This is exactly what I am asking!
History:
Created: 11/29/2016 08:41 PM
Title:
AI can't think consequences?
Source:
Wilson, Daniel H. Popular Mechanics Robots: A New
Age of Bionics, Drones & Artificial Intelligence. New
York, Hearst Books, 2015.
Pages:
14
Direct Quote:
Tracking software finds the human whos speaking, a
keyword triggers a scripted response, and when you
leave the room, they dont imagine where youve gone,
whether the conversation helped or hurt you, or how to
overthrow your government. Its very difficult for an
artificial intelligence to project in a physical sense,

says Kevin Warwick, a professor of cybernetics at
University of Reading in England. A robot can think
about eventualities, but it cant think even one step
ahead about the consequences of its decision.
Paraphrase:
probably direct quotation
My Ideas:
Really? Wow
History:
Created: 11/30/2016 07:44 PM
2
Body-1: Turing's test and theory: Although the idea of Artificial

Intelligence is first put forward by Alan Turing, the Turing's machine
and Turing's test are too superficial for creating a intelligence
machine that can think as same as human do.
Title:
passing turing test = surpassing human?
Source:
Kurzweil, Ray. How to Create a Mind: The Secret of Human
Thought Revealed. New York, Viking, 2012.
Pages:
276
Direct Quote:
It appears to me that many critics will not be satisfied until
computers routinely pass the Turing test, but even that
threshold will not be clear-cut. Undoubtedly, there will be
controversy as to whether claimed Turing tests among those
critics disparaging early claims along these lines. By the time
the arguments about the validity of a computer passing the
Turing test to settle down, computers will have long since
surpassed unenhanced human intelligence.
Paraphrase:
dq
My Ideas:
dq
History:
Created: 12/05/2016 08:40 PM
1
Turing's machine
Title:
Turing Machine
Source:
Pages:
166
Direct Quote:
A Turing machine took a statement as its input, applied
a logical expression (or formula) that was written as
a set of instructions, and produced a binary result: the
statement was either true or false. The first thing that
Turing showed was that a Turing machine capable of
performing a mathematical computation was
equivalent to an algorithm (i.e. a series of logical steps
that processed a statement that arrived at conclusion)
Paraphrase:
A turing machine takes a income statement and judge
whether it is true or false. This machine can
theoretically calculate logical answers mathematically.
My Ideas:
Well, this is Turing machine.
History:
Created: 11/29/2016 08:50 PM
Title:
Death of the Turing Machine
Source:
Pages:
166
Direct Quote:
So imagine a Turing machine beginning to work on a
problem, say a logical statement. It starts apply a set
of instructions to examine if the logical statement is
true or not. And keeps going, and going without end.
The Turing machine is stuck in an eternal hmmm
moment. It cannot tell whether the statement is true or
not. It does not halt. Turing showed that it was
impossible to know in advance whether the machine
would halt or keep on going. To phrase it more
mathematically, Turing showed that no formal
language (what we would today call a computer
language) exists that can manipulate any series of
symbols and determine the truth of mathematical
statements.
Paraphrase:
There will be a point that the Turing machine always
have a new true or false question after the last one and
it repeats forever. Then the machine cannot tell
whether the statement is true or not. Therefore it
proves that no existing computer language can
become a "ultimate statement answerer".
My Ideas:
Existing calculating system cannot be the brain of an
AI?
History:
Created: 11/29/2016 08:54 PM
Title:
Turing's sonnet writing machine
Source:
Pages:
256
Direct Quote:
Interrogator: In the first line of your sonnet which reads
"Shall I compare thee to a summer's day," would not "a
spring day" do as well or better?
Witness: It wouldn't scan.Interrogator: How about "a
winter's day," That would scan all right.
Witness: Yes, but nobody wants to be compared to a
winter's day.
Interrogator: Would you say Mr. Pickwick reminded you
of Christmas?
Witness: In a way.
Interrogator: Yet Christmas is a winter's day, and I do
not think Mr. Pickwick would mind the comparison.
Witness: I don't think you're serious. By a winter's day
one means a typical winter's day, rather than a special
one like Christmas.
Paraphrase:
direct quotation
My Ideas:
If this level of conversation really come from a machine
and a human, would the machine be considered
intelligence? Is it really thinking?
History:
Created: 11/15/2016 09:14 PM
2
Turing's test
Title:
Turing Test
Source:
Henderson, Harry. Artificial Intelligence: Mirrors for the
Mind. New York NY, Chelsea House, 2007.
Direct Quote:
The Turing test may appear to be an elegant end run
around the question of what constitutes true
intelligence. Instead of getting caught in a
philosophical morass, the experimenter begins with the
fact of intelligent human behavior and sees whether a
machine can convincingly engage in such behavior.
Paraphrase:
The Turing test focuses on whether or not a machines
can act like a human by imitating human behavior.
My Ideas:
This is what Turing test is!
History:
Created: 11/17/2016 07:45 PM
Title:
think - math , chess
Source:
Pages:
32
Direct Quote:
A mathematician is unlikely to go through a mental list
of any of thousands of possible elements for creating a
logic chain. Similarly, even the most powerful
computer is limited in how many chess move

sequences it can evaluate. A key insight in the work of
Newell, Simon, and other AI theorists is that it is
possible for a program to determine what logical
"moves" are more likely to be relevant to a problem.
Based on a heuristic or "rule of thumb" or upon
previous experience with solving the same type of
problem. This strategy for solving logic problems is
similat to that adopted in creating an automated chedd
player that does not rely soley on "brute force"
methods.
Paraphrase:
Take the chess playing machines (like Deepblue) as an
example. THe machines do not think the smne way a
human player does. No human player would calculate
every possible stpe before they move and no one can
do that. Yet this is the exact way computer does and
beats the human players.
My Ideas:
Is this way of problem solving "thinking"? Is it a entire
different way from human thinking or can it simulate
human thinking whrough this way of calculation?
History:
Created: 11/20/2016 08:46 PM
Title:
Against Turing test
Source:
Direct Quote:
Similarly, Ford, Hayers, and other critics of the Turing
test point out the Turing test assumes (or at least
strongly suggests) that the path to AI is through
understanding and learning to imitate human
intelligence. This may be dubious because much
intelligent human behavior may be the arbitrary or
accidental result of evolution or social circumstances.

Many AI researchers believe that the more productive
approach is to identify the logical structures and
procedures behavior. They do not see the attempt to
pass a Turing test as being a worthwhile goal.
Paraphrase:
Some scienticsts argue, though, that the Turing test
tests AI too narrowly. Instead, they prefer indentifying
AI through its logic.
My Ideas:
This is a point of view, too, but really, how do we define
AI? Do they have too think the same way we do? Do
they need to have emotions? Or do they simply need to
have enough amount of knowledge.
History:
Created: 11/17/2016 07:51 PM
3
Passing Turing's test
Title:
Pass the Turing test
Source:
Hulick, Kathryn. Artificial Intelligence. Minneapolis,
Essential Library, an imprint of Abdo Publishing, 2016.
Pages:
57
Direct Quote:
In 2014, a computer program posing as a 13-year-old
Ukrainian boy passed the Turing Test. In a series of fiveminute conversations, 33 percent of the judges
believed that the AI program, named Eugene
Goostman, was human. But Eugene certainly did not
understand the conversation on the same level that a
person would. And some observers did not agree
Eugene had truly passed the test, as the programmers
used clever tricks to get around the difficulty of
handling natural language. For example, Eugene was
asked, Did you see Jubilee? He responded, Try to

guess! Actually, I dont understand why you are
interested. I know you are supposed to trick me. That
could be the answer to any question Eugene did not
understand.
Paraphrase:
A computer program posing as a 13-year-old Ukrainian
boy passed the Turing Test in 2014. Yet it's success is
not admitted by all the people. Because when Eugene
was asked, Did you see Jubilee?, he responded, Try
to guess! Actually, I dont understand why you are
interested. I know you are supposed to trick me. ,
which can be answer to any question it cannot answer
directly.
My Ideas:
It passed the Turing test! Is it AI? Does it really thinks
the same way as human do?
History:
Created: 11/30/2016 11:38 AM
3
Body-2: Experiments: Even though scientists try to make their

machines think like human by every conceivable means, the
machines still cannot reach the hight of human intelligence.
1 Chinese room
Title:
Chinese room experiment (not learn)
Source:
Direct Quote:
In a famous though experiment called the "Chinese
Room", philosopher John Searle imagines someone who
does not know Chinese siting alone in a room, following
directions for stringing together Chinese characters so
that people outside the room think that someone inside
understands and speak Chinese, Searle explains:
Imagine a native English speaker who knows no

Chinese locked in a room full of boxes of Chinese
symbols (the program). Imagine that people outside
the room send in other Chinese symbols which,
unknown to the person in the room, are questions in
Chinese (the input). And imagine that by following the
instructions in the program the man in the room is able
to pass out Chinese symbols which are correct answers
to the questions (the output). The program enables the
person in the room to pass Turing Test for
understanding Chinese but he does not understand a
word of Chinese.
Paraphrase:
There is a famous thought experiment "Chinese Room".
This experiment locks a person, who does not speak
Chinese at all, into a room with a database of Chinese
symbols and instructions. It says that by following the
instructions, the person will be able to give right
answers to questions in Chinese, which are given from
a person out of the room. In this case, one can pass a
Chinese understanding Turing Test without
understanding Chinese at all.
My Ideas:
This proves that even if a coded program, in another
word, artificial intelligence, can "learn" things, they are
not actually learning it.
History:
Created: 11/15/2016 06:43 PM
Title:
Storage=knowledge=decisiton making?
Source:
Direct Quote:
As computer became more powerful and as computer

memories became larger, there was a movement for
reserchers to explicitly build "knowledge" into AI
applications and to develope expert system, computer
programs that imitate the decision making of a human
expert.
Paraphrase:
With larger and larger memories, computers can store
more and more data in them as knowledge. Therefore
letting the computer programs to be more capable of
imitating the dicision making proccess of human.
My Ideas:
Storage of knowledge => decision making
What about the proccess of making the decisions? Do
the computers really think? Or do they just proccess
the data by a written program? Is that considered
"thinking"?
History:
Created: 11/16/2016 07:33 PM
2
Watson: Jeopardy machine
Title:
Birth of Watson
Source:
Pages:
8
Direct Quote:
With each clue, Watson used more than 100 different
techniques to understand the clue, decide how to
search for an answer, and rank all the possible
answers. Each answer gets a confidence score that
measures how likely it is to be correct. To prepare for
the show, Watson trained hard, working through more
that 100,000 sample Jeopardy! questions. When it

made a mistake, the IBM team could teach Watson how
to handle that type of clue.
Paraphrase:
The machine Watson used more than 100 different
technology to understand every single clue, decide
how to find the answer, and list all the answers.
Watson use more than 100,000 sample questions to
train for its Jeopardy! competition.
My Ideas:
The birth of Watson and how it operate.
History:
Created: 11/30/2016 11:23 AM
Title:
Jeopardy!
Source:
Pages:
295
Direct Quote:
The biggest obstacle for the researchers was teaching
the machine to understand what it was supposed to
look for from the cryptic Jeopardy! clues, which were
often worded in a puzzling manner. The first algorithm
to be applied was a grammatical analysis identifying
nouns, verbs, adjectives, and pronouns. However,
there were many possible key words that could be
relevant to finding the answer, and Ferrucci and his
team had to search through all the many different
interpretations. Then, by using a variety of machinelearning methods and cross-checks, they assigned
probabilities to a list of possible answers.
Paraphrase:
In 2007, Ferrucci's team started building a machine for

the game Jeopardy!. Yet it is hard for them to let the
computer recognise where to search. The questions
has all the different points to start with and the
computer do not know how to judge which one is the
one it should search with. Therefore, the computer has
to search though a lot of things for possible anwsers
My Ideas:
Unlike human, computers don't have judgment to what
they get.
History:
Created: 11/28/2016 10:57 AM
Title:
Jeopardy! (2)
Source:
Pages:
295
Direct Quote:
All of their searches and tests took vital time, and in
the game they had to come up with an answer in just
few seconds. Toward the end of 2008, Ferrucci
recruited a five-person hardware team to devise a way
to speed up the processing time more than a thousandfold. How was this to be achieved? The answer was to
distribute the calculations over more than two
thousand processors so that Watson could explore all
these path simultaneously.
Paraphrase:
Searching through from all the different starts takes a
lot of time. The team finally found a way to reduce the
time, which is to let the computer do all the different
search in the same time.
My Ideas:
But does this let the computer really think? Human do
not need to and also cannot search through a ton of
database to find out a answer.
History:
Created: 11/28/2016 11:03 AM
3
Neuron
Title:
Think with neurons
Source:
Direct Quote:
The incoming signals reaching a neuron from all of its
dendrites are collected and processed inside the cell
body. Any output signal resulting from this imput
tracels down the axon and is passed on to the
dendrites of neighboring neurons through the
synapses. A typical neuron operates on a "threshold" or
"all-or-none" principle meaning that the imput
stimulation, represented by the sum of all the incoming
signals, must be above a certain threshold for the cell
to produce an output signal.
Paraphrase:
Neurons, being in charge the human thinking process,
handle informations by deciding whether the incoming
signals pass a certain requirement or not.
My Ideas:
A information received to a action made takes billions
of neurons to decide whether the incoming signal
qualifies sending a outcome signal. The computer
certanly does not "think" this way, but can a computer
reach the same level of thinking abillity of human brain
by imitating this neuron-to-neuron process, or does it
not even need to "think" the same way to really be

able to think?
History:
Created: 11/16/2016 09:01 PM
Title:
Neuron of AI?
Source:
Pages:
17
Direct Quote:
Computer scientists have some up with many different
approaches to help computers learn, but the most
promising technology today is called deep learning. It
is based on the concept of neural networks. The human
brain is a neural network with approximately 100 billion
neurons linked with 100 trillion connections.
Information goes into a persons brain from his or her
sense; then neurons process that information and
generate output that the person experiences as
thoughts, feelings, and physical responses. Artificial
neural networks (ANNs) take data such as images, text,
or spoken words as their input, and they output helpful
information about the data.
Paraphrase:
Deep learning is the best technology today for
computer learning. Stimulating neurons in human
brain, Artificial neural networks (ANNs) takes input and
form output from them.
My Ideas:
This is a way of AI thinking. Isn't it similar to human
thinking?
History:
Created: 11/30/2016 11:28 AM
Title:
The biggest ANNs in AI today
Source:
Pages:
17
Direct Quote:
The biggest ANNs in AI today have more than a billion
connections. These giant networks can process huge
amount of data all at the same time to find
patterns. These patterns combine together into higher
and higher levels of meaning.
Paraphrase:
There are more than a billion connections in the
biggest ANNs in AI today. By processing huge amount
of data it can find patterns and combine them together
into higher level meaning.
My Ideas:
Is this THINKING?
History:
Created: 11/30/2016 11:33 AM
4
Body-3: Human thinking vs. Machine thinking: Comparing with

human mind, the machines are too far behind on the depth and
efficiency.
1 6-level thinking
Title:
Six-Level model of human mind
Source:
Minsky, Marvin. The Emotion Machine: Commonsense

Thinking, Artificial Intelligence, and the Future of the
Human Mind. New York, Simon & Schuster, 2006.
Pages:
130
Direct Quote:
1. Inborn, Instinctive Reactions
2. Learned Reactions
3. Deliberative Thinking
4. Reflective Thinking
5. Self-Reflective Thinking
6. Self-Conscicous Emotion
Paraphrase:
direct quotation
My Ideas:
how do these 6 level show in our daily life? which of
these does a machine need to have in order to "be
human"? all?
History:
Created: 12/04/2016 07:46 PM
Title:
Learned Reactions
Source:
Pages:
133
Direct Quote:
All animals are born with such "instincts" as "Get away

from a quickly approaching object." These built-in
reactions tend to serve well so long as those animals
stay in environment like those in which their instincts
evolved. But when their world change, the creatures of
each species may need to learn new ways to react.
Paraphrase:
Animals, including human, of course, are born with
"instincts" like dodging and seeking food in order to
survive. Yet if the environment changes, they may
need to adopt new habits and change their reactions to
certain things.
My Ideas:
Can machine have this ability? Do they need to have
it?
History:
Created: 12/04/2016 07:49 PM
Title:
Learning Reactions - reinforcment
Source:
Pages:
133
Direct Quote:
When an animal faces a new situation, it tries a
random sequence of actions. Then, if one of these is
followed by some "reward," that reaction gets
"reinforced." This makes that reaction more likely to
happen when that animal faces the same situation
again.
Paraphrase:
If there is a bran new thing happening, animals tires

random actions, and then they know which is the
"right" reactions for this situation, thus this reaction
get "reinforced". Therefore, when the same thing
happens again, it is likely the animal will have the
same reaction, again.
My Ideas:
Same question, can and should machine have the
ability to do this?
History:
Created: 12/04/2016 07:58 PM
Title:
Deliberation
Source:
Pages:
134-137
Direct Quote:
Certainly we do many things by simply reacting to
external events. However, to achieve more complex
goals, we need to make more elaborate plans by using
all sorts of knowledge that we've gained form things
that we've done in the past - and it is these internal
mental activities that give us out uniquely human
abilities... p135-137 example
Paraphrase:
not gonna quote, just the idea of the example
My Ideas:
not gonna quote, just the idea of the example
History:
Created: 12/04/2016 08:03 PM
Title:
(Self-)Reflective Thinking
Source:
Pages:
142-143
Direct Quote:
...rather than try to examine itself, it would be better
for a system to make simplified models of its condition
- and record these in some memory banks. Then later it
can self reflect (if only to certain extent), by applying
the same sorts of processes (to those memories) that it
already knows how to apply to inputs that come from
external events. After all most parts of our brain
already have ways to detect events that occur inside
the brain; indeed, only a few of our mental resources
have any direct external connections - such as those
that get signals from eyes or skin or those that send
messages to limbs.
To see the importance of self-reflection, consider how
smart it is to know you're confused (as opposed to
being confused without knowing this) - because then
you can tell yourself to elevate to a larger-scale view of
your motives and goals. This could help you to
recognise that you have lost track of that you were
trying to do, or have been wasting time on minor
details, or that you chose a poor goal to pursue. This
could lead to your making a better plan - or might even
lead to a large-scale cascade like "just thinking about
this makes me fell ill. Perhaps it's time to switch to
some completely different activity."
Paraphrase:
Our mind rethink what it have done or what we are
going to do. Thus letting us have the idea of if we are
doing a right or wrong thing. Are we confused? Are we
on the right track? This is a deeper layer of thinking

that human does.
My Ideas:
SAME QUESTION!
History:
Created: 12/04/2016 08:16 PM
Title:
Self-Conscious Reflection
Source:
Pages:
146
Direct Quote:
...having a level of Self-Conscious Reflection ...enables
us to think about our "higher" values and ideas. For
example, when Joan asks herself questions like, "What
would my friends have thought of me?" she wonders
whether her actions hold up to the values that she has
set for herself. To think such thoughts, Joan must have
built some models of the kinds of ideas that she
"ought" to have. Then when she finds conflicts
between how she behaves and the values of those to
whom she attached, this could lead to the kinds of
cascades we called "self-conscious emotions".
Paraphrase:
When we are asking ourselves even more complicated
questions like ("What would my friends have thought
of me?"), we are in the sixth level of our mind, the level
of Self-Conscious Reflection. We set a goal of what we
"should be", did what we have done, and then examine
and reflect on whether we met the goal.
My Ideas:
ohhhh, even more complicated thinking! So, can they

and should they?
History:
Created: 12/04/2016 08:42 PM
2
Human leans efficiently
Title:
Humanan learning vs. machine learning
Source:
Lake, Brenden M., et al. "One-shot Machine Learning."
American Scientist, vol. 305, no. 6266, 11 Dec. 2015,
pp. 1332-36. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context,
galegroup.com/apps/doc/A444595853/OVIC?
u=va_p_madeira_sc&xid=0c955727. Accessed 4 Dec.
2016.
Pages:
1332
Direct Quote:
First, for most interesting kinds of natural and manmade categories, people can learn a new concept from
just one or a handful of examples, whereas standard
algorithms in machine learning require tens or
hundreds of examples to perform similarly.
Paraphrase:
direct quotation
My Ideas:
Man learning vs. machine learning, human win?
History:
Created: 12/04/2016 03:00 PM
Title:
HL vs. ML example
Source:
2016.
Pages:
1332
Direct Quote:
For instance, people may only need to see one
example of a novel two-wheeled vehicle (Fig. 1A) in
order to grasp the boundaries of the new concept, and
even children can make meaningful generalisations via
one-shot learning (13). In contrast, many of the
leading approaches in machine learning are also the
most data-hungry, especially deep learning models
that have achieved new levels of performance on
object and speech recognition benchmarks (49).
Paraphrase:
Even a children can learn a bran new concept by
comparing and generalising the new idea with known
ones. Yet man-made machines, especially the most
frontier ones like the "deep-learning" ones, requires a
ton of data to learn new things.
My Ideas:
deep learning requiring too many data?
History:
Created: 12/04/2016 03:03 PM
Title:
HL vs. ML - leaning range
Source:
2016.
Direct Quote:
Second, people learn richer representations than
machines do, even for simple concepts (Fig. 1B), using
them for a wider range of functions, including (Fig. 1, ii)
creating new exemplars (10), (Fig. 1, iii) parsing objects
into parts and relations (11), and (Fig. 1, iv) creating
new abstract categories of objects based on existing
categories (12, 13). In contrast, the best machine
classifiers do not perform these additional functions,
which are rarely studied and usually require specialized
algorithms.
Paraphrase:
When people learn new things, they do it in a much
wider range than machine does.
dq
My Ideas:
So machine cannot achieve what human do?
History:
Created: 12/04/2016 03:09 PM
Title:
HL vs. ML queations
Source:
2016.
Direct Quote:
A central challenge is to explain these two aspects of
human-level concept learning: How do people learn
new concepts from just one or a few examples? And
how do people learn such abstract, rich, and flexible

representations? An even greater challenge arises
when putting them together: How can learning succeed
from such sparse data yet also produce such rich
representations?
Paraphrase:
direct quotation
My Ideas:
to let machines learn as we learn, we need to learn
how do we learn...
History:
Created: 12/04/2016 03:15 PM
Title:
human learns so efficiently!
Source:
2016.
Direct Quote:
For any theory of learning (4, 1416), fitting a more
complicated model requires more data, not less, in
order to achieve some measure of good generalisation,
usually the difference in performance between new
and old examples. Nonetheless, people seem to
navigate this trade-off with remarkable agility, learning
rich concepts that generalise well from sparse data.
Paraphrase:
Human has the ability to learn a rich number of
information from only small amount of data. However,
learning a more complicated model, in any learning
theory, requires more instead of less data.
My Ideas:
human learns so efficiently! how do we do this? can

machines do this too?
History:
Created: 12/04/2016 03:18 PM
5
Body-4: Looking else-way: There are various ways of approaching

human intelligence, but non of them are practical with the
technology possibly in hand.
1 The way we think
Title:
Thinking Humanly: The Cognitive Modeling Approach
Source:
Stuart, Russell, J., and Peter Norvig. "The Possibility of
Artificial Intelligence Depends on How Intelligence Is
Defined." Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Gale
Opposing Viewpoint In Contex,
ic.galegroup.com/ic/ovic/ViewpointsDetailsPage/Viewpo
intsDetailsWindow?
disableHighlighting=false&displayGroupName=Viewpoi
nts&currPage=&scanId=&query=&source=&prodId=O
VIC&search_within_results=&p=OVIC
%3AGIC&mode=view&catId=&u=va_p_madeira_sc&lim
iter=&displayquery=&displayGroups=&contentModules=&action=e
&sortBy=&documentId=GALE
%7CEJ3010771210&windowstate=normal&activityType
=&failOverType=&commentary=. Accessed 5 Dec.
2016.
Direct Quote:
If we are going to say that a given program thinks like
a human, we must have some way of determining how
humans think. We need to get inside the actual
workings of human minds. There are three ways to do
this: through introspectiontrying to catch our own
thoughts as they go by; through psychological
experimentsobserving a person in action; and
through brain imagingobserving the brain in action.
Once we have a sufficiently precise theory of the mind,
it becomes possible to express the theory as a
computer program. If the program's input-output

behavior matches corresponding human behavior, that
is evidence that some of the program's mechanisms
could also be operating in humans.
Paraphrase:
If we want to build machines that can think the same
as human do, first we need to know how human think.
If we can understand a human mind through
introspection, psychological experiments, or brain
imaging, we will be able to compare the input and put
put of the machines.
My Ideas:
But if we can do thins , can we build the machine?
History:
Created: 12/05/2016 11:10 AM
Title:
Thinking Rationally: The "Laws of Thought" Approach
Source:
Stuart, Russell, J., and Peter Norvig. "The Possibility of
Artificial Intelligence Depends on How Intelligence Is
Defined." Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Gale
Opposing Viewpoint In Contex,
ic.galegroup.com/ic/ovic/ViewpointsDetailsPage/Viewpo
intsDetailsWindow?
disableHighlighting=false&displayGroupName=Viewpoi
nts&currPage=&scanId=&query=&source=&prodId=O
VIC&search_within_results=&p=OVIC
%3AGIC&mode=view&catId=&u=va_p_madeira_sc&lim
iter=&displayquery=&displayGroups=&contentModules=&action=e
&sortBy=&documentId=GALE
%7CEJ3010771210&windowstate=normal&activityType
=&failOverType=&commentary=. Accessed 5 Dec.
2016.
Direct Quote:
There are two main obstacles to this approach. First, it

is not easy to take informal knowledge and state it in
the formal terms required by logical notation,
particularly when the knowledge is less than 100%
certain. Second, there is a big difference between
solving a problem "in principle" and solving it in
practice. Even problems with just a few hundred facts
can exhaust the computational resources of any
computer unless it has some guidance as to which
reasoning steps to try first. Although both of these
obstacles apply to any attempt to build computational
reasoning systems, they appeared first in the logicist
tradition.
Paraphrase:
It is hard for machines to think rationally since the
information they obtain is not 100% certain as well as
formal. Also, they difference between "principle" and
"real life" makes it even harder to solve
question rationally.
My Ideas:
Sometimes, pure data cannot replace what we see and
hear in real life.
History:
Created: 12/05/2016 11:26 AM
2
The way we learn to think
Title:
Thinking: infant - grown-ups
Source:
Pages:
216
Direct Quote:
As children, we learned how to pick up blocks and

arrange them into rows and stacks. Then as each new
group of skills matured, we built yet more resources on
top - just as we learned to plan and build more
elaborated arches and towers. So each of us built, in
those early times. the towers of aptitudes that we call
"minds".
But now, as grown-ups, it seems to us that we have
always been able to reason and think - because we
learned those skills so long ago that we cannot recall
having learned them at all. It took us many years of
hard work to develop our more mature Ways to Think.
Paraphrase:
We always take our ability of "thinking smoothly" for
granted. Yet we overlooked the past we have been
through. Back when we were infants, we learnt how to
pick up things, recognise what is edible, how to talk,
and how to make decisions. Our ability of thinking
humanly is built bit by bit in our infancy.
My Ideas:
so, can machine learn in the same way and then think
in the same way?
History:
Created: 12/04/2016 08:53 PM
Title:
Downloading your mind
Source:
Pages:
57
Direct Quote:
For instance, prominent and self-declared agnostics,
including the physicist Stephen Hawking, proclaim that
human consciousness resembles a software program,

and that at some point in the future it will be possible
to extract it from your biological body. Download it on a
computer, so you may live digitally forevermore.
Paraphrase:
It is claimed (by Stephen Hawking and other scientists)
that it is possible, in one day, to make one's though
into a software program and store it in a computer
forever.
My Ideas:
Is this possible? Is this AI?
History:
Created: 11/29/2016 08:45 PM
6
Conclution: Can AI one day think the same way human do? No.
Human mind is too delicate to have a man-made replica. Machine
intelligence may be in the equal level with human intelligence one
day or even out run us , but it would be in a different way.

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Introduction: Human mind is too delicate to have a man-made

artificial intelligence to project in a physical sense,

Body-1: Turing's test and theory: Although the idea of Artificial

computer is limited in how many chess move

accidental result of evolution or social circumstances.

Passing Turing's test

asked, Did you see Jubilee? He responded, Try to

Body-2: Experiments: Even though scientists try to make their

Imagine a native English speaker who knows no

As computer became more powerful and as computer

Watson: Jeopardy machine

that 100,000 sample Jeopardy! questions. When it

In 2007, Ferrucci's team started building a machine for

not even need to "think" the same way to really be

Created: 11/30/2016 11:28 AM

Body-3: Human thinking vs. Machine thinking: Comparing with

Minsky, Marvin. The Emotion Machine: Commonsense

All animals are born with such "instincts" as "Get away

If there is a bran new thing happening, animals tires

on the right track? This is a deeper layer of thinking

ohhhh, even more complicated thinking! So, can they

Human leans efficiently

how do people learn such abstract, rich, and flexible

human learns so efficiently! how do we do this? can

Body-4: Looking else-way: There are various ways of approaching

computer program. If the program's input-output

There are two main obstacles to this approach. First, it

The way we learn to think

As children, we learned how to pick up blocks and

human consciousness resembles a software program,

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