MULTIPLEXING AND

SPREAD SPECTRUM

MULTIPLEXING

Dividng a link into channels

Categories of multiplexing

EXAMPLE

TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

1.
2.
3.
4.

Classification of data (instead of classifying it as telephone, TV, internet, etc)

voice
video
graphic
text

digital multiplexer same as TDM with no periodic sampling and waveform

preservation

2 Multiplexing Patterns adapted by:

1. AT & T (American Telephone and Telegraph)
- North America and Japan
- 24 channels
2. CCITT (International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee for the International Union)
- Europe
- 30 channels

To get 1.544 :

[24 x 8 bits + 1 ] x 8 kHz

= 1.544 Mbps

[30 x 8 bits + 1 ] x 8 kHz

= 2.048 Mbps

To get 2.048:

 including PCM bandwidth expansion lower bandwidth efficiency

ex. T4:

BT
BT

rb
2

from

rb 2 BT

274
Mbps 137MHz to transmit 24 voice channel x 4 (M12) x 7 (M23) x 6 (M34) = 4032
2
voice PCM signal

For voice, BW = 4 kHz

W
4032 x 4kHz

12%
BT
137 MHz

with analog FDM, bandwidth efficiency = 85%

digital multiplexing sacrifices analog bandwidth efficiency in exchange for the advantages of digital
transmission
advantage of digital multiplexing is that the input bit streams at any level can be any desired mix of digital
data and digitally encoded analog signals (PCM)
Using AT & T Hierarchy:
Digital Signal Level Zero (DS0) each of the 24 64-kbps encoded voice signals
T1 includes PCM voice and multiplexed digital data
Digital Signal Level One (DS1)
T2 DS2 multiplexed T1 signals + Visual tel. signals encoded as binary DPCM

f s 2 MHz , v=2 bits/word

T3 DS3 multiplexed T2 signals + color TV (2T3), rb 90 Mbps
T4 DS4
M12, M23, M34

belong to the quasi-synchronous class

f s 10 MHz

v=9

Ex. 1 T1 voice PCM channel Bank

T1: rb

193 bits (24 x8 1)

1.54Mbps
1

125s

8kHz

Bit robbing process of including signaling information such as dial pulses, busy signals, etc
- for every 6th frame, the least significant bit of each channel word is replaced by a signaling bit
- reduces the effective voice-PCM word length to
5
1

v7

- allows 24 signaling bits every 6 x 125s or 32kbps (signaling bit)

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

POT (Public Old Telephone) Line Card:

- located at CO
- interfaces the voice line to a DS0 signal connected to the
rest of the telephone network
- designed for voice, limited BW=3.2 kHz
- for PC connection, data rate given by modem is between
30 to 56 kbps
o not acceptable to video, interactive video
DSL handle higher data rate
- primarily a set of standards that defines the CO interface
- does not affect the existing twisted pair cable
arrangement

DSL Standards:
1. Asymmetrical DSL (ADSL) FDM system where the twisted pair supports the 3 services:
a. POTs (voice)
b. 640 kbps digital data (upstream)
(subscriber to CO)
a. 6.144 Mbps digital data (downstream)
(CO to subscriber)
2. High Bit Rate DSL (HDSL)
- 2 to 3 twisted pair
- digital data from 1.544 to 2.048 Mbps
3. Symmetrical DSL (SDSL)
- single twisted pair version of HDSL
- 0.192 to 2.23 Mbps digital data in both directions
4. Very High Bit Rate DSL (VDSL)
- single twisted pair
- 26 or 52 Mbps in either direction
5. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
- single twisted pair
- 128 kbps
- integration of voice, video, and other data sources

ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)

- TDM digital telephone network that integrates:
a. voice
b. video

c. computer

d. other data sources

2 ISDN structures:
1. Basic Rate Interface (BRI)
- consists of 2 B (bearer) and 1 D (delta) channels
B 64 kbps channel
D 16 kbps channel
48bits
- 192 kbps output = 2 x 16 bits (B) + 4 bits (D) + 12 bits (overhead) =
192kbps
250s
-2B+D
- used primarily by residential and small business customers
- 2B:
o 2 64 kbps PCM voice messages or
o 1 64 kbps PCM voice message + 6 9600 bps data stream
2. Primary Rate Interface (PRI)
-for North America, Japan and Korea:
- 23 B + D
- Frame = 8 bits x 24 + 1 framing bit = 193 bits
B & D full duplex channels
carry voice, computer data and so on
D
used to transmit control, signaling, telemetry or other connection information

Frame rate = 8000 frames/sec

Bit rate = 193 bits/frame x 8000 frames/sec = 1.544 Mbps
for European and rest of the world
o consists of 30B + 1 D 64 kbps
o 1 Frame = 256 bits
o output rate is 2.048 Mbps
ISDN is an alternative to Modem
has a high capacity H channel (information in excess of 64 kbps includes: video, high-resolution
graphics, high-fidelity audio, HDTV)
ISDN H-channel capacities:
Channel

Capacity, kbps

H0

384 (North America)

H11

1,536 (North America)

H12

1,920 (Europe)

H21

32,768

H22

44,160

H4

135,168

2 Kinds:
1. Narrowband ISDN (N-ISDN)
- BRI and PRI
- Up to 135.168 Mbps
2. Broadband ISDN (BISDN)
- up to 2.5 Gbps and beyond
- interactive video, HDTV, other multimedia

Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)

- fiber optic standard
- multiplex broadband signals multiplexed with low-rate
signals
- developed by Bell Core (Bell Communications Research)
- standardized by ANSI
- for European (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy, SDH)

STS Synchronous Transport Signal

STS 1 51.84 Mbps = 90 bytes x 8bits/byte x 9 rows/frame x 8000 frames/sec
VT Virtual Tributary
- multiple low-rate signals
N STS 1 STS N
E/O Electrical to Optical Converter
Add/Drop Mux (ADM) STS signals may be dropped or added from channel

TOH Transport Overhead

- 1st three rows - section overhead (SOH)
- last 6 rows line overhead (LOH)
FOH Path Overhead
86 columns x 9 rows user data
Synchronous Payload Envelope (SPE) user data + POH
overhead sections contains:
addressing
multiplexing functions at their particular level
LOH, SOH, POH contain:
framing
coding
sync
performance monitoring
stations