HElWAN UNIVERSITY

MATARIA FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

AUTOMOTIVE & TRACTORS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Heavy equipment productivity

Motor grader

By
Islam abd el-hamid ali bayoume

Submitted to

Ass.prof. : sayed shaaban

contents
1-Specification & calculation grader motor caterpillar
14h
2-Compare between some models of motor graders and
calculation
3-Advanced type of motor grader
4- Parameter to be considered by evaluation
5-Motor graders manufactures worldwide
6- Tires

1-Specification & calculation grader motor caterpillar

14h

Selected Dimensions
Dimensions
A. Overall Length
B. Width Over Tires
C. Height to Top of Cab
D. Wheelbase
E. Rear Ground Clearance
F. Front Ground Clearance
G. Tandem Axle Wheelbase

30.6 ft in
9.3 ft in
11 ft in
21.2 ft in
1.3 ft in
2.1 ft in
5.4 ft in

H. Blade Base

9.4 ft in

9342 mm
2817 mm
3339 mm
6460 mm
378 mm
645 mm
1656 mm
2860

mm

Specification
Engine
Make
Model
Net Power Gear 1-2
Net Power Gear 3-4
Power Measured @
Net Power Gear 5-6
Number of Cylinders
Net Power Gears 7-8
Max Power
Displacement
Operational
Std Operation Weight - Front Axle
Std Operation Weight - Rear Axle
Std Operation Weight Total
Max Operation Weight - Front Axle
Max Operation Weight - Rear Axle
Max Operation Weight Total
Fuel Capacity
Cooling System Fluid Capacity
Hydrauilc System Fluid Capacity
Transmission Fluid Capacity
Circle Gearbox Fluid Capacity
Tandem Case Fluid Capacity (each)
Transmission
Type
Number of Gears Forward
Number of Gears Reverse
Max Speed Forward
Max Speed Reverse
Steering
Articulation L/R

Caterpillar
3176 ATAAC
220 hp
240 hp
2000 rpm
240 hp
6
240 hp
240 hp
629 cu in
11695 lb
29770 lb
41465 lb
19425 lb
39084 lb
58509 lb
110 gal
12.8 gal
32.5 gal
21.6 gal
1.6 gal
25.5 gal

164 kw
179 kw
179 kw
179 kw
179 kw
10.3 L
5305 kg
13504 kg
18809 kg
8811 kg
17729 kg
26540 kg
416 L
48.3 L
125 L
83 L
6L
98 L

direct drive, power shift, planetary

8
8
26.5 mph
42.7 km/h
29.4 mph
47.3 km/h
20 degrees
7.9 m

Turning Radius

25.9 ft in

Front Axle
Wheel Lean
Oscillation Total

18 degrees
32 degrees
4

Ground Clearance
Hydraulic System
Pump Type
Pump Flow
Relief Valve Pressure
Moldboard
Moldboard Width
Moldboard Height
Moldboard Thickness
Max Depth of Cut
Side Shift Left
Side Shift Right
Blade Pull at Max Weight
Blade Down Pressure
Circle
Diameter
Shift Left
Shift Right
Max Reach Outside Tires - Left
Max Reach Outside Tires - Right
Max Lift Above Ground
Blade Tip Angle Front
Blade Tip Angle Rear
Dimensions
Height to Top of Cab
Overall Length
Width Over Tires
Wheelbase
Blade Base
Tandem Axle Wheelbase
Rear Ground Clearance
Front Ground Clearance

2.1 ft in

645 mm

axial piston
64.1 gal/min
3500 psi

243 L/min
24150 kPa

14 ft in
27 in
1 in
17.3 in
25.6 in
31.1 in
52659.6 lb
34517.8 lb

4267 mm
686 mm
25 mm
438 mm
650 mm
790 mm
23886 kg
15657 kg

71.8 in
25.5 in
20.5 in
81 in
82 in
16.5 in
40 degrees
5 degrees

1822 mm
650 mm
520 mm
2057 mm
2082 mm
419 mm

11 ft in
30.6 ft in
9.3 ft in
21.2 ft in
9.4 ft in
5.4 ft in
1.3 ft in
2.1 ft in

3339 mm
9342 mm
2817 mm
6460 mm
2860 mm
1656 mm
378 mm
645 mm

TRAVEL SPEEDS @ RATED RPM WITH STD.TIRES

Gear
Forward
Reverse

1
3.
7
4.
1

2
2.
3
2.
6

5.
3
5.
8

3
3.
3
3.
6

7.
1
7.
9

4
4.
4
4.
9

10.
3
11.
4

5
6.
4
7.
1

15.
5
17.
7

6
9.6
10.
7

21.
8
24.
1

7
13.
5
15.
0

29.
5
32.
7

8
18.
3
20.
3

42.
7
47.
3

MOTOR GRADERS
The motor grader is used for many purposes
such as
maintaining
earthmoving

roads,

final finishing

for

projects, trenching and bankcutting.

Therefore
expressing

there are many

its

methods

operating capacity.

Working speed(V)
Road repair :
Trenching :

2 to 6km/h
1.6 to 4km/h

Bank finishing :

1.6 to 2.6km/h

Snow-removal :

7 to 25km/h
6

of

26.
5
29.
4

Field grading :
Leveling :

1.6 to 4km/h
2 to 8km/h

Job efficiency
Road repair, leveling

0.8

Snow-removal (V-type plow)

0.7

Spreading, grading

0.6

Trenching, snow-removal

0.5

QA

: Hourly operating area (m

V : Working speed (km/hr)

Le : Effective blade length (
Lo : Width of overlap (m)
E : Job efficiency

Calculating the hourly operating area(m /h)

Qa =Vx(Le -L o )x1000xE
Qa= 3* (2.0-0.3)*1000*0.85= 4335 m2*hr

2-Compare between some models of motor

graders

Engine
Net engine power, 1st gear
(kW)
Variable power, net, max (kW)
Torque rise (%)
Engine make
Engine model
Weight
Operating weight (kg)
Moldboard
Moldboard length (m)
Moldboard height (cm)
Moldboard thickness (cm)
Blade
Blade lift above ground (cm)
Max blade side shift, right/left
(cm)
Shoulder reach, frame straight,
right/left (m)
Transmission
Drive
Transmission type*
Gear speeds, fwd/rev
Max speed fwd/rev (kph)
Tires
Standard tires
Front Axle
Front axle oscillation (deg)
Front wheel lean angle (deg)

Volvo G940B Caterpillar

140M2

Komatsu
GD655-5

146.16

143.92

134.23

173
46
Volvo

181.21
50
Cat
C9.3 ACERT
VHP

162.56
31
Komatsu

16258.13

19815.66

16034.96

3.66
63.5
2.21

3.66
60.96
2.21

4.27
66.04
2.54

44.45

48.01

48.26

67.31

66.04

81.28

1.83

1.83

1.83

D8H

SAA6D107E-1

6x4
6x4
PS
PS
8/4
8/6
46.19 / 32.5146.67 / 36.85

6x4
PS
8/4
44.26 / 40.23

14.00-24

14.00-24

17.5R25

32
18

32
18

32
16

Steering
Front wheel steering angle
(deg)
Frame articulation, either side
(deg)

50

47.5

49

23

20

25
7.32

Min turn radius (m)

7.01

7.32

Dimensions
Wheelbase (m)
Overall length (m)
Width over tires (m)
Height to top of cab (m)

6.1
9.14
2.44
3.05

6.1
8.84
2.44
3.05

6.4
9.14
2.44
3.05

2-ACompare between some models of motor

graders calculation the hourly operating
1-Volvo
Q3 = 3 * ( 2.0 0.3 ) * 1000* .85 = 4335 m2*hr

10

3-Advanced type of motor grader

Grade.Ready Option (ARO) Machine
The ARO machine integrates the Grade system into the machine systems
and controls to optimize performance, reliability and productivity.

11

ACross Slope
Combines automated
controls with
manual
adjustments to
achieve

desired cross slope.

Operation
Grade Cross Slope is grade
control system designed to
control combined chassis
It measures pitch of the machine, surface cross slope. Machine-mounted
sensors are used to calculate necessary slope. This is the same type of
sensor blade slope positioning to achieve , used to measure blade slope
angle. desired cross slope of the surface
The system makes automatic adjustments and to the left or right lift
cylinder, typically
cross slope. performed by the operator. Grade Cross

12

Slope delivers all the information the operator needs to quickly and easily
spread or cut material at the correct cross slope to the in-cab display.
The operator can select which side of the blade to control automatically
and swap direction on the return pass without readjusting the settings.
Blade Rotation Sensor. The rotation Elevation is controlled manually by
sensor is mounted on the hydraulic matching grade, or automatically by
hydra-valve swivel and measures circle adding an elevation control
device.
Applications
New-road construction
Road maintenance
Road ditches
Embankments
Sports fields

BSonic
Ultrasonic sound waves calculate elevation from a physical reference
point, such as a stringline, curb or gutter, to maintain elevation.
Operation
Grade Sonic is a grade control system designed to control surface
elevation. The sonic system uses an ultrasonic sensor to maintain the
blade at the same relative vertical distance to an external reference, such
as a string line or curb and gutter.

13

The system makes automatic elevation adjustments typically performed

by the operator when in cross slope only control. The operator simply
steers the machine to maintain the sensor over the external reference.
Single Sonic System. When combined with Grade Cross Slope, the single
system provides automatic blade adjustments to one side of the blade for
automatic control of elevation and cross slope.
Dual Sonic System. When two sonic sensors are used, the system
provides
automatic elevation control to either side of the blade. The system
typically uses only one sensor at a time. This allows the operator to
control which side of the blade to control and change direction without
relocating sensors.
Applications
New road construction
Highway maintenance
Airport runways
Building pads
Road ditches
Embankments
Indoor applications

C-Laser
A rotating laser creates a grade elevation reference plane over the work
area to maintain precise elevation control
Operation
Grade Laser is an elevation control system designed for precise grade
control with tight tolerances using a laser transmitter and receiver.
14

A laser transmitter is set up on the work site and creates a constant grade
reference over the work area.
A digital laser receiver is mounted on the machine and senses the laser
signal as the machine moves across the work site.
The system captures elevation information and calculates the blade
adjustments necessary to achieve grade.
adjustments typically performed by the operator and provides automatic
blade
light above the work area,control to one or both sides of the
blade.The operator simply steers the machine.

D-GPS
Global Positioning System satellites provide precise location information
for elevation control with centimeter level accuracy.

15

Operation
Grade GPS uses advanced Global Positioning System (GPS) technology
to deliver precise blade positioning information to the cab.
Using machine-mounted components, an off-board GPS base station and
Real
Time Kinematic (RTK) positioning, for the system to accurately
determine
blade positioning with
centimeter level accuracy.
Grade GPS computes the positioning information on the machine,
compares
The position of the blade relative to the design plan and
delivers that information to the operator via an in-cab display.
Information such as: blade elevation; how much cut/fill is necessary to
achieve

E- ATS
Advanced Tracking Sensor (ATS) tracks blade positioning and provides
precise elevation adjustments for fine grade control.

16

Grade ATS puts the information the operator needs to complete the job in
the cab. The operator simply steer the machine to achieve fine grade
surfaces with high-precision accuracy.
ATS System. When combined with Grade Cross Slope, the ATS system
provides automated blade adjustments to one or both sides of the blade
for automatic control of both elevation and cross slope.
ATS Instrument. The ATS instrumen is a robotic total station that makes
high-precision measurements of the azimuth, altitude and distance to
thetarget. Specially designed servomotors

Improves Employee Satisfaction

Traditional Grading and Retention.
17

 In-cab display brings elevation control to the cab

Empowers operator with real-time results
Real-time feedback on progress increases job satisfaction, eliminates
guesswork and reduces operator stress
Improves operator skills and takes performance to the next level
Investing in the latest technology leads to a sense of value and trust
in the operator Grading with AccuGrade Laser Increases Equipment
Versati
Plug-and-play connections allow fast, easy conversion from cross
slope, to sonic, to laser grade control system, to manual control
Provides consistency and accuracy, turning your production machine
into a fine grading machine Integrated into Cat Machines.
Proven, optimized on-board electronics and hydraulics systems
Components designed into machine to maximize reliability

Increases Productivity and Efficiency.

Increases productivity by up to 50%
18

 Reduces guesswork and costly rework by moving dirt right the first
time
Cat Dealer
Network provides
Reduces need for staking and grade unmatched service and support
Reduces survey costs up to 90% checkers Customer Support. For more
than
Increases material utilization
Empowers operator and improves 25 years, Caterpillar has been
providing
operator confidence by delivering
Reduces operating costs electronic and electrical components grading
information to the cab and systems for the earthmoving
Extends the work day ndustry real world technology Worksite Safety.
Removes grade stakers and checkers

19

4- Parameter to be considered by evaluation

The specification herein states the minimum requirements of the FSD. All
proposals must be regular in every respect. Unauthorized conditions,
limitations, or provisions shall be cause for rejection. The FSD will
consider as irregular or non-responsive any and all proposals that
are not prepared and submitted in accordance with the proposal
document and specification, or any proposal lacking sufficient technical
literature to enable the FSD to make a reasonable determination of
compliance to the specification.
It shall be the proposers
responsibility to carefully examine each item of the specification. Failure
to offer a completed proposal or failure to respond to each
section of the technical specification (COMPLY: YES NO) will cause the
proposal to be rejected without review as non responsive. All variances,
exceptions and/or deviations shall be fully described in the appropriate
section. Deceit in responding
to the specification will be cause
for rejection.

General
1. Base machine weight shall be no less than 33,000 lbs.
2. Tires shall be a radial 17.5 x 25 SNOPLUS or approved equal.

Engine
1. The engine shall be a turbo-charged, direct injection, variable horse
power diesel engine with a minimum rating no less than 165 HP.
_
2. Covers shall be provided for engine compartment to protect against
airborne debris.
3. An engine block heater, 120volt shall be available to assist in cold
weather starting.
4. Engine coolant shall be extended life coolant with protection to no
less than -40F.
5. Engine shall have oil and fuel filters, air filter with pre cleaner and
indicator.
20

Powertrain
1. Transmission shall be a direct drive, power shift, counter shaft type
with fully automatic hands free shift feature.
2. Machine shall be equipped with an inching pedal for improved
modulation and machine control.
3. Transmission shall not have less than eight (8) forward speeds and not
less than four (4) reverse speeds.
4. Differential Lock/Unlock shall be electro-hydraulically controlled and
shall not have speed restrictions for engaging/disengaging.

Steering
1. Steering wheel preferred or joystick controls, either is acceptable.
Brakes
1. Four wheel power brakes completely sealed.
2. Parking brake shall be sealed and adjustment free.

Hydraulic System
1. Lock valves shall be integrated into the main implement valve to
prevent cylinder drift.
2. Blade lift cylinders shall have independent float capability.
3. The machine must have enough hydraulic controls and hydraulic lines
to run the following implements.
1. Angle dozer.
2. Snow wing mast.
3. Snow wing lift.
4. Front lift.
21

5. Rear lift.
4. Hydraulic oil must have an operating temperature range between 104
to -40 F.

Front Axle and Tandems

1. Front axle oscillation with left and right wheel lean.
2. Front and rear fenders.
3. The machine must be equipped with a 0 degree wheel lean bar to
help eliminate any tire wear on outer edges.
4. Oscillating 4 wheel tandem drive, with full machine articulation having
no interference between tandem wheel and machine structure.

Operators Station
1. An enclosed sound suppressed cab with rollover protective structure
(ROPS).
2. Cab shall have a fixed front window with intermitten wiper/washer,
left and right hand doors with side windows having wiper/wash and the
rear window shall have an intermittent wiper/wash and sun screen.
3. Minimum 40,000 BTU heater and air conditioner with front and rear
defrosters with independent speed control and additional circulating fans.
4. All standard and optional gauges as indicated in the manufacturers
literature.
5. Auxiliary controls shall be available for control of attachment
implements and/or work tools.
6. Digital machine hour meter shall be provided.
7. AM/FM radio with auxiliary input jack and speakers.
8. Seat shall be a fully adjustable cloth, air suspension seat
with retractable seat belts. Thigh and lumbar support shall be included.

22

9. Two (2) 12 volt sources shall be provided, one for a 2- way radio and
the 2nd for accessories.
10. Two (2) outside heated mirrors and one (1) inside wide angle rear view
mirror.

Moldboard
1. A 14 long, 24 high and 7/8 thick moldboard shall be available with
8 X 5/8 thick cutting edges installed.
2. The standard mounting hardware for cutting edges and end bits shall
be 5/8.
3. Hydraulic controlled blade side shift and tilt, blade float hydraulics
and an onboard automatic cross slope blade system.

Electrical
1. Starting system shall be a 24 volt direct electric type.
2. Machine shall have an alternator that meets the Amperage
requirements of the machine and added lights and accessories.
3. Electrical system shall have a master disconnect switch.
4. Headlights with front turn signals, dimmer switch for road lighting.
5. Stop, tail, rear turn signals and back up lights shall be included, LED if
available.
6. Cab mounted LED beacon light with tree guard and switch mounted in
cab. Federal Signal Highlighter or approved equal.
7. Halogen ripper work lamps, mid frame lights to illuminate moldboard,
wing lamps mounted on the right hand side of cab to illuminate snow
wing, and front mounted cab lights.
8. Back-up Alarm

23

Additional Features
1. Unit shall be plumbed and ready to add a rear ripper/scarifier.
2. Hydraulic snow wing and post, 12 blade or equal.
3. Install a Falls PLS-1 front hitch group or approved equal.
4. Quote (4) equal lease payments with a 5th year buyout.

Warranty

Motor Grader: ,,,,,

Base Manufacture

5-Motor graders manufactures worldwide

1-Terex Corporation
2- Case Corporation
3- Caterpillar Inc.
4- Deere & Company
5-Galion Iron Works
6-Komatsu Limited
7-LiuGong Construction Machinery, LLC.
8-Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
9-New Holland Machine Company
10-Sany
11-Sinomach
12-Volvo Construction Equipment
13-XGM

History
Early graders were drawn by people and draft animals. The era of
motorization by traction engines, steam tractors, motor trucks, and
tractors saw such towed graders grow in size and productivity. The first
24

self-propelled grader was made in 1920 by the Russell Grader

Manufacturing Company, which called it the Russell Motor Hi-Way Patrol.
These early graders were created by adding the grader blade as an
attachment to a generalist tractor unit. After purchasing the company in
1928, Caterpillar went on to truly integrate the tractor and grader into
one designat the same time replacing crawler tracks with wheels to
yield the first rubber-tire self-propelled grader, the Caterpillar Auto Patrol,
released in 1931

1-products Xuzhou Construction Machinery Group

2-products Komatsu Construction and Mining Equipment

Motor grader 17 916 kg | GD655-5

The Komatsu GD655-5 graders feature a EPA Tier 3 compliant, watercooled, 4-cycle, direct injection, turbocharged 165 kW (221 HP) engine,
and uses a dual mode transmission that ensures smooth low-speed...

3-products Caterpillar Equipment

25

Motor grader 18 987 kg | 120M2 AWD

The Caterpillar 120M2 AWD Motor Grader is a heavy-duty construction
machine designed...
More information

4-products New Holland

Motor grader 16.2 t | F156.7A

The 12.2 ton F106.7A Motor Grader features a new cab with excellent
visibility, with a 4 position lockable console. It uses..

26

5-products Volvo Construction Equipment

Motor grader 15 658 kg | G930B

The Volvo G9 series of road motor graders utilize all-wheel driving
tractors to facilitate.

6-products Komatsu Construction and Mining Equipment

27

Motor grader 144 kW, 15 135 kg | GD555-5

Komatsu has an in-house system to innovate and engineer vital
components like engines, hydraulic devices and electronic components.
When these self-developed...

7-products SANY Heavy Industry

Motor grader 15 300 kg | SHG190

Sany SGH 190 is a fully hydraulic motor grader. The pioneering full
hydraulic transmission brings stepless speed control and comfortable
operation. It is also equipped with the Sany SYMC ECS and it brings...

8-products Caterpillar Global Mining

28

Motor grader 21 226 kg | 14M

Cat features a brand new M Series of motor graders with an innovative
cab design...

9-products SHANDONG SHANTUI CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY

IMP&EXP CO

Motor grader 15 400 kg | SG16-3

Perhaps the chief selling point of these graders is the fact that the
operator has extended visibility, and is even able to view all the working
parts of the machine below. This...

10-products Zoomlion International Trade Co., Ltd.

29

Motor grader 15 400 kg | PY190B

The PY190B, manufactured by Zoomlion, is a road grader that is capable
of refining the.

11-products Probst Greiftechnik Verlegesysteme

Motor grader POWERPLAN PP

Screeding Machine POWER PLAN PP: Standard Aspalt Paving Machines,
(Finisher) are working with scratch converyors and worm shafts to
distribute the material. Wen screeding sand or schipping for the
bedding...

12-products Guidetti S.r.l.

30

Motor grader IM80

All hydrostatic, powerful, well-dimensioned, reliable; its the perfect...

13-products BOBCAT

Motor grader
Turn your loader into a high performance grading machine thanks to our
grader. The 213 cm, 6-way,...

31

14 -products VT LeeBoy, Inc.

Motor grader 11 476 kg | Leeboy 785

* 129 HP CAT Turbo Diesel Engine * 25,300 pound static weight * Tandem
Drive * 12

15-products Intensus Engineering

Motor grader 16.1 - 16.5 t | GR215 series

180HP Diesel Engine. 6 Speed Power Shift Transmission...

32

16-products Guangxi Liugong Machinery Co., Ltd.

Motor grader 12 400 kg | CLG414

Engine Cummins 6BTAA5.9-C160 Net Power 109...

17-products Bell Equipment Co SA

Motor grader 18 591 - 19 360 kg | G series

670G Industry standard Antler Lever Controls 14ft Moldboard standard for
versatile production capabilities 6.8L John Deere PowerTech Engine Lower
daily operating cost...
33

18-products YTO

Motor grader
YTO motor grader uses blade to smooth the ground. Its blade is installed
between the front wheel axle and rear wheel axle and it is able to lift,
incline, rotate and protract to meet specific operating...

19-products Champion Motor Graders

Motor grader 12 800 lb (5 810 kg) | C60 C

Infinitely variable ground speeds 0-20 mph (0-32 km/h) ROPS/FOPS
canopy or fully enclosed cab ROPS/FOPS Tight turning radius 176" (5
34

334...

20-products Changlin Company

Motor grader 12 000 kg | 713H

Our 713H motor grader adopts power shift transmission featuring singhandle manipulation and electro-hydraulic control. With 6 forward and 3
reverse gears shifting, the vehicle is easy and convenient...

6-Tires

35

1-TIRE SIZE DESIGNATION

Indicating dimensions of tire:
Generally speaking the designation of tires refers to their size in inches
and their ply rating (PR).
1
he size of a tire means the width of and the diameter of the rim (inside
diameter of tire), while the ply rating shows the strength of the carcass.
1. Tire width (cross-sectional width)
2. Tire height
3. Cross-sectional height
4. Rim diameter
36

5. Tire outside diameter

2- Conventional Tire
a) Tread
The tread compound used is resistant to abrasions and cuts. Tread
patterns give the tire good traction, longer serviceability and higher
resistance to cutting.
b) Breaker
Extra layers of rubber-coated cord are placed between the outer plies
and the tread. They prevent cuts reaching the ply cords through tread,
and absorb shocks.
c) Plies
A tire is composed of several layers of plies, coated on both sides by a
rubber compound. These maintain inflation pressure of the tires
supporting load. These plies are made of high tensile nylon cord.
The term "Ply Rating", according to the Tire and Rim Association (TRA), is
defined as follows:
"A given tire with its maximum recommended load when used in
specific type service. It is an index of tire strength and does not
necessarily represent the number of cord plies in the tire."
d) Inner liner
The inner liner is a rubber layer covering the inside from bead to bead of
a tubeless tire, corresponding to the tube of an ordinary tube tire. It
prevents the loss of inflation pressure of the tire.
e) Beads
Beads are the parts which fix the tire to the rim. All plies are tied into
bundles of steel wire. The beads fit on the rim perfectly, preventing the
tire from slipping out of the rim contour while the vehicle is in motion.
f) O-Ring (rim packing)
When the tire is inflated this rubber ring prevents air breaking through
gaps in the rim.
g) Side-walls
37

Side-walls are covers made of a flexible rubber compound to protect the

sides of the tire. Side-walls are designed to cushion the plies from shocks
and cuts, and to flex and bend without cracking, under ordinary usage.
h) Tubes and Flaps
Function of the tube is to retain air or inert gases under pressure within
the cord body. The flap protects the tube from damage by the rim and tire
beads.

3-Shredded Wire Under Tread Tire

Shredded wire under tread tire has a special ubber layer strengthened by
the shredded wire between the tread and breaker. The shredded wire
rubber-layer has the following benefits.
(1) Protects against cuts, not only reducing repair expenses, but
improving the overall performance of vehicles.
(2) Prevents small cuts from spreading.
(3) Prevents penetration into the tire of water, dust, mud and pebbles,
which can lead to cut- separation.
(4) Cut-free strength ensures a greater number of recaps.

4- Steel Breaker Tire

Rock pattern tires often feature breaker material.
The breaker was changed from nylon to steel in order to resist cuts and
cut bursts.
(1) Tread cuts do not extend to bursting.
(2) Puncturing of tires is reduced.
(3) There is less carcass damage to the tire so that tire can be retreaded many times.

38

4-Tire characteristics
The optimum tires should be selected for their applicable operation or job
and terrain conditions depending on the cutting (wear) resistance and
heat resistance. These resistant qualities are indicated as follows:
(1) CR (cutting resistance)
Excellent durability against cuts and wear due to excess road crown,
imbedded or loose rocks, sharp objects, etc.
(2) HR (Heat resistance)
A resistant quality against the internal heat generation makes a machine
suitable for long hauls.
(3) GP (General purpose)
Tires having medium degree of the above resistant qualities, CR and HR.
(4) Shredded wire under tread and steel breaker types
These types of tires are made more durable against cuts than the CR with
special precautions to limit tire wear and cutting by incorporating the
layer of steel cord between tread and casing, or by providing a cord
- reinforced rubber interlay between the tire cover and plies to shield the
plies against penetration by sharp objects.

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References
1-AccuGrade Grade Control System for Motorgrader.
2-Leaflet Grader sonic control.
3-wikipadia search.
4-caterpillar training.
5- komatsu training.
6-heavy equipment references.
7- dr sayed shaaban courses.

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