2.1.

1
Pengaruh Tekanan pada Perencanaan Casing
2.1.2.1Tekanan Burst
Surface Casing
Beban burst untuk surface casing ditimbulkan oleh kolom gas
yangmengisi seluruh panjang casing.
Tekanan Pada kaki casing
IP = 0.052 (Gfr + SF) D
IP = 0.052 (Gfr + 1) Ls
Dimana :
IP
= tekanan injeksi, psi
Gfr
= gradien tekanan rekah, ppg
SF
= safety factor, ppg
D
= kedalaman, ft
Ls
= panjang surface casing, ft
Intermediate Casing
Beban burst di dalam intermediate casing dibentuk oleh dua
macam fluida yaitu lumpur terberat yang akan digunakan dan gas.
di permukaan:
Ps = PBOP
di kaki casing
IP = 0.052 (Gfr + 1) D (8)
IP = 0.052 (Gfr + 1) Li (9)
Dimana :
Ps = tekanan di permukaan, psi
Gfr = gradien tekanan rekah, ppg
Li = panjang intermediate casing, ft
D = kedalaman, ft
IP = tekanan injeksi, psi
Production Casing
Tekanan di luar casing sebagaimana diketahui adalah minimal
sebesar tekanan hidrostatik air asin.
Pe = 0,052 f . Lpd
Dimana :
Lpd = Panjang production casing, ft
Pe
= 0,465 Lpd

2.1.2.2 Tekanan Collapse

Surface casing
Pada surface casing umumnya penyemenan dilakukan sampai

kepermukaan. Tinggi kolom semen ini memberikan beban collapse.

pada casing yang besarnya sama dengan tekanan hidrostatik semen.

Pe = 0.052 s Ls
Dimana :
s= densitas semen, ppg
Pe = tekanan di luar casing, psi
Ls = panjang surface casing, ft
Intermediet Casing
Beban collapse pada intermediate casing terdiri atas tekanan
hidrostatic lumpur saat casing dipasang dan tekanan hidrostatik semen.
Production Casing
Seperti pada inetermediate casing maka beban collapse pada
production casing juga terdiri atas tekanan hidrostatik lumpur saat casing
dipasang dan tekanan hidrostatik semen di anulus.
P1 = 0,052 m Lm
P2 = P1 + 0,052 s Hs
Dimana :
m
= densitas lumpur saat casing dipasang, ppg
s
= desitas semen, ppg
Lm = Tinggi kolom lumpur,ft
Hs
= Tinggi kolom semen, ft
D
= Kedalaman, ft
P
= tekanan, ft
.1 Conductor Casing Design Loads
Load Case

Interna
l

External
Pressure

Temperatur
e Profile

Pressur
e
Collaps
e

Full evacuation

None

MW used to

Geothermal

set casing
MW & SW if
offshore

Burst

N/A

Tension

Compressive load
due to weight of
wellhead, inner

MW

MW

Geothermal

strings, BOP etc.

Table 2.2 Surface Casing Design Loads

Load Case

Internal
Pressure

External
Pressure

Temperat
ure
Profile

Collaps
e

Full evacuation
where setting
depth
is less than 3000

Partial evacuation
for greater setting
depths

None

MW column to
balance lowest
formation
pressure in

Max MW
used

Geotherm
al

to set
casing.
MW & SW
if
offshore

next hole
section or
0.465 psi/ft
gradient,
whichever is
lower

Burst

Gas to Surface

Gas gradient
from
fracture
pressure at

0.465
Burst
psi/ft

Circulating

0.465
psi/ft

Circulating

shoe
Gas Kick

Pressure profile
due
to circulating
out the
appropriately
sized
kick volume

Tension

Buoyant weight
plus

MW

MW

Geotherm
al

MW + test
pressure

MW,
spacer,

Cementing

appropriate of:

Bending

Shock
loading

Over pull

Green Cement
Pressure test

cement
column

Table 2.3 Intermediate Casing/Liner Design Loads

Load Case

Internal
Pressure

External
Pressure

Temperat
ure
Profile

Collaps
e

Partial
Evacuation

MW column to
balance

MW used
to

lowest formation
pressure

set casing

Geotherm
al

in next hole
section or
0.465 psi/ft
gradient,
whichever is
lower
Burst

Gas to Surface

Gas gradient
from

0.465
psi/ft

Circulating

0.465

Circulating

fracture pressure
at shoe
Gas Kick

Pressure profile

due to

psi/ft

circulating out
the
appropriately
sized kick
volume
Tension

Buoyant weight

MW

MW

Geotherm
al

MW + test
pressure

MW,
spacer,

Cementing

plus appropriate
of:

Bending

Shock

Loading

Over pull

Green Cement
Pressure test

cement
column

Table 2.4 Production Casing/Liner Design Loads

Load Case

Internal
Pressure

External
Pressure

Temperat
ure
Profile

Collaps
e

Partial
Evacuation

MW column to
balance lowest
formation
pressure in
next hole section
or
0.465 psi/ft

MW used
to
set casing

Geotherm
al

gradient,
whichever is
lower
Burst

Tension

Near Surface
Tubing

SIWHP over
packer

0.465
psi/ft

Production

Leak

fluid gradient

Buoyant weight
plus

MW

MW

Geotherm
al

MW + test
pressure

MW,
spacer,

Cementing

appropriate of:

Bending

Shock

Loading

Over pull

Green Cement
Pressure test

cement
column

Data Required for Design

Data collection must be carried out at an early stage in the design process, by
means of a multidisciplinary team including petroleum engineering and operations
staff in addition to the casing designer. A key component in developing the casing
design for a well is the geo-technical document. This should ideally be completed
before a well plan and casing design are generated and contain the following
information:

Type of well

Well location onshore, water depth (if offshore), objective depths etc.

Geological information formation tops, faults, structure maps etc.

Pore pressure, fracture pressure and temperature profile

Directional well plan

Offset well data casing schemes, geological tie-in, operational problems,

mud weights etc.

Hazards - shallow gas, faults etc.

Evaluation requirements

Hydrocarbon composition gas or oil, corrosion considerations

Anticipated producing life of well and future well intervention

Tubing and down hole completion component sizes

Annulus communication, bleed off and monitoring policies, particularly for

development wells

Constraints license block/lease line restrictions

Also to be considered in the design are any constraints due to rig capabilities,
casing stocks, import restrictions etc.