Professional Documents
Culture Documents
S A E MANUAL ON
I
1
I
SHOT PEENING
of
--
the
Research L a b o r a t o r i e s D i v i s i o n , GMC
Ca t ~ q > i l l - a Tr r a c t o r Co.
Hesaarch L a b o r a t o r i e s D i v i s i o n , GMC
American Wheclabrator h Eqnipment S o r p
F u l l e r Mfp. So.
P a n p b o r ~Gorp
~
I n t e r n z t i o m 1 B a r v e s t w Go.
Harbri.son A b ~ a s i v eDivi d o n , Metals %is i n h p r a t i n ~Co.
C h q v l e r Corp.
S t e e l b l a s t Abrasives Co.
Warner 4 Swasey Co.
R a j l r o n d 3 j v i s i on, Timken R o l l s r Bearing Co.
Standard S t e e l S p r i n g Co.
Tirnken-netroit Axle Co.
P i t t sbu r y h Crushed S t e e l Co.
American ? t e e 1 Foundries
Thompson P r o d u c t s , Inc.
Wat,ertown Arsenal
H a r r i s o n 1-brasive Corp.
Buick Motor D i v i s i o n , GMC
A l l o y Metal Abrasive Co.
P r a t t 'Sc Whitney A i r c r a f t
I n d u s t r i a l M e t a l Abrasives Co.
Parsons Engineerinp Co rp.
Ford Motor Co.
McInerney S p r i n g & Wire Co.
CZevel.tnd I4eetal Abrasj vs Co.
Americarl Whe e l q b r a t o r & Equipment Corp.
J a c o h A i r c r a f t Engine Cor
Packard Notor Car Co,
Amarican Locomotive Co.
U. S, Naval E n g i n e e r i n g E x p e r i n e n t S t a t i o q
Gcneral Notors P r o c e s s Development S e c t i o n
W r i e h t A s r o n a u t i c a l Corp.
Barr,ea-Gibson-Ra~ynond Divi-sion
Chrjsl.er C o p .
A. E. P r o c t o r , Chainran
E,R. Alexander
J.O.
Almen
T.L. Backus
G. F. Bush
C. F.
J.F.
F. R.
W. I.
P. E,
W.L.
H. C.
Double
Ervin
Fuller
Gladfelt e r
Johnson
Kann
Keysor
H.C. Mann
R.L. Mattson
H. H. M i l l e r
Prof. H.F. Moore
H.R. N e i f e r t
H. J. Nobel
L. E. Simon
W. I,.R. S t e e l e
J.C. S t r a u b
W.L. Williams
F.P. Zimmerli
H.H. ZurBurg
INTHODUCTI ON
gineers,
bilities
group of
f i e l d is
This manual on S h o t Peening i s intended t o be a p r a c t i c a l a i d t o end e s i g n e r s , and men i n the shop, p o i n t i n g o u t b o t h some of t h e p o s s i and some of t h e l i m i t a t i o n s of t h e process. I t h a s been
by a
men of broad experience w i t h the p r o c e s s and whose l e a d e r s h i p i n t h e
acknowledged,
44.
111.
1, A i r b l a s t machines
2.
c e n t r i f u g a l b l a s t machines
S h o t P r o p e l l i n g Device:
For a c c e l e r a t i n g t h e s h o t t o the d e s i r e d v e l o c i t y ,
Elevator:
For r e t u r n i n g the s h o t t o t h e s e p a r a t o r a f t e r
p a s s i n g through the p r o j e c t i n g device.
Separator t
Work Conveyor:
Cabinet;
Dust C o l l e c t o r :
1. A i r B l a s t Mac@ines
These machines may be subdivided i n t o t h r e e kinds, depending on t h e
method o f i n t r o d u c i n g the s h o t i n t o t h e a i r stream.
a,
-.
b.
c.
D i r e c t p r e s s u r e machines (Figs.
h, 5,
and
6b
I n t h i s type of machine, t h e s h o t i s s t o r e d i n a p r e s s u r e
v e s s e l which i s maintained a t t h e same p r e s s u r e a s t h e a i r b l a s t .
The s h o t is f e d by g r a v i t y i n t o a mixing chamber i n the p r e s s u r e
v e s s e l , where i t i s caught i n . the a-ir b l a s t and discharged through
a nozzle.
This is t h e most e l a b o r a t e type of a i r b l a s t and has more
f l e x i b i l i t y , s i n c e g r e a t e r nozzle movements a r e possible. I t i s
used f o r peening s m a l l a r e a s , such a s f i l l e t s , a t the h i g h e r
intensities.
EXHAUST VENTILATION
DOOR
SHOT RECLAIMER
AIR S U P P L Y
B L A S T GUN
ROTATIVE WORK T A B
T Y P I C A L SUCTION
- INDUCTION
FIG. I
PEENING MACHINE
INDUCTION NOZZLE
FIG. 2
STORAGE
AIR S U P P L Y
-4
BLAST GUN-
1
TYPICAL GRAVITY
,SHOT
ELEVATOR
EXHAUST V E N T I L P T I O N
WORK
WORK T A B L
)C
STORAGE BIN
MIXING CHAMBER
AIR S U P P L Y
T Y P I C A L DIRECT P R E S S U R E P E E N I N G MACHINE
FIG. 4
STORAGE BIN
I
BLAST NOZZLE
F I L L I N G VALVE
AIR S U P P L Y
?.ITSING C H A M B E R
P R E S S U R E B L A S T TANK
(INTERMITTENT FILLING)
FIG. 5
Nozzles
I n a l l t h r e e t y p e s of a i r b l a s t machines, t h e s h o t i s d i s c h a r g e d through
a n o z z l e which i s expendable, due t o the a b r a s i v e a c t i o n of t h e s h o t . The l i f e i s
dependent upon t h e composition of t h e nozzle and o f t h e m a t e r i a l f l o w i n g through it.
"Long l i f e s ' n o z z l e s have added advantage of p r o v i d i n g a uniform s h o t s t r e a m because of t h e n e a r l y c o n s t a n t o r i f i c e s i z e ,
Cb'
0
@
C e n t r i f u g a l B l a s t Machines ( ~ i g s . 7 & 8)
I n t h i s c l a s s of machines, t h e s h o t i s p r o p e l l e d by c e n t r i f u g a l force.
The s h o t i s g r a v i t y f e d t o the hub of a r o t a t i n g wheel, xhich has r a d i a l vanes
o r b l a d e s . By means of a c o n t r o l u n i t , t h e s h o t i s d i r e c t e c l o n t o the b l a d e s
of t h e wheel, whence i t i s thrown i n a fan-shaped s t r e a m by c e n t r i f u g a l f o r c e .
I n c a s e s where f l a t work i s t o b e peened, t h i s fan-shaped s t r e a m should
be as c o n c e n t r a t e d a s p o s s i b l e f o r e f f i c i e n t peening. The d e s i r e d d i r e c t i o n
of t h e b l a s t i s o b t a i n e d by a n a n g u l a r a d j u s t m e n t of t h e c o n t r o l u n i t which
i s s t a t i o n a r y d u r i n g t h e o p e r a t i o n of t h e wheel.
WORK HANDLING
I n o r d e r t o o b t a i n a s uniform peening a s p o s s i k l e , v a r i o u s handling dev i c e s have been developed t o p r e s e n t the s u r f a c e t o t h e s h o t stream.
S i n g l e R o k r y Table
The p r i n c i p l e of o p e r a t i o n of t h i s type of machine i n v o l v e s a t a b l e
r o t a t i n g on a v e r t i c a l a x i s i n a f i x e d p o s i t i o n a s i l l u s t r a t e d i n Fig. 9
which shows a hub b e i n g s h o t peened. The hub i s l o c a t e d on t h e c e n t e r of t h e
t a b l e s o t h a t the f i l l e t w i l l be peened uniformly.
R o t a r y Table
-S t r a i g h t Line
Travel
- Circular Travel
Q
@
6)
41
4'
.SHOT ELEVATOR
SHOT S E P A R A T O R .
RECLAIMER
EXHAUST VENTILATION
STORAGE BIN
SHOT REGULATING VALVE
CENTRIFUGAL WHEEL
CABINET
AUTOMATIC
PLENISHER
SHOT STREAM
I
'
SHOT CONVEYOR
__ _--
-%)
\'
FIG. 8
BROKEN SHOT
& REFUSE
RECEPTACLE
Il
FIG. 9
FIG.
GeT
5.
-P a r a l l e l R c l l
This device c o n s i s t s of two h o r i z o n t a l and p a r a l l e l d r i v e n work r o l l s
t o provide a motion sirni;ar t o t h a t d e s c r i b e d above, b u t f o r s h o r t e r l e n g t h s .
A feed device advarces t h e work through the machine. Fig. 13 i l l u s t r a t e s
t h i s motion i n peening a c o i l s p r i n g .
6.
e e l t Conveyor
I n t h j s type of machine, t h e work t r a v e l s through the machine i n a
s t r a i g h t , l i n e w t t h o u t r o t a t i o n . The motion i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n Fig. lh, which
shows l e a f s p r i n g s b e i n g peened. The work i s c a r r i e d through the b l a s t zone
on an e n d l e s s conveyor,
7.
Tumbling Machine
F o r 2 p e r 5 n g o p e r a t i o ? , t h e s e p a r a t o r should b e c a p a b l e of removing
broken o r u n d e r s i z e d s h o t , The degree t o wliich broken p a r t i c l e s a r e removed
v a r i e s c o n s i d e r a b l y i n p r a c t i c e , u s u a l l y , t h e s p e c i f i c c o n d i t i o n s f o r a given
p a r t a r e e s t a b l i s h e d by l a b o r a t o r y f a t i g u e t e s t i n g ,
tinuously.
IV, SHOT
The m a t e r i a l s used f o r peening a r e g e n e r a l l y c a s t i r o n o r s t e e l b a l l s
o r s h o r t c y l i n d e r s , and a r e known as " s h o t " . Some n o w f e r r o u s and non-metallic
m a t e r i a l s are used f o r s p s c i a l a p p l i c a t i o n s .
Cast I r o n Shot
-V,
Peemng i s g e n e r a l l y applied t o i n c r e a s e r e s i s t a n c e t o f a t i g u e f a i l u r e
F a t i g u e f a i l u r e s a r e q u i t e e a s i l y recognized and almost w i t h o u t v a r i a t i o n
emanate from a f o c a l p o i n t a t t h e s u r f a c e . These f o c a l po'kts a r e s t r e s s
r a i s e r s , such a s fi l l e t s , holes, keyways, seams, l a p s , t o o l narks, stamp marks
o r v a r i a t i o n s i n s t r - ~t cw e , When f a t i g u e f a i l u r e s a r e encountered, t h e s t r e s s
r a i s e r s should be removcd o r avo5 ded, If ;1-1k-52 l e ,
%Converted f r a i l Vickers o r e q u i v ?
'
e,
CYCLES (LOSARITHMICSCALE)
FIG. 15
Range Un-Peened
Carbon Spring S t e e l , SAE 1074
A l l o y Spring S t e e l , SAE 615'0
S t a i n l e s s S t e e l , Type 302
Phosphor Bronze, SAE 81
7.5',000
70,000
45,000
15,000
psi
psi
psi
psi
Range Peened
115,000
115,000
90,000
30,000
psi
psi
psi
psi
% Increase
54%
60%
100%
100%
PRODUCTION PFLCCEDURE
Method of C ~ n t r o l( b 9 )
The c o n t r o l of a peening o p e r a t i o n i s p r i m a r i l y a matter of c o n t r o l of
t h e p r o p e r t i e s of t h e b l a s t of s h o t i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e work being peened. This
involves t h e p e r i o d i c measurement of t f i n t e n s i t y " , which m a s u r e s the p r o p e r t i e s
o f the b l a s t of s h o t and "coverage" which involves exposure.
I f a f l a t p i e c e o f s t e e l i s clamped t o a s o l i d block, and exposed t o
a bias% of s h o t , it w i l l be curved upon removal from t h e block. The c u r v a t u r e
w i l l be convex on t h e peened s i d e . The e x t e n t of t h i s c u r v a t u r e on a s t a n d a r d
sample s e r v e s a s a means o f measurement of t h e b l a s t . The degree of c u r v a t u r e
depends upon the p r o p e r t i e s of t h e b l a s t , t h e p r o p e r t i e s of t h e test s t r i p , and
t h e n a t u r e of exposure 'so the b l a s t , a s described below.
P r o p e r t i e s of t.he b l a s t are the v e l o c i t y , s i z e , shape, d e r s i t y , kind
o f m a t e r i a l , and h a r d r ~ e s so f t h e shot.
The p r o p e r t i e s of exposure t o the b l a s t a r e t h e l e n g t h of time, a n g l e
of impact and s h o t flow r a t e .
S t a n d a r d of I n t e n s i t y---Measurements:
-
T h i s example s i g n i f i e s t h a t t h e a r c h e i g h t of t h e peened t e s t s t r i p
a s r n e ~ s u r e don t h e gage i s .013" and t h e test s t r i p u s e d i s of t h e t l A f f s i z e ,
always assuming t h a t t h e measurement was made on t h e s t a n d a r d Almen No. 2 gage.
and, f o r
TEST STRIP C
TEST STRIP A
A n a l y s i s of S t o c k - S A E 1070
Cold R o l l e d S p r i n g S t e e l
S q u a r e E d g e N u m b e r One (on 3" e d g e s )
F i n i s h - Blue T e m p e r ( o r B r i g h t )
Uniformly hardened and tempered to 44-50 R C
F l a t n e s s - +_.
0015" a r c height a s m e a s u r e d on a s t a n d a r d A l m e n # 2 gage
TEST S T R I P SPECIFICATIONS
F I G . 16
HOLE CENTERS
F I G . 17
O-Ig2 REAM
0.194
0.00 4
0.00 8
INTENSITY, C
CORF.II:LP T I O N OF
C i\:
'I
AD: 'LLIQ!\J #2
F I G . 18
AI; E
OF GRADUATION 0.001,
COUNTERCLOCKWISE DIAL,
BACK ADJUSTABLE BRACKET,
LOW FRICTION JEWELED
EXTE NSlON POINT
CONTACT SURFACE
O F A L L BALLS TO
BE I N ONE P L A N E
f 0.002
5
MIN
64
V~
DIA GUIDES
4
FOUR
F I G . 1.9
e,
f.
g.
Most important of a l l , run a f a t i g u e t e s t on the p a r t under cons i d e r a t i o n . The a r c h e i g h t i s u s e f u l t o keep a machine a t a known
o p e r a t i o n l e v e l , and may not be i n d i c a t i v e of f a t i g u e l i f e . It
may be necessary t o r e s e t t h e machine u n t i l s a t i s f a c t o r y f a t i g u e
l i f e i s obtained.
METHOD NO.
- Procedure:
be
c.
Cove rage
The degree of coverage can be determined a s follows:
a,
P o l i s h t h e s t r i p s 19AU ( o r "C") t o o b t a i n a r e f l e c t i n g s u r f a c e by
means of m e t a l l u r g i c a l p o l i s h i n g c l o t h s , o r equivalent.
b.
F a s t e n t o t h e t e s t s t r i p holder.
c.
d.
e.
T
T I M E OF EXPOSURE O R Q U A N T I T Y OF SHOT
f.
C2
= Number of cycles.
B l a s t Measurement:
- ----
b.
c.
d.
e.
EXAMPLE :
L E T C I = 43 O/o (ONE CYCLE)
TI = 2
FOR 3 CYCLES,
T2= 6
C2 = 82 O/o
FACTOR O F EXPOSURE T I M E , T
FIG. 2 2
f,
go
h.
--
(47)
(47)
Bibliography
Page
44.
use' t h,:
'
{ P I
U l v i E N STRIP
STRIP HOLDER
FIG. 23
VII.
FIG. 2 4
This i s demonstrated r e a d i l y by examining
w i l l be found t o be coveped with numerous
the s h o t has caused a p l a s t i c f l o w of t h e
working extends from a few thousandths of
1/16" f o r some m a t e r i a l s .
BEFOm PEENING
AFTER PEENING
FIG. 2 5
s h o t peening (!k9). This demonstrates t h a t i n t e r n a l f o r c e s have been introduced
i n t h e work piece by t h e process, If the s h o t peened s u r f a c e i s c a r e f u l l y r e moved, the, s t r i p w i l l r e t u r n t o i t s o r i g i n a l f l a t c o n d i t i o n and t h i s i n t u r n
demonstrates t h a t the i n t , e r n a l f o r c e s causing the c u r v a t ~ ~ rwere
e
confined t o
the t h i n s u r f a c e l a y e r ,
To bend t h e s t r i p i n t h e d i r e c t i o n i n d i c a t e d , t h e f o r c e i n t h e s h o t
peened l a y e r must be compressive. A s previously noted, the a c t i o n of t h e s h o t
i s t o s t r a i n t h e s u r f a c e l a y e r beyond i t s y i e l d p o i n t and t h e metal below t n a t
i s i n i t s normal o r e l a s t i c condition. The s t r a i n e d s u r f a c e l a y e r wants t o
occupy a g r e a t e r length, b u t i t Is opposed by t h e e l a s t i c metal below i t and
hence the curvature i n t h i n s t r i p s , I n the e iuilibriurn which r e s u l t s , t h e
s u r f a c e l a y e r is i n r e s i d u a l compression while the i n n e r l a y e r s a r e i n r e s i d u a l
tension. The maximum r e s i d u a l t e n s i l e s t r e s s is l e s s than the maximum r e s i d u a l
compressive s t r e s s , except f o r t h i n pieces.
There i s a wealth of evidence t h a t the compressive s t r e s s i s one of
t h e most important f a c t o r s , i f not t h e most important f a c t o r involved i n the
s u r p r i s i n g increase i n f a t i g u e s t r e n g t h of s h o t peened m a t e r i a l .
( S O ) (jL9) Bibiiopraphy
Pages
bS
and
44.
_r
FIG. 2 6
r = -
TENSION
I
FIG. 2 7
due t o t h e ap&ied load a t t h a t depth. The r e s u l t a n t curve of t h e s t r e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n i s shown as a s o l i d l i n e and t h e i n d i v i d u a l components a r e shown a s
dotted lines.
Note t h a t t h e r e s u l t a n t s t r e s s on t h e peened s u r f a c e , OH, which i s
s u b j e c t e d t o t e n s i l e s t r e s s by t h e e x t e p a l load i s m a t e r i a l l y reduced a s compared t o the s t r e s s OE i n Figure 28, which i s a loaded beam with no r e s i d u a l
stresses.
I
FIG. 28
The i n t e n s i t y of peening which is most e f f e c t i v e i n i n c r e a s i n g the l i f e
of machine p a r t s has been found t o be influenced by t h e thickness o r crosss e c t i o n of t h e machine p a r t s s u b j e c t t o f a t i g u e f a i l u r e . The i n t e n s i t y of peeni n g depends upon t h e v e l o c i t y of the shot, t h e hardness of t h e shot, the angle of
impact and the s i z e of t h e i n d i v i d u a l p a r t i c l e , a l l of which may be r e f e r r e d t o
as 'the p o t e n t i a l i n t e n s i t y of the b l a s t , The degree of peening i s dependent
a l s o upon the time of exposure t o the b l a s t and t o t h e number of p e l l e t s s t r i k i n g
the work p e r u n i t a r e a .
VIII.
PROCESS SPEC D I C A T I O N
95000 PSI
S p r i n ~Size
S t e e l Size ( ~ a diameter)
r
S t e e l Yardness
T I V E
Mfr. D
P A S S
Mfr. F
Rc $1
3. Dia.
4. Wheel
speed
(rpm>
T o t a l lbs.
s h o t thrown
p e r mtn.
B a r r e l o r conx
6.
B e
k
g-
2
1--5'/&3ft
19-1/2f
19-1/2ff
1800
1800
30N
Conv.
332#/w
Conv.
tJ-i~ee:s
(ins.)
5.
l-S/en
CONVEYOR Tym
1. Speed conv.
(ILL, f t . p e r
min, )
2, ~ o r & o t a t e d ( rpmj
3. Distance of
nozzle o r r i m
of wheel from
t o p of work
( i n s ,)
--
11. SHOT
1. Kind of shot, I I S P & C
'
I
I
-
~7
Cut Wire
.035,(
.033ft
.011/,015
013/, 017
.C
Valentine
~/l7
IeDeSpg.
Faxfilm
IeD*Spg.
Faxfilm
1.D.Spp.
Faxfilm
Cast Iron
Note 1 S h o t s i z e s a r e given i n o l d
Standard. See 1951 SAE Handbook.
TYPE SPRING
Manufacturer C
Spring Size
S t e e l S i z e (Wire diameter)
S t e e l Hardness
Misc
I. MACHINE USED
A. WREEL TYPE
1. No. of wheels
2. Width wheels (ins
3. Dia, wheels ( i n s )
4. Wheel speed (rpm)
5. T o t a l l b s . s h o t
thrown p e r min.
6, B a r r e l o r conv,
e
Mfr, B
Valve
.162
Rc 45
Conv.
B. BARREL s m
1, Quan. s p r i n g- s per
load ( 6 6 o r pcs,
2. Time i n b b l (mins
3. Distance of n o z z l
GI- ' r i m of wheel
from t o p of work
fi./min.)
2. Work r o t a t e d
( rpm)
3. Distance of nozzl
o r r i m of wheel
from t o p of work
11. SHOT
1. Kind of s h o t used *
2.. S i z e s h o t boughtl
3. Av. s i z e o f s h o t
i n machine, 85% on
screen
111. MACHINE C aJTRaL
1. Almen r e a d i n g
range A
2. Type of f i x t u r e
f o r holding s t r f p
3. Other t e s t
.006/7
1.012/14
-*
.016/20
1.D. Spg. (!
Valentine
*
4
++
CI
CS
Cast Iron
Cast
Steel
Q
@
Manuf ac t u r e r B
Manuf ac t u r e r C
418-444
1
2. Width wheels (ins.)
3 0 Diameter wheels (ins,)
4, Wheel speed (rpm)
5. T o t a l l b s , s h o t thrown
per min,
6, B a r r e l o r conveyor
5"
5'1
19-1/2"
19-1/2"
2250
2200
500
Conveyor
Conveyor
B. C CINVEYOR TYPE
1. Speed conveyor ( l i n .
2 , Work rotated-
(rpm)
3. Dfs t a n c e of nozzle o r
r i m of wheel from t o p
of work ( i n s , )
11. SHOT
n i n d of s h o t used 3c
2. S i z e s h o t bought1
3. Av. s i z e of s h o t i n machine, 85% av.
111. 1VlCHIN.E C CRJTRQL
1. Almen reading range A
2. Type of f i x t u r e f o r holdi n g st r i p
3. Other t e s t
s CI
Cast iron
--on l e a f
--arc r i s e of work
tt
2,
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
10.
15 p.,
no date.
12,
Rosenberger, Wo A,,
U.
14.
15'.
Gritlf,
1939,
- 43 17.
10.
19.
20,
flShot Blasting Gears t o Improve Fatigue Life", I r o n Age, Vol. 153, Mar. 16,
1944, P O 63.
21.
22.
23,
24.
25.
26.
27.
b l a , R. W,, 9~ProcluctionProcesses
T h e i r I n i l u e n c e on Design.
Peeningn, Machine Design, Vol. 18, Sept, iyL6, p. 129-132.
28.
Wieschhaus, L, J,, "She+, Peening and Its Importance i n the Spring Industryff,
Wire and Vire P r o d w t a , Vol. 21, S e p t , 1946, p. 665,
29.
30.
31.
154,
XP. Shot-
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
43.
44.
45'.
46.
47.
48.
49.
Almen, J. O.,
50.
51.
52.
53.