23. Italia, Rogie S.

11-Bridge

SKIMMING
Skimming is one of the tools you can use to read more in less time. Skimming refers
to looking only for the general or main ideas, and works best with non-fiction (or
factual) material. With skimming, your overall understanding is reduced because
you dont read everything. You read only what is important to your purpose.
Skimming takes place while reading and allows you to look for details in addition to
the main ideas.
How to skim? Many people think that skimming is a haphazard process placing the
eyes where ever they fall. However, to skim effectively, there has to be a structure
but you dont read everything. What you read is more important than what you
leave out. So what material do you read and what material do you leave out?
Lets say you are doing research on a long chapter or a web site. By reading the first
few paragraphs in detail, you will get a good idea of what information will be
discussed. Once you know where the reading is headed, you can begin to read only
the first sentence of each paragraph. Also called topic sentences, they give you the
main idea of the paragraph. If you do not get the main idea in the topic sentence or
if the paragraph greatly interests you, then you may want to skim more.
At the end of each topic sentence, your eyes should drop down through the rest of
the paragraph, looking for important pieces of information, such as names, dates, or
events. Continue to read only topic sentences, dropping down through the rest of
the paragraphs, until you are near the end. Since the last few paragraphs may
contain a conclusion or summary, you should stop skimming there and read in
detail. Remember that your overall comprehension will be lower than if you read in
detail. If while skimming, you feel you are grasping the main ideas, then you are
skimming correctly.
SCANNING
Scanning is another useful tool for speeding up your reading. Unlike skimming,
when scanning, you look only for a specific fact or piece of information without
reading everything. You scan when you look for your favorite show listed in the
cable guide, for your friends phone number in a telephone book, and for the sports
scores in the newspaper. For scanning to be successful, you need to understand
how your material is structured as well as comprehend what you read so you can
locate the specific information you need. Scanning also allows you to find details
and other information in a hurry.

23. Italia, Rogie S. 11-Bridge

MAIN IDEA
Drug addiction is a problem that has been increasing immensely among our society
today. Drug addictions can only hinder or restrain us from accomplishing goals or
dreams in life. People sometimes feel they are too bright, too powerful, too much in
control to become addictive. Addiction can trap anyone. It can lead to harming ones
body, causing problems in family structure, and contribute to the delinquency in
society. The sooner people seek help for drug addiction problems, the more chances
they have of gaining control of their life once again. However, abstinence is the
safest way to live a longer and healthier life.
The main idea is Drug addiction

As a child, summertime fun in the sun began with the ringing of the last bell of the
day. It signified that it was time to throw away old home work assignments and to
forget about anything to do with school-for three months at least. Summer time is a
time of simple pleasures and exciting times of the year. Three months of late night
sleepovers with best friends, hanging out at the galleria/water park, and not having
to worry about homework had been lingering in the mind since classes began in the
fall. When summer vacation finally rolls around, I can never make up my mind-on
what to do first.
The main idea is all about Summer

There are an assortment of effects of smoking that can harm a smoker. They can
affect not only the smokers health but also the non-smokers around the smoker.
Why should the people around the smoker suffer when they made the decision not
to smoke? It slowly kills the smokers and non-smokers. People who choose smoke
are more likely to develop serious diseases, such as lung cancer, heart disease,
and/or emphysema. Why take the risk of this awful fate? Not only will smoking
causes diseases, but it also can cause smokers to experience various side effects,
which include heart burn, ulcers, and gallstones. There are many more diseases and
side effects, but these are the well-known illnesses. Cigarettes contain unbelievably

23. Italia, Rogie S. 11-Bridge

atrocious ingredients that are horrible for a persons body. They consist of different
types of chemicals, some of which are cancer causing.
The main idea is the Effects of smoking

KINDS OF READING EXAMPLES:

DEVELOPMENTAL READING
TITLE: Development of Children Regarding Different Types of School
My observation of children took place at two different locations, the Holland College
Child Development Centre, which is located on the corner of Cumberland and
Grafton and an in-home daycare located on Centennial Drive in Charlottetown. At
the Child Development Centre there were about 14 children in the area that I was
observing, half were boys and half girls. They were between the ages of two and
five. I went to this centre twice to observe, the first time was October 15 at 8:00
a.m. for two hours and the second date was October 18 at 3:00 p.m. for two hours.
For my last two hours of observation I went to an in-home daycare on October 21 at
2:30 p.m. until 4:30 p.m. During this time there was another in-home babysitter
with the children visiting from across the street. In total there were nine girls
ranging from one and a half to five years of age.
Physical development is "the genetic foundations of development, the physical
growth of all of the components of the body, their functioning and care"(Rice 586).
During my observation I looked at five aspects of physical development, they were:
physical growth, motor development, bladder/bowel control, nutrition, and sleep.
When observing that children at the Child Development Centre and the in-home
daycare I found that the boys and girls of the same age were about the same size,
but there were are height differences between the different ages. The difference
between the ages is due to the rapid growth spurts that occur though out early
childhood. As stated in the text children tend to follow the cephalocaudal principle,
they grow from the head to the feet. This was noticeable with the children that I
observed and I also noticed this with my own daughter because I always need to
buy shirts that have a large neck opening so her head can fit through. .
Motor development of the children varied greatly, this is mainly due to the overall
physical maturation of the skeletal and neuromuscular development.
PLEASURE READING
TITLE: The Value of Sports

23. Italia, Rogie S. 11-Bridge

The chief object of ports is, of course, bodily exercise. A sound mind in a sound
body" is a well-known saying. The heath of the body is essential for success in life.
An unhealthy man is always sad, gloomy ad therefore loses confidence in him. To
keep healthy, one must take an active interst in sports. Thus sports serve an
essential purpose in life because they ensure good health and build a fine physique.
If one is bodily fit, one feels capable of hard endeavor and life without endeavor is
useless. The great advantage of sports is that they combine exercise with trill,
excitement and sensations. In order that we should readily take exercise it should
be made interesting and, as everybody knows, practically all kinds of games
devised by man possess a certain degree of interest.
The Value of Sports such as Hockey, football, cricket, tennis, badminton, rowing and
swimming --- all these and others not only give exercise to the libs but also provide
a good deal of excitement and entertainment. Besides, the competitive element in
sports is source of thrills for the mind. Not only the players, but the spectators also
feel engrossed in a game because of its suspense and unexpected turns. It is for
these reasons that sports form a very important part in education. A bookworm who
takes no interest in sport is physically weak and all his mental excellence cant
make up for his physical deficiency.
The Value of Sports benefits not only the body but also the mind. Almost every
game requires a certain degree of skill to play. Skill is a mental quality. Physical
vigor alone is not enough in games like golf, cricket and tennis.
Sports develop and encourage the spirit of healthy competition. The, competitive
instinct is natural in man and demands outlets. Sports have wide scope for the
competitive instinct. Matches and tournaments and contests are held to put to test
the skill, toughness, stamina and endurance of values of participants. Medals and
awards are an incentive to players to achieve excellence and a high standard of
performance in their respective fields. The healthy spirit of rivalry and competition
constantly leads to improvement in the performance and previous records are
constantly excelled or surpassed.

There are several other considerations which entail sports to an important place in
life. It is usually by taking part in sports that we cultivate what is called the spirit of
showmanship. This spirit of sportsmanship is an excellent quality in a man and
consists of fair play, sense of discipline, capacity for team work and cooperation and
confidence in oneself that enabled one to accept a defeat cheerfully. A sportsman
playing on the field is not expected outplays foul. He must cooperate and finally, if
his team suffers a defeat he must not lose self-confidence but must shake hands
with his adversaries cheerfully. When a sportsman has acquired these qualities on
the playground, he will naturally exhibit them in the wider sphere of life. If he has
truly imbibed the lessons taught to him by sports, he will be very honest and fair in

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his dealings with other people. He will never see his enemies below belt. He will
always obey his superiors. He will never feel heartbroken on account of the
disappointments. If he shows these qualities in his general conduct, he has learnt
how live truly. His life is successful and he will be admired everywhere.
Sports are an excellent means of spending ones leisure. All work and no play make
jack adult boy. Sports are much interesting pastime. Most of the games are quite
inexpensive too.
FUNCTIONAL READING
TITLE: DINOSAURS
Something happened 65 million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous period,
something so devastating that it altered the course of life on earth. It seems like it
happened so sudden, as geologic time goes, that almost all the dinosaurs living on
earth disappeared. So how did these dominant creatures just die off? Was it a slow
extinction, or did it happen all of the sudden? These questions bring rise to many
different beliefs on how the dinosaur disappeared over 65 million years ago.
Extinction itself is easily defined: When the birth rate fails to keep up with
the death rate, it is called extinction. But, the definition does not answer the
question about the nature or causes of extinction. Paleontologists generally divide
extinctions into two types, for that of different causes arose. The first is called
background extinctions, isolated extinctions of species due to a variety of causes.
Included is out competition, depletion of resources in a habitat, changes in climate,
the development or destruction of a mountain range, river channel migration, the
eruption of a volcano, the drying of a lake, or the destruction of a forest, grassland,
or wetland habitat. The second type of extinction is called mass extinctions. There
are four main components involved: Large numbers of species go extinct; many
types of species go extinct; the effects must be global; and the effects must occur in
a geologically short period of time.
REMEDIAL READING
TITLE: EDUCATION
Education is an effort of the senior people to transfer their knowledge to the
younger members of society. It is thus an institution, which plays a vital role in
integrating an individual with his society and in maintaining the perpetuation of
culture. Emile Durkheim defines education as the influence exercised by the adult
generation upon those who are not yet ready for adult life.
He further maintains that society can survive only if there exists among its
members a sufficient degree of homogeneity. The homogeneity is perpetuated and

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reinforced by education. A child through education learns basic rules, regulations,
norms and values of society.
Education thus is an essential prerequisite of modernization. It enables people to
know the world beyond their own surroundings and transforms them to become
rationalist and humanist in outlook and world view. However, it has to be kept in
mind that the education has got modernized and in turn is contributing to the
process of modernization of the Indian society.
The traditional education system of India was quite different from the contemporary
one. In traditional Indian society, the number of educational institutions was too
small and the content of education was esoteric and essentially related with
religion, philosophy, metaphysics and scriptural subjects.
The education was confined to the twice-born castes and the upper classes. The
organizational structure was ascriptive and hereditary. The lower castes, particularly
the scheduled castes, were denied education. Even today, the Madrassah education
among Muslims is largely based on religion, philosophy and scriptural messages.
Shishu Mandirs also have religion and tradition as parts of curriculum.
Modern education is exoteric, open and liberal. The world-view is scientific-rational;
the theme consists of freedom, equality, humanism and denial of faith in dogma
and superstitions. The course contents are rationalistic and in tune with the needs
of the present-day society.
Science and technology, grammar and literature, social philosophy, history and
culture, geography and ecology, agriculture and horticulture comprise the vast
range of subjects which are taught in schools, colleges and universities.
The modern education lays emphasis on the subjects like freedom, nationality, law,
human rights, democracy and scientific world view. The other parts of education are
the co-curricular and extra-curricular activities, which are often organized for total
personality development of a student.
The modern education is change-oriented and, therefore, courses are modified time
and again corresponding to the changes taking place in society at large so as to
keep pace with the needs of the changing situations in the wake of fast-changing
industrial society.
The present industrial society has opened up a multiplicity of occupations and
professions and each one of them is associated with scientific knowledge and skills.
It is a society of complex division of labour and requires people with specialized
knowledge.
The modern education fulfills needs of the industrial economy. A vast range of
subjects like medicine, health, engineering, management and law have become hot
areas of professionalization and specialization today.