33

Historic Landscape Characterisation in Context

Elli Winterburn
Newcastle University

r.e.m.winterburn@ncl.ac.uk

Abstract
Historic Landscape Characterisation is a key English Heritage programme, and the UK Government in A Force for Our Future endorsed the approach as a
leading method for managing change in the historic environment (DCMS, 2001: 31).
This article reviews the Historic Landscape Characterisation research programme, and
explores its political and practical context. This review is carried out in reference to ongoing research conducted in collaboration with the Newcastle upon Tyne City Council
aimed at characterising housing as a part of the post-industrial urban landscape.
Keywords
planning, policy, historic landscape characterisation, English heritage,
post-industrial landscape

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2008 by Newcastle University. All rights reserved.
1354-5019 - 2008 - 02

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The one characteristic missing in Gospodinis (2007) article on the dening features of
landscapes of the post-industrial city is the survival of large areas of industrial era housing [1]. Listing these dening features Gospodini mentions, among others, the conversion of industrial buildings (e.g. mills and warehouses) to residential use and the iconic
cultural regeneration landmarks (e.g. museums and concert halls) in the city centres, and
the out-of-town shopping malls and leisure complexes that exist in the urban fringe.
However, in between these two poles of post-industrial landscape are the everyday environments where most people live, and most of this in-between space, in the UK at least,
consists of housing built during the industrial era.
The study of this aspect of the post-industrial landscape is the central theme in my ongoing dotoral research, provisionally entitled Characterising Post-Industrial City, CaseStudy of Industrial Era Housing in Newcastle upon Tyne. In the following essay the
current Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC) research programme will rstly be
introduced, which is then suceeded by an exploration of the political and practical background in which this research programme is set.
What is Characterisation ?
As someone with a back-ground in building conservation and archaeology, I have observed the immediate backdrop to my doctoral research project in the Characterisation
[2] work carried out by the English Heritage and the Countryside Agency [3] over the
last fteen or so years (Swanwick, 2002, 2003; Clark et al., 2004; Aldred and Fairclough,
2003; Countryside Agency, 2007; Fairclough et al., 2003). The Historic Landscape Characterisation programme, as promoted by the English Heritage (EH), can now be considered as being well established; both its results (mentioning Lancashire [4] HLC report
(Ede and Darlington, 2002) for example, and its methodologies (Historic Landscape
Characterisation, Taking Stock of the Method (2003) and Using Historic Landscape
Characterisation (2004) have been published.
In one denition of what HLC is all about given in the Pathways to Europes Landscape
report (Clarke et al., 2003: 90) HLC is a tool developed to provide an understanding
of the historic dimension of the modern landscape. Further HLC is described as an
archaeologists approach to landscape which provides a context for appreciating how
archaeological sites t into the historic landscape (Clark et al., 2003: 91). Characterisation has also been described as, a highly diverse range of work that has in common an
exploration of [the] link between ideas and things and as a shorthand word aimed
at capturing the, overall idea of a place (EH, 2004: 2). It is perhaps worth noting here
the apparent interchangeable use, or at least the intimate connection of landscape and
place as concepts. In a more recent discussion on the aims of HLC, Turner (2006, 385)
states that Historic Landscape Characterisation recognises that landscape is ubiquitous,
and that it is fundamentally about perception, such that landscape can be seen in many
different ways.
The denitions of landscape (and/or place) as a concept, and the stated aims and objectives of the HLC are of political signicance to the county-wide HLC programmes are

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initiated and largely funded by English Heritage, and as such enjoy the direct backing
of the UK government. The political context of HLC will be discussed further in the
following section.
Overall, English Heritage (2004: 3) describes the functions of characterisation as:
1. a research tool, helping us to understand our world, and broadening our
horizons from a few special monuments to the whole of communitys environ
ment
2. a tool for participation, providing a meeting place in which to draw
together public and personal opinions as well as specialist values.
3. a tool for positive spatial planning, useful not only to heritage
professionals, but also to planners and developers, politicians and owners,
communities and individuals.
The HLC methodology was pioneered in the UK in Cornwall (CCC, 1996) and this
project helped to dene the HLCs guiding principles (Herring, 1998: 12). These principles are the foundation of all subsequent HLC work and state that the method should:
characterise the whole landscape, in the present day
be straightforward, consistent, repeatable and veriable with further
assessment
be as far as possible objective, with areas of subjectivity made transparent
consider no part of the landscape to be greater in value than another
generalise, i.e. identify dominant historic landscape character
use a concept of mainly visible time-depth over long periods of time
use present-day 1:25000 OS maps as the primary base
map discrete areas of historic landscape character within the present-day
landscape
use a pre-dened classication
provide a common, easily understandable language for users and a starting
point for further research
use an archaeological approach to the interpretation of historic landscape
character
Based on these principles the landscape is divided into GIS polygons that are classied into the pre-dened broad categories (see Figures 1 and 2). Further information is
provided by the database associated with the GIS map which includes attribute data
recorded for each polygon.

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Figure 1

Staffordshire Historic Landscape Characterisation map

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Figure 2

An example of an historic map (right) used to generate a map of historic

character types (left) in the Merseyside Historic Characterisation Project.

It is however noteworthy that not all HLC projects adhere to the same broad categorisation, and that there is variety in the average size and thus the relative number of polygons, as well as how changes in landscape over time are represented.
In terms of archaeological research, the broad characterisation work carried out within
the HLC programme at a countywide scale has been complemented by Extensive [5]
and Intensive Urban Surveys of archaeology conducted in towns and cities across UK
(e.g. Lancashire Historic Towns Survey (see Figure 3), (Anon., 2005) and Cornwall and
Scilly Urban Survey (Anon., 2007b) ). These are programmes of work which see the
characterisation programme moving from the broad landscape context into more detailed surveys of urban areas (EH, 2007). In addition there are now Urban Historical

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Type
Commercial

Description
business areas including retail and office units

Horticulture

main communication nodes; linear features such as roads and canals are not
generally marked unless the scale/ grain of the surrounding urban landscape
warrants this step; records areas such as train stations, transport interchanges,
airports, major road junctions, etc.
land that has been demarcated and enclosed for agricultural purposes, particularly
fields
areas involved with the extraction or processing of commodities and minerals such
as fuel or building materials
large scale commercial gardening enterprises such as major orchards, nurseries and
market gardens

Industrial

areas concerned with industrial processes

Institutional

areas (with or without buildings) connected to large establishments, associations and

organisations; particularly schools, hospitals, military sites, etc.

Ornamental, Parkland
and Recreational

designed ornamental landscapes and those used for recreational purposes

Residential

areas where people live including large individual houses and housing estates

Unenclosed Land

unimproved land, open land, moorland and urban areas reverting to scrub-like flora

Communications

Enclosed Land
Extractive

Water Bodies
Woodland

large water bodies including reservoirs and lakes; does not include millponds
(characterised as industrial: water powered sites)
land with dense concentrations of trees; (Nb. Smaller plantations forming integral
elements of other character units, for instance as part of enclosure period
countryside or as features of ornamental or commercial landscapes are generally not
recorded separately)

Table 1.

Landscape Characterisation projects underway in many of Englands largest conurbations (e.g. Black Country (2007a) such as South Yorkshire (2007d) , Merseyside (2007c)
and Greater Manchester [6].
As the focus of my own research is also urban, it is these urban HLC projects that have
particularly attracted my interest. These are the broad character types as dened for the
South Yorkshire Urban HLC (see Table 1) [7]. However, referring to the broad character
types describes above, in the context of heavily urbanised areas such as Shefeld (part
of the South Yorkshire Urban HLC) or Newcastle describing large swathes of urban
landscape just as residential is not terribly informative. Especially in relation to my own
doctoral research of more interest are the Historic Environment Character Types used
in the Shefeld Urban HLC. These are like sub-types into which each broader type is
divided into. For example for the Residential broad type these are shown in Table 2:
So, from the rst paper based HLC projects, where hand-coloured maps were supported
by a computerised database of attributes (as in Cornwall and Axholme HLC projects),
with the advancing technology HLC has now moved into GIS. Similarly the move is
from very broad county wide surveys to more detailed analysis of urban environments.
However, the principles of the HLC remain the same. Likewise, HLC remains a desk-

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Type

(Attributes Recorded)

Historic Environment
Types
Burgag Plots

Residential
(Density layout pattern private
open space public space
legibility)

Elite Residence

Long narrow plots aligned with roads and

associated with settlement
Large country houses, usually associated with
parkland and concerned with the display of
wealth and status, etc. (also recorded as
integral elements of designed landscapes when
contemporary)

Vernacular Cottages

Small-scale buildings built in local materials

and styles to traditional rather than polite
styles

Estate Village

An estate built by a land owner to a clear

overall design
A complex of farm buildings including house,
barns, sheds, etc. generally only recorded when
no longer part of a larger enclosed landscape
(e.g. when part of a nucleated village or
engulfed by later suburban housing estates)

Farm Complex

Back-to-back/Courtyard Houses

Early types of urban, industrial housing

typically built with communal courtyards with
only one fenestrated elevation

Terraced Housing

Conjoined row housing with elevations to the

front and rear of each property
Large and individually distinct houses,
generally built for the affluent middle classes
from the 19th century onwards and typically
associated with generous gardens or within
parkland

Villas/ Detached Housing

Semi-Detached Housing

Describing less affluent middle class housing,

often in ribbon developments not conforming
to other categories; may in some circumstances
differ little from mid 20th century social
housing

Planned Estate (Social Housing)

Council or housing association estates built on

a large scale to an overall design
Prefabricated housing (mostly postwar or early
20th century)
Tower blocks and other high density blocks of
flats

Prefabricated Housing
High Rise Flats

Table 2

Description

Low Rise Flats

Flats generally with less than five floors

Private Housing Estate

Private housing estates built by speculative

developers; often identified by a greater variety
of plan forms and piecemeal development
pattern

The sub-divisions shown allow for a more detailed analysis of the residential
landscapes.

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based approach, aerial photographs and ordnance survey maps still form the core research resource.
Hopefully the brief discussion above has introduced the basics of the HLC research
programme but how and why did this research programme come to be? Being as it is a
map based technique, it would seem nave not to consider the possible political context,
motivations and implications of the HLC process. In the following section I will raise
some of these issues.
Political Context
As mentioned in the previous section HLC is a Government backed research project.
The other than objective nature (or potential) of maps, mapping and GIS has attracted
much debate over the last twenty years (e.g. Pickles, 1995, 2004, Wood, 1992, Jackson,
1989) and I think it is important not to ignore this side of HLC.
Although much of the HLC work has been carried since 1995 when the Labour Party
last came to power, the idea of HLC dates back to 1990 when the Conservatives were still
in government. The 1990 White Paper, This Common Inheritance stated the governments
environmental policy and in relation to the management of the historical environment
invited English Heritage to consider the desirability of a list of landscapes of special historic importance. EHs subsequent advice was that comprehensive characterisation of all
of the landscape was preferable to a register of selected areas. This advice, incorporated
in government policy in PPG15 (DoE and DoNH, 1994), was based on the conclusions
of a one year national research and development (R&D) project on existing approaches
to historic landscape (Aldred and Fairclough, 2003: 5).
The conclusions of the R&D project were published later as Yesterdays World, Tomorrows Landscape (Fairclough et al., 1999). The project concluded that it would be better
to assess and understand historic landscape character everywhere, rather than selecting
a few special areas for inclusion in a national register. It also recommended that a new,
rapid and robust, approach should be identied that could deliver multiple objectives and
serve multiple uses and notably also raised awareness that the whole of the landscape
has an historic dimension. The consultation process also identied the issues relating to
landscape were a major gap in current archaeological resource management, and that
it was proving impossible to expand the historic coverage to wider landscape assessment
through point-based SMRs [8].
Thus Historic Landscape Characterisation came to be developed and it was pioneered
in the rst HLC project in Cornwall. The use of HLC has spread since 1995 and by the
methodological review of 2004 (Clark et al.), fourteen local authorities included a complete HLC in their SMRs. Since then between ve and ten countywide projects have
been underway at any given time until now almost the entire country is covered. As the
map below illustrates, in the northeast of England, Durham and Northumberland HLC
are at their nal stages whereas HLC for Tyne & Wear is still at the design stage.

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Together with other aspects of any given culture, heritage and archaeology have been
used to justify political goals on a range of scales. Sentiments such as national pride, as
well as calls for retaining the distinctiveness (and sense of place) of much smaller localities,
have been fuelled with or inspired by various discourses of distinctiveness and heritage. It
is important not to forget that HLC too has its ideological context.The current political
ideals about landscape and place can also be seen manifested elsewhere in various government policies and publications, especially in relation to the management of the built
environment and other environmental policies. Governmental (or government backed)
publications and policies ranging from Historic Environment: Force for Our Future and
Culture at the Heart of Regeneration (DCMS, 2001, 2004) to Characterisation and Sustainable Communities web-site (EH, 2006), and Place Matters (ODPM, 2007) to the new
National Curriculum, all exercise some of the same place-centric rhetoric.

Figure 4

Map of HLC projects. Black signies nished HLC, grey HLC in progress and
cross hatch HLC planned to start 2006-2008.

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For example in the new Key Stage 3 Geography curriculum, key geographical concepts
are listed as place, space and scale with place getting the following explanation (it
should be noted again that the concepts of place and landscape have over lapping uses
and meanings, and often seem to be used almost interchangeably).
Place: Every place has unique and human characteristics, which can be interpreted
and represented in different ways. Pupils have mental images of places the world,
the country in which they live, their neighbourhood which form their geographical
imaginations. They should recognise that there are many different perceptions of
places, some of which may conict with their own. When investigating a place,
pupils should consider where it is, what it is like, how it became like this and how
it might change. Their enquiries should be based on real places (QCA, 2007: 102).
Whilst the few examples mentioned here constitute by no means a comprehensive deconstructive reading of governments sense-of-place policy, I cannot help but feel that
the use of concepts such as landscape and place, and the notions of sense of place and
character, in this environmental context (as well perhaps the entire HLC project) aim to
function to create an affective response.
Thrift (2007) discusses at length the rise of the affect, and posits that increased mobility,
globalisation, access to wireless communications etc. erode the traditional ties that people
have with their environments, and that the creation of effective responses to the environment (to make people care) becomes, if not a political necessity, then at least something
that can be politically desirable. In this context HLC could be seen as creating an instant,
affective, heritage layer of remembering, understanding and relating to the historic environment. If HLC moves from being mainly a professional management tool available
to relatively few users and becomes widely accessible to (and accessed by) the general
public, it could become part of the technologically enabled constant way of knowing
and remembering referred to by Thrift.
But maybe it is unfair to write off a research programme as fascinating as HLC just
as politically motivated cultural engineering, tugging at the disaffected general publics
heart strings. At a more practical level, HLC can also be seen as providing information
for the current evidence based (Davoudi, 2006) planning process. In this context there
are real, practical applications to HLC and these will be briey discussed in the concluding section of this paper.
Practical Applications
Among other things, population growth and changing economic situations currently
place huge demands on the management of the environment. Despite certain ideological
misgivings stated above, it would appear that HLC does produce data that can be operationalised in the making of management decisions. In Using Historic Landscape Characterisation Clarke et al. (2004: 12) divide potential uses of HLC into four categories:
1. Landscape Management: the role of HLC in advising agri-environment

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schemes and inuencing the targeting of Countryside Stewardship Schemes

and Special Projects. How HLC is used by Historic Environment Advisors
(HECAS), and how it is inuencing the Countryside Agencys Landscape
Management Initiatives.
2. Landscape Character Assessment and Strategies: using HLC to dene, un
derstand and describe Landscape character Assessment types, and to inform
Landscape Strategies at county and district level.
3. Spatial Planning: using HLC to inform new planning policy and SPG in
development plans as well as to advise planning applications and hedgerow
removal applications.
4. Partnership, Learning and Outreach: many projects and initiatives outside
of the originally anticipated applications have recognised the value of HLC
to support other aspects of environmental management as well as inform re
search within both local authorities and universities; HLC information can be
provided in a variety of formats (reports, maps, webpages and CD ROM)
which helps to raise awareness of the historic landscape.
Out of these the Spatial Planning context of the HLC is of specic relevance to my
research interests and to this paper. As an example - there is a well publicised need for
millions of new homes in England in the near future. Depending on source this need
ranges from three million by the year 2020 (Cooper, 2007) to ve million new homes in
ten years (Hearteld, 2006). Currently the construction industry is not building enough
to satisfy this demand, and the preservation and prolonging the life of existing buildings,
is one of the ways in which to cope with this shortfall.
From this view point alone conservation, regeneration, sustainable development and the
creation/preservation of peoples sense of place are important concerns in the management of the built environment. Many of the practical applications of HLC data are
introduced in Using Historic Landscape Characterisation (Clark et al., 2004), and e.g.
Lancashire County Council Joint Structure Plan (LCC, 2001) makes full use of the Landscape and HLC Assessments made in the County. Speaking at the Thames Gateway
Forum [9] in London in November 2007, Simon Thurley, Chief Executive of English
Heritage, touched upon some of the current objectives of planning policy and how
HLC relates to them, saying:
Investing in the historic core of towns and villages is the essential rst step in
revitalising communities and giving residents a home with a soul [...] Heritage-led
regeneration brings out the soul of a place by drawing out the features that make
it loved, welcoming and unique. Identifying and then regenerating historic hubs
provides an economic, geographic and civic focus for new places. Even more
importantly, it prioritises improving quality of life for the communities that are
already there [...] Thats where our characterisation research comes in. Its been
tried and tested all over the country, and is the single best way to understand [...]
areas unique historic character (HELM, 2007).
On the basis of my own on-going research into the practical applications of HLC, Simon

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Thurleys above comments and also anecdotal evidence from archaeologists working on
the urban HLC in South Yorkshire [10] and Lincoln [11], it seems that there is real
demand for the kind information HLC can produce and that it does have many uses in
the hands of the planning and conservation ofcers, designers and developers. A current
doctoral research project at the University of Shefeld aims to study the utility of HLC
(Dobson, forth-coming) as a decision making tool in this practical context.
Conclusions
To conclude, Historic Landscape Characterisation is essentially an archaeological research tool developed over the last fteen years, and is being promoted as the leading
method in the management of the Historic Environment. However, it would seem wise
to bear in mind that the HLC process may not be as inclusive, unbiased and objective
as it claims to be. This is rstly because like any research programme of this type, HLC
is a child of its time reecting the interests and concerns of its era; and secondly because despite the seeming unity, there exists, between different HLC projects, what has
been called, a healthy diversity of method by some (Aldred and Fairclough, 2003) and,
a methodological inconsistency by others. It remains to be seen how comprehensively
HLC can continue to contribute to the understanding and management of the historic
environment.
Acknowledgements
The data from South Yorkshire Urban HLC is reproduced with the collaboration of the
South Yorkshire Archaeology Service (SYAS) project ofcers, Dan Ratcliffe and Jennifer
Marchant. Thank you also to David Walsh of the Lincoln Townscape Assessment Project
for his comments.
________________________________
1 In the context of my on-going dotoral research industrial era refers to c.a. 1850-1950.
2 English Heritage Characterisation website
http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.1293 (visited 22.1.2007).
3 Landscape Character Asessment (LCA) is a parallel programme to HLC, promoted by the
Countryside Agency.
4 Most complete HLC projects now have a public interface accessible via the relevant County
Councils website.
5 Many of these are available on-line via Archaeological Data Services website http://ads.ahds
ac.uk/collections.cfm (visited on 15.1.2008).
6 See also Lincoln Townscape Assessment (Walsh, 2007).
7 This project is undertaken by SYAS (South Yorkshire Archaeology Service) http://www.shefeld.
gov.uk/planning-and-city-development/urban-design--conservation/archaeology/hecproject.
8 SMR, i.e. Site and Monuments Records; a key management tool for archeological heritage
9 See http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.1300 (accessed 29.1.2007) on some
details of Thames Gateway the largest HLC project undertaken to date.
10 Dan Ratcliffe and Jennifer Marchant, pers.comm.
11 David Walsh, pers.comm.

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