EPRI Transmission Line Reference BookWind-Induced

Conductor Motion: The Orange Book

Reworked by an international team of experts, this new edition provides an essential
resource for all utilities involved in transmission line design and maintenance.
One of the major challenges faced by electric utilities and
transmission companies is identifying and preventing costly
damage to overhead transmission lines caused by windinduced conductor motion.
To help utilities diagnose and solve conductor motion issues,
EPRI has updated the long-time industry standard EPRI
Transmission Line Reference BookWind-Induced Conductor
Motion (1012317), known to generations of transmission
engineers as the Orange Book.
The book has been reworked by an international team of experts
to provide users with the best possible practical tool for designing
overhead lines to minimize damage from wind-induced conductor
motion and for analyzing existing lines to improve their performance in the windy conditions.
Addressing an Urgent Challenge
Probably no other large structure has as much of its mass in highly
flexible form, and so continuously exposed to the forces of the
wind, as does the modern transmission line. This makes the line
susceptible to sustained cyclic conductor motions, which can take
the form of vibration, galloping, or other types of movement.
Because conductors are supported and supplemented by
thousands of pieces of hardware, many opportunities for damage
arise during these motions. Conductors and their auxiliaries are
critical and expensive components that are difficult to inspect
while lines are in service. Therefore, problems caused by
conductor motion must either be anticipated and prevented during
the design and construction stages or resolved at high cost after
visible damage or motion has occurred.
In the past two decades, industry restructuring and downsizing
have added to the challenge of diagnosing and solving conductor motion issues. Companies are operating with leaner budgets,
smaller staffs, and less expertise as veteran engineers retire.
Meanwhile, maintaining transmission reliability has become more
important than ever as lines are pushed to their limits to move
more power over longer distances. In this resource-constrained
environment, transmission engineers need the best, most current
information available to maintain transmission reliability and to
control inspection and maintenance costs.

Audience
The Orange Book is intended for transmission and distribution line
designers and staff responsible for maintenance of overhead lines,
interpretation of line failures, and correction of poor designs.
Application and Value
The new Orange Book gives todays transmission engineers
ready access to fundamental information on the mechanics of
conductor motion as well as the latest developments in technology
and practices. Although the book is a reference rather than a
design manual, the overhead line designer should find it helpful
in several ways:
Recognizing and properly identifying cyclic conductor motion
when it occurs
Anticipating the circumstances in which it may be expected
Becoming familiar with protection methods currently in use
Understanding the theoretical principles (where known) upon
which currently used protection methods operate
Evaluating the cost effectiveness of current or proposed
protection methods

 Soliciting proposals or bids relative to the protection of new or

existing lines
Critically evaluating such proposals and the claims made
for them
Formulating tests or test programs for evaluating proposed
protection systems
New Material and Organization
The content of the earlier edition has been significantly expanded
and updated to reflect the latest in conductor technology, new
materials and methods, and current utility needs and practices.
Areas covered include aeolian vibration, conductor fatigue,
conductor galloping, and wake-induced oscillation, with new
chapters on fiber-optic cables and transient dynamic motions of
overhead lines. Each conductor behavior is explored in depth in
separate chapters that examine the causes, mechanisms,
incidence, types of motion, factors influencing motion, resulting
damage, and protection methods associated with each behavior.

Training and Services

In addition to providing an essential reference to practicing
engineers, the Orange Book is also a valuable training tool.
EPRI offers workshops and training seminars structured around the
topics presented in the book, which are expanded in lectures
delivered by some of the experts who wrote the topical
chapters. Training is offered at EPRIs Lenox High-Voltage Test
Facility, at regional centers, and on-site at individual utilities
where course content is tailored to the utilitys specific needs and
transmission system.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Aeolian Vibration
Chapter 3: Fatigue of Overhead Conductors
Chapter 4: Galloping Conductors
Chapter 5: Bundle Conductor Oscillations
Chapter 6: Overhead Fiber-Optic Cables

The book presents one or more detailed theoretical analyses for

each type of conductor behavior, together with available
supporting (or conflicting) data from laboratory tests and field
tests. The book discusses the strengths and limitations of the
theories and the various types of testing methods and includes
extensive references to the work of other researchers.

Chapter 7: Other Motions

Appendix 1: Conductor Tables
Appendix 2: Units and Conversion Factors
Appendix 3: Catenary Effects
Contact Information
For more information, contact the EPRI Customer Assistance
Center at 800.313.3774 (askepri@epri.com).

1016294

February 2008

Electric Power Research Institute

3420 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304-1338PO Box 10412, Palo Alto, California 94303-0813 USA
800.313.3774650.855.2121askepri@epri.comwww.epri.com
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Printed on recycled paper in the United States of America