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possible
direction
with
all
possible
velocities.
(b) The speed of gas molecules lie between zero
and infinity (very high speed).
(c) The number of molecules moving with most
probable speeds is maximum.
(iv) Assumptions regarding collision :
(a) The gas molecules keep on colliding among
themselves as well as with the walls of
containing vessel. These collision are perfectly
elastic. (i.e. the total energy before collision =
total energy after the collisions).
(b) Molecules move in a straight line with constant
speeds during successive collisions.
(c) The distance covered by the molecules between
two successive collisions is known as free path
and mean of all free paths is known as mean
free path.
(d) The time spent is a collision between two
molecules is negligible in comparison to time
between two successive collisions.
(e) The number of collisions per unit volume in a
gas remains constant.
(v) Assumptions regarding force :
(a) No attractive or repulsive force acts between
gas molecules.
Mass of gas
Molecular wt. of gas
m
M
(g) The mass of 1 mol of a gas is equal to its
molecular weight.
or
n=
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48
V
n
(2) Instantaneous
< v > = v=
| v | | v 1 | + | v 2 |+ ... | v N |
=
N
N
8RT
RT
kT
=1.59
=1.59
M
M
m
molecules travel.
vmp =
2RT
=
M
2kT
m
molecules.
< v2 > = v 2 =
v 2 v12 + v 22 + ...v 2N
=
N
N
vrms =
v
v + v + ... v N
= 1 2
=0
N
N
of
Speed
(| v |):
weight.
speed
v2
=
N
v12 + v 22 + ...v 2N
N
3RT
3kT
3PV
=
=
=
M
m
nM
3P
d
vs =
C
RT
, where = P
M
CV
T = Temperature in Kelvin
N = Total number of molecules
d = Density of gas = nM/v
n = No. of moles
Examples
based on
Ex.1
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49
Sol.
Ex.4
vrms is given by
3RT
M
vrms =
At STP, T = 273K,
M = 4 gm/mol = .004 kg/mol
R = 8.31 J/molK.
Crms
1.7 10 6
vrms =
Ex.5
3RT
M
1
M
(C rms )T
= (C rms )T =
(C rms )T
(C rms )T
= 2
(T2 / T1 )
480
= 2
120
3RT / M
v' =
will be(A) 4
(B) 16
(C) 8
(D) 13 3 /4
Sol.[A] Q vrms =
MH
M0
1
500
2
=
=
( v rms ) H
32
4
Ex.3
At constant temperature
vrms
3RT
M
Sol.[B] Q Crms =
3 8.31 273
.004
vrms=
v12 + v 22 + v 32 + v 24
4
4.
1/ 2
vrms =
vrms =
64
4
= 4m/s
3R 2T
M/2
3RT
M
v' = 2v
v' = 2
3RT '
=
M'
1/ 2
MAXWELL'S LAW OF
VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION
MOLECULAR
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50
4.
T = 300 K
T = 1000 K
T = 2000 K
dn
dv
5.
vmp
vmp
vmp
2L
vx
t =
Results :
(a) Different molecules have different velocities.
(b) As the temperature increases, the number of
molecules having higher velocities increases.
(c) At a given temperature, the velocity which
maximum number of molecules possess, is
called most probable velocity (vmp).
(d) With the increase in the temperature, the most
probable velocity increases.
(e) Area under the curve represent the total number
of molecules.
5. CALCULATION OF PRESSURE OF GAS
n=
6.
8.
vx
mv 2x
2mvx =
2L
L
m 2 m
vx =
L
L
2
x
v 2x = v 2y = v 2z =
1
( v 2x + v 2y + v 2z )
3
1
1 m 2
v
= v2 F =
3
3 L
9.
sample, F =
X
L
1 mN v 2
3 L N
L
Z
1. Consider an ideal gas enclosed in a cubical
vessel of edge 'L'
2.
v = v x i + v y j+ v z k
3.
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1 mN v 2
3 L3
N
L
2
1 m0 v
P=
3 V N
where,m0 = Total mass of the gas = mN
P=
P=
m
1 v2
(d = density = 0 )
d
3
N
V
P=
1
d v 2rms
3
or PV =
Q (vrms =
v2
)
N
1
1
m0 v 2rms or PV = Nm v 2rms
3
3
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
51
1 mN 2
v rms
3 V
1
Energy E = v 2rms
2
1
m v 2rms
2
Total energy = E0 =
P=
1
Nm v 2rms
2
Nm v 2rms = 2E0
PV =
2
2
E0 or P = E
3
3
1
1
1
mv12 + mv 22 + .... + mv 2n
2
2
2
So energy is basically the sum of energies of
all molecules which represents translational
kinetic energy.
Ex.6
Sol.
3
RT
2
R is a universal constant and temperature
remains same for all gases. So kinetic energy is
same for molecules of all gases at a given
temperature.
E=
Ex.9
1 mN 2
v rms
3 V
V = 103m3 N = 3 1022
m = 5.3 1026 Kg vrms = 400 m/s
1 5.3 10 26 3 10 22 (400) 2
P=
3
10 3
2E
. Here E refers to
3V
(D) 4P0/ 2
1 Nm 2
v rms (m = mass of each molecule,
3 V
V = volume of the gas)
Now , m' = 1/2 m
v'rms = 2vrms
Sol.[B] P0 =
v 2 + v 22 + ... + v 2n
1
mN 1
2
N
P' =
Ex.10
1 Nm 2
1 Nm.4v 2rms
= 2.
v rms = 2P0
3 V
3
2V
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(D) 10 : 1
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
52
2.
vx
Now, vx = vrms/ 3
2L
'L' and 'T' is same of both. Then, Ratio of speed
given by
v rms,H 2
v rms, Ne
M Ne
=
M H2
20
=
2
10 :1
VH = VO
2
PH = PO
2
7. DEGREE OF FREEDOM
Diatomic
Triatomic /
Triangular
Triatomic Linear
1.
2.
3.
1/ 2
3P
4.
3PV
or vrms =
M
3 1.0 105
vrms =
1.98
vrms = 389 m/s
1.
3PV
M
U = Kinetic energy
fRT
=
(per mole)
2
5. For translatory motion of any gas, f = 3
Mean translatory KE per molecule = (3/2) KT
Mean translatory KE per mole = (3/2) RT
Mean translatory KE per gram = (3/2) (RT/M)
6.
As we already have
P = (2/3) E
Where E Energy per unit volume = (3/2) P
Mean translatory KE in unit volume of a gas is
(3/2)P, where 'P' is the pressure of the gas.
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53
7.
Total energy
E0 = (3/2) PV ......... (for volume V)
2.
3.
Ex.15
3 RT 3 KT
=
=
2 m
2 M
Where m = mass of each molecule in kg.
Examples
based on
Ex.13
3
1
Sol.[A] KT = mve2
2
2
Where ve = escape velocity of earth = 11.1 km/sec
m = mass of 1 molecule of oxygen
= 5.34 1026
T=
T=
3 1.38 10 23
T = 38. 65 103 K
5 1.6 10 19 2
T=
Real Gas
mv e2
3K
5.32 10 26 (11.1 10 3 )
of state is PV = RT
3 (1.38 10 23 )
T = 1.6 10 K
Ex.14
3
1.38 10 23
Where k = 1.38 1023 J/mole. K
T = 7.88 104 K
T=
(V b) = RT
V2
Their
specific
heat
is
proportional
to
independent of
directly
temperature
temperature (Cv T)
upon
only
temperature
Their
energy
dU = CvdT
internal
well
dU = CvdT +
as
a
V2
volume
dV
gases
behave
like
ideal gases
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54
Graphically
P/T
1/P
or PV = Constant.
P/T
Graphically,
1/T
T
P
V
1/V
1/P
PV
P or 1/P
PV
V
2.
4.
PV
t(C)
T or 1/T
1
(T = Constant)
V
m
M
m = Total mass of the gas
M = Molecular wt.
No. of moles =
absolute temperature.
i.e. V T (P = Constant) Temperature is in
Kelvin.
PV = m
Graphically
R
T = mrT
M
R
M
Note : If mass of gas is also changed, then
Boyle's, Charle's and Gay-Lussac's laws cannot
be applied. However we can use the relation,
1/V
T
V
T
1/T
V
V/T
P1V1
PV
= 2 2
n1T1
n 2 T2
V/T
5.
T or 1/T
V or 1/V
t(C)
3.
or
P1 P2
=
T1 T2
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55
6.
Avogadro's Law :
At the same temperature and pressure, equal
volumes of all gases contain equal number of
Examples
based on
Ex.17
molecules or moles
Imp. Facts :
(a) At = T = 273 K and P = 1atm, (STP), 22.4 litre
of each gas has N0 = 6.023 1023 molecules or
Sol.
T1
[Here T1 = 273 + 37 = 310 K and
T2
T2 = 273 + 23 = 296 K]
310
= 1500
296
= 1570.95 litre
V2 = V1
Examples
based on
Ex.18
1
d
Sol.
Where, D = Rate of diffusion, d =
Examples
based on
Ex.16
2
300 [Here T1 = 273 + 27 = 300 K]
1
= 600 K
= 600 273
= 327C
Examples
based on
Ex.19
= (1 atm)
P2
T1
P1
Boyle's law
P2 = P1
T2 =
D1
d1
=
D2
d2
Sol.
Gay-Lussac's law
P1 P2
=
T1 T2
density of gas.
7.
Charle's law
Sol.
1000
900
= 1.11 atm
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Examples
based on
PV
represents
KT
(A) Mass of the gas
(B) Kinetic energy of the gas
(C) Number of moles of the gas
(D) Number of molecules in the gas
Sol.[D] By ideal gas equation
PV = nRT
But R = NAK
PV = nNAKT
and N = nNA represent number of molecules
Ex.20
Sol.
The quantity
so
Ex.21
PV
=N
KT
or
P1V1
PV
= 2 2
T1
T2
so
T2 =
vt
N
2 2 n
2 2 mn
2 2
kT
2 2 P
1 + 2 + 3 + ... + N
N
(ix) Therefore
1
i.e. the mean free path is
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57
Ex.22
(C)
Sol.[B]
m
2
(D)
i.e.
( V b)
V2
pressure.
a
V2
(V b) = RT
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8a
TC =
27Rb
8a 2
b and VC = 3b
PC =
27
(Where a and b are constant)
58