PROBLEM STATEMENT

Based on backgrounds issues of the existing Tamiya racing car, found that there are many
problems and recommendation that can provided to improve Tamiya racing car. Among all the
problem that faced, the more important things is about how to improve it speeds and
performance.

i.

There are several model of Tamiya racing car, and need to choose the suitable car based
on it speeds and performance.

ii.

When the car is really fast, it will jump over out from the track.

iii.

Cant get the exact time taken of the car when it move on the track.

LITERATURE REVIEW

INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, we will explain in detail about the research we've done for this project.
We have done some research on the theory and requirements of materials to be used in the
production process of Tamiya car. Our new initiative is to create or rebuild the Tamiya car that
are faster and more stable. So, we need to understand and analyze the design process, principles
and applications that we need to use to ensure this product can be implemented to work
effectively. The most important part is we need to analyze the concept of design to ensure
Tamiya car that is built to be in standard specification. The aim is to provide an overview and a
clear explanation of what is going to be used related to the theory and concepts based on
engineering as well as a guide for our research and conclusions.

CONCEPT OF SPEEDS

Speed is a scalar quantity that refers to "how fast an object is moving." Speed can be thought of
as the rate at which an object covers distance. A fast-moving object has a high speed and covers a
relatively large distance in a short amount of time. Contrast this to a slow-moving object that has
a low speed; it covers a relatively small amount of distance in the same amount of time. An
object with no movement at all has a zero speed.
Speed is defined as a measure of the distance an object travels in a given length of time. The
average speed of an object can be determined from the equation below:

Average speed is used to give the speed of an object over a given interval of time, if however the
speed of an object is required for a particular moment then the instantaneous speed is used.
Instantaneous speed is the speed of an object at a given moment. In this case the equation is
similar to that of average speed but the time taken is a much smaller interval. A speedometer in
the car gives an instantaneous speed as it gives the speed of the moving car at that specific time,
whereas the average speed would be used as a measure of speed for the whole journey.

CONCEPT OF VELOCITY

The velocity of an object is the rate of change of its position with respect to a frame of reference,
and is a function of time. Velocity is equivalent to a specification of its speed and direction of
motion. Velocity is an important concept in kinematics, the branch of classical mechanics that
describes the motion of bodies.
Velocity is a physical vector quantity, both magnitude and direction are needed to define it.
The scalar magnitude of velocity is called "speed", being a coherent derived unit whose quantity
is measured in the SI (metric) system as meters per second(m/s) or as the SI base unit of (ms1).
Velocity is defined as a measure of the distance an object travels in a stated direction in a given
length of time. Thus velocity is speed in a stated direction. Velocity is referred to as a vector
quantity because it possesses both size and direction, the size being speed. Where speed only
tells us how fast or slow an object is moving it gives no reference of direction velocity is used as
a more complete measure as it not only gives speed but also the direction.
The average velocity of an object can be determined from the equation below:

CONCEPT OF ACCELERATION
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity of an object with respect to time. An object's
acceleration is the net result of any and all forces acting on the object, as described by Newton's
Second Law. The SI unit for acceleration is meter per second squared (ms2). Accelerations
are vector quantities (they have magnitude and direction) and add according to the parallelogram
law.

As a vector, the calculated net force is equal to the product of the object's mass

(a scalar quantity) and its acceleration.

For an object moving in a straight line where there is no change of direction the acceleration is
defined as the rate of change of velocity with time. It is given by the following equation. The
average speed of an object can be determined from the equation below:

In the case where an object is slowing down (decreasing velocity) the acceleration is in the
opposite direction to the moving object. This is referred to as negative acceleration or retardation
or deceleration.

CAR SELECTION
Variety is the spice of life and with a big selection of different types of vehicles, this
idiom definitely holds true for Tamiya car. Think of any full-size wheeled vehicle and there is a
good chance there is a Tamiya car counterpart for it. Not only that, there are Tamiya cars that
are not modeled after a full-size vehicle at all and were created just for racing like 1/8-scale
buggies. This leads to how to choose a suitable car that have higher performance. There are
vehicles that walk the higher performance like model Tamiya car 19438 Ray Stinger.

Mini 4WD Design

In a standard 4WD design, the separate four wheels are allowed to rotate at different speeds
through the use of differentials. This is important for cornering to eliminate binding. In a Mini
4WD, this is not a standard design and is only achieved through optional one-way wheel sets.
Thus, the standard Mini 4WD utilizes a direct drive to all 4 wheels even around corners.
Chassis' are designed to hold the motor and batteries in differing arrangements. There are
sideways motors positioned in the rear. There are sideways motors positions in the front. There
are in-line motors positioned in the middle. Rear and Front position motor designs position
batteries side by side in the front or rear of the motor placement. Middle position motor designs
position the batteries straddling either side of the motor.

Rear and front position motor designs utilize a propeller rod extending from the main motor gear
box that drives both the front and rear axles. Middle position motor design powers both the front
and back wheels through separate gear boxes eliminating the need for such a propeller rod.
Chassis' are designed with front bumpers, optional side and rear bumpers designed to hold guide
rollers that interact with the track's 58mm high walls.
The body is designed from hard plastic or soft, transparent Polycarbonate, known by the
trademarked names Lexan, for special or limited editions, which attaches with a catch-type lock
at the back of the car, distinguishes one model from another.

2WD vs 4WD
Vehicles can either be two-wheel-drive (2WD) or four-wheel-drive (4WD) and that will have to
decide which is more important based on the project. 2WD vehicles tend to be more affordable,
are easier to work on and require less maintenance. The trade-off is that 4WD vehicles are easier
to drive with better handling characteristics and can traverse more difficult obstacles such as offroad.

Hop-Up Option Parts

The availability of hop-up option parts should not be a major determining factor when choosing the right
Tamiya car. Even if there are not specific parts available for the car, there are still upgrade that able to do
like the motor or engine, roller, wheels and tires, body, gearing, dampers and even hardware. Some
vehicles can be complex or have elaborate chassis that make it difficult to disassemble in order to perform
routine maintenance, make repairs or add upgrades too.

ELECTRIC MOTOR

An electric

motor is

an electric

machine that

converts electrical

energy

into

mechanical energy. In normal motoring mode, most electric motors operate through the
interaction between an electric motor's magnetic field and winding currents to generate force
within the motor. In certain applications, such as in the transportation industry with traction
motors, electric motors can operate in both motoring and generating or braking modes to also
produce electrical energy from mechanical energy.
Found in applications as diverse as industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools,
household appliances, power tools, and disk drives, electric motors can be powered by direct
current (DC) sources, such as from batteries, motor vehicles or rectifiers, or by alternating
current (AC) sources, such as from the power grid, inverters or generators. Small motors may be
found in electric watches. General-purpose motors with highly standardized dimensions and
characteristics provide convenient mechanical power for industrial use.
Devices such as magnetic solenoids and loudspeakers that convert electricity into motion
but do not generate usable mechanical power are respectively referred to as actuators and
transducers. Electric motors are used to produce linear force or torque (rotary).
There are three specifications that characterize all motors, RPM, torque, and powerconsumption. RPM is the speed the motor provides, and the torque its strength. Higher the RPM
means higher maximum speed. Higher torque gives more acceleration and allows the car to
better withstand the difficulties of climbing slope or running through turns.

TIRES

A tire is a ring-shaped vehicle component that covers the wheel's rim to protect it
and enable better vehicle performance. Most tires provide traction between the vehicle and the
road while providing a flexible cushion that absorbs shock. Tires play an important part when it
comes to your car's performance. Take into consideration tire weight, diameter, and width, to
determine what type of tire will work best for the car that will be running in circuit.

Different in Diameter
Small Diameter: Good for a quick start, but not for top speed. Small diameter tires lower the
center of gravity and help the car corner better.
Large Diameter: Good top speed and suitable for long straights. Better shock absorption for
bumpy course joints.

Different in Width
Wide Tires: Provide stability during cornering. Good for technical courses with banking curves
and ups and downs.
Narrow Tires: Good for long straights. Less drag on the motor, which may give the advantage of
longer run times.

Difference in Material

Rubber: Weighs more than the sponge type, but grips better. Useful for jumps and lower center
of gravity.
Sponge: Weighs less than rubber type, but has a lower grip characteristic.
Reston: Lighter than the regular sponge type and has better gripping. Can be used on all kinds of
wheels.

Wheels
Wheels is a circular component that is intended to rotate on an axle bearing. The
wheel is one of the main components of the wheel and axle which is one of the six simple
machines. Wheels, in conjunction with axles, allow heavy objects to be moved easily facilitating
movement or transportation while supporting a load, or performing labor in machines. Common
examples are found in transport applications. A wheel greatly reduces friction by facilitating
motion by rolling together with the use of axles. In order for wheels to rotate, a moment needs to
be applied to the wheel about its axis, either by way of gravity, or by the application of another
external force or torque.
Wheels, as well as tires, play an important role in tuning up Tamiya car. There are
various types with different diameters and structures. Most types can be used on any mini 4WD,
however if use a Fully Cowled mini 4WD, body modification will be required if you use
anything other than the standard, small-diameter type wheels.
Type of Wheels
Small Diameter Type: Narrow Wheels (which are standard for the Fully Cowled Mini 4WD),
Wide Super Low-Height Wheels and Wheels for semi-pneumatic tires.

Large Diameter Types: Included in a Super Mini 4WD snap kit. A lot of designs are available.
Pick one that appeals to you.

Normal Wheel: The speed of the wheels on both sides of a car is the same. This is good for the
straights; however, the outer wheel tends to be dragged during cornering and this may slow your
car down.
One Way Wheel: The outer wheel rotates faster than the inner wheel does, which ensures smooth
cornering and is preferred for technical courses with many curves. .

Rollers
Roller is the wheel that rests on either end of the mini car's bumper and glides against
the wall of the course. This allows the car to change direction and maintain stability.
Conventional roller will do fine on a car with average speed, but, on a much faster car, aluminum
or ball-bearing rollers must be purchased to acquire additional down force and stability. These
rollers do not tilt in angle as the conventional plastic rollers, and, therefore, have better chance in
preventing the car from flinging off the course. Ball-bearing rollers have small metal balls
around the internal ring, on which the roller spins, in order to minimize friction. Some rollers
consist of two rollers on a pole -one at the base and other at the top-, so that they may offer the
best stability.
There are three types of roller arrangements. The first one is in which all rollers are
same-sized, and this is for straight courses. The second arrangement, in which larger rollers are
stationed in the front, is less stable when running through corners but minimizes speed losses; the
third arrangement, in which smaller rollers are put in the front, is more stable when running
through corners but the car is more susceptible to speed losses as it pushes into the wall.

GEAR RATIO
At a given motor's output, top speed and acceleration are determined by the gear
ratio. In comparison, between a 4:1 gear ratio and a 5:1 gear ratio, the smaller 4:1 ratio is more
suitable for speed oriented circuits, while the bigger 5:1 produces more acceleration. Different
gear ratios are available for all chassis. Use a small ratio for high speed courses and a bigger one
for technical courses with many curves and downs. Different types of gears have different ratios
of rotation of the motor and the wheel, and they include "Super Speed" (3.5:1), "High Speed"
(4:1), "Speed" (4.2:1), "Standard" (5:1), and "Special" (ratio varies but are usually 6.4:1). Higher
the ratio, better the acceleration rate and torque; lower the ratio, better the maximum speed.