ffiYffitrffiffififfifu?

ffiTffiY
OF FUEL CCI\4tsUSTION
AND RELATED PFIOCESS INDUSTRIES

Evelyrn Fl. Laurito

Chernicai Ingineerlng Department
Universify of Santo Tomas

f{#,"-l
Book Store

ouAD ALpHA cEtur RuNl' ei"DG.

125 Pioneer St., [4andali.rvor]q City

,l-

firhlkhp,l

CCNTENTS

leol 3torc

ftilt

lt't'tNtl coPYRlcHT. 1994 bt

F velvrr lt I aurito

Freface
of Publicatioirr, i991
PA6F-

CHAPTER

ill r lElrlc rcserved.

f{l

t Fpt

lrar I rrl this book may be

rNr*o,ucrtoN

lrlur.rr l in aly fbrm or by

1.1
1r)

Errr nlr,ril:;, r:xcept brief quotations

l,rr,r I r'r,rrr!, without permission
Irr r+r lltrrE lr.orn the Author.

COMPLE]E COMBUSTION
THEOREnCAL OXTGEN . ."... "."..".....
THEORETIC-qL A]R FOl1 COMBUSTTON
1.5 PERCENT EXCESS AiR
l.\.,

)
4
5

1.6 INCOMPTETE COidBUSTION

2
Ft l'li't ( r,r lilicate of
HeEli-lrrrlr,rr No. SP 594

I ttnt, ,l l,t'
!,;,r I .,,/,r rt', f ,i11111.1,;17phic ArLt & /)rittii;;g
+'i 16,t1,i1,11t,',1 , lrrr1.t,. ,\on .IO.Se, l.{.'-.
' t I ',r'

GASEOUS FUEIJ
2.1 CLASSIFICATTON
a) Nai.unl Gas".
b) Manufactured

Gases

2.2 \TOLIJMR MEASUREMENI

2.3 CAII)RIFIC VALUES OF GASEOUS FUEIS ... ".
2.4 CArcUIA IONS BA.SEE ON FLJEL ANALYS;S .,
2.5 CAI-ORJFIC VALUE LOSSES
a) Dr:e to Incomplete Coinbustjon...
b) Due to Sensible Fleat;".":.
c) Due to t-lnccndensed WaLer \/apor
):'rc,s.s

isBN 971-0&5782.7

6
6
6
7

I
Ii

t5
i5
r6
t6

+.5 COAL COMBUSTION

CAiCULIiTIONS BI.SED Cl{ FLIJE

GAS A}IAJJSIS ....

""""""'

COMBUSNBIES I,OST IN THE FEFUSE

al Uncoked Cod I-ost i:: the $efuse,'",..":l,'.""""""
b) Coked Coal lnst in the Refuse""..-""".'..;"..'.""""
c) Combination of Coked and Uncoked Co-al "''""

29

LIOUID FUEI.S

3.1

3.4

3.5 CArcUIATIONS

BASED
ON PARNAL ANALYSIS OF THE FLUE GAS..". 43
PROBWMS..........'. -...'-,. :...' i.'.'.. "' ""'' " ": :". "', " "' 47

60
62
62
62

62
78

Raw Sulfur Anatlsis' ".-.. ;...;-.. " " "'' " " " "' " "'' " " "'
b)t Catculations Based on Andsis
"'""""""""
of Bunrer G'as
HfzuTES":"""""."""",;'r"'
IRON
5.3 ROASTING OF
5.4 PRODUCTIGN OF H2S-O4 AND OLEI-llvl ' .'
,) Co.rt ct Process."...."-......'"" """"'.""'

81
81

82

84
86
90
90

' s.6 glsut,rrrr LIguoR

PRoDUCTIoIq " ............'.',.. 98

...,..,-.-.-..r........ I01
QR]BLEMS "....."..""......

SOLTD FIJEI-s

4.2

tra

SIJLFUR AT{E' TTS COMPOUNDS

5.1 SULFIJR- COMPOUNDS ,."..'."......'"..'."'"'':"

5.2 BURNiNG OF nXW SUFUR ""....."-,".'.....'...'-:...
a) Calculations Baslt' on

oa

t) ,,1,
Qr)

.....1..-."

4.6 COAL COMBUSRON WITH

PROBIf,MS

4.

NO

PR.OBTEMS

ANALYSIS OF FLUE GAS...'".,,....

rt

}l/iTH

CON,IBUSTIBLES LOSI' IN LHE RI;FUSE

49
CLASSIFICATION OF SOLID FUEIS
49
....,'..'.
"
"'
"
"
Fuels
"
" " " " " " :" "
a) Natural So1id
j"""""'
49
Fuels
""""
b).arUficia.l Solid
50
FUEI,S".J.............
ANALYSIS OF SOLID
50
a)' Proximate AnalYsis
50
"""'"."""""',:'
b) UlUmate AnaJysis
50

4.3 EMPIRICAL pguATioNS Oi{ coAL

AI{ALYSIS AND CAI'ruFIC VALUES "...". '
a) Dulong's Ponnula

ui caa.riood

Equauon '.......-...
COMBUSTION CAI'I,II.ATIONS .. "..

rrl

"'

PRODUCNON OF UME
6.1 LIME PRODUCilON .' "... :...;.,.....

6.2 O{-CL.IIATIONS BASED ON

6.3

"".... 51

51

5I
(e

\rii

r04

PREFACE
Dedicoted lo the Memory of nny
Mentor:
Prof,'sduardo M. Igqacio Jr.
Fuel combusUon consututes an tmportant
step in iilmosI aJry
t
is desired. Thus
tlre study of combusrion ls mosr impoi.*i;;;;;hivl,
"di-g.rreration
,t. r,.ra
of Chenri cal Engin eSring which ..,"o*p^"es
the Cn.rir.", i".#
It is for tliis ieason that this -o-ook has r..u pr*p*.il
lndultry
js the autlior:s objeclive rhat"rhror.rgh
It
t.h,; bil{irr. "Cir*,rr.or
Engir:eering student is provideci *"r"t
,.o , .'o*,.
concepts encountered rn fuer combustion"J""1"?
and r.e,ateJ- fro".."
indusbies' It is afso trre
book wilr'expose
{1thor's hope that this .of
tle student to a meth.odbJory
for the sojution
Stoichiometry
proble*rs that wiII developl6ls:6aiy,cal
minA anJ ir.fp f.,,1iu"f,l.
other related engineering problerns.
Fuel combuslion js such a vast and compiicated
topic that
Lhr's book can only cover thaf part
whjch oeas"m$: L"J., *or.
and volume reliaUons among fhe fuel, a:r inA pioJu.tu
of
combusLio," calcuration of heat ]osses are
a-lso ir"r.,Ju,l to
de[ermine ti:e arnount of heat avaj]able for power
-"ul,Ol
g.n._*trorr.
Di{ferent g,pes of fuelsUq"tri
6ar.
are described u,jthin
problem statements to famiiiarize the
stude,t n"ith l}eir srr;;;
and u-ses. ot,er proces.s indus.rres
;;;;;;;:;:,; U,:"_,
Bisulfite and Lime production ha,e been
"r; incrudecr
because of iheir
similan ty in stoi chi om etri c ca] c-ulai on.
*,i,
."",;;;;;'
Ttre approach of th-is book is rnturr);, .o,r,pr,u.o;;.;;;.roru
problems" irodr sample caicutatior*
Ld pir"r,".- rorri.il"-u rr,
ansl/ers have been lncruded to aid the studentf
in his
c-hemical process industry-wh*r*

O ur

Qre.at 1)esire is tfiat Eatfr One of

/ou
'lt'ttp tts 5{ts Eagerness to
En{,
so
tfie
ifrit tfie
Ifirryt you g{ope
for Witt Comz True.
.

9{e6. 6:17

-qrudy.

Although cornputauons are basicaly Materiai Balance calculauons,

tlle solution of problems have been further simpli-fied by diyiding
t /rern into cAsES or TypES each with u up..ifi"
irt)proach. The Systemi International (SI) ii appiied
"o*iotationai
rir";gh;;
Itt rlccordar:ce with the shjft from English Cusio-mary units to
SI
rrrrits worldu.ide.
It is the author s hope that this book lr.lil help not only the
(lhernical Engineerirrg student but also students
of ,trr**

Iirrflineering disciplinel as well as those pr.p*irrg

l,l r:enSure

i;, il;;

Exarninations.
tastly, acknowredgments have to be gpen to those wh. have
-lree, of great ngr,
i:: the_prepaiation of rhls book- To rry h";sband;
I)ean Alberto-laurito,,for providing arl the material
a,d moral
trrrpport and for pauently teaghing me all the
ireeded computer
s'{tware that have facilitated the p}epar:auo" *a-""*p"t.uon
of
grroblems; to the Iate prof. Bduaido
ro, rr.rra6;;
vrrlurninous notes in stpichionlebDr, ;"roy of which
have!.o*a*a
llre hasis foy the computational upprou."li pr.".oted in
uirJ"lx,
rrls. to both these people ror'taung-time to^review
this manuscript
rrrrl'.qrorriding usefuf suggesu"rr"" n',ully,
above ax, 1;t
wl,lehe?t.d grytttude to the Lard arrrgnty, and
whose Light, Guid,r(:e and lr:sp
lauon helped me to pu*I,,r.le all trrr:oJgnout the
1rt elraration of this book. I feel wtthout Hirn, this bborr
iouta- not
^-":
Irirvt: treen

ig';".,

CHAPTER

ilil

realit5r.

t)velyn R. Laurito

f,

INTRODUCTION
'fr

DEFINITION

'COIv{tsUSTIONis a unit pro.*ui in which oxidalion reaction

takes place. However not ait oxidation reactjons ar:e terrrjed as
c.qmblstion, e.g., oxidation of toluene tt: benzaldehyde, oxlclatiorr of h;rdrogen chloride to chlonne, etc are not normally ternred
processeq, Qqqlbustioq ]s a chbmical reiction in
": :u.rybustion
whigh
gne- of t}e rg"q,c(ants ii o"yg*r, f.om tt e ait and the other
an:e] {gaseous, iiq.ria, soiiffi_g,pusuqn-1s,1g,gomp_q4ied by
13
the evolution of ligh.t ana neat,6-d thus}und[smAa is g;";ra]Iy
:s:d in the generalion of heat to suppiy energltbtir-e"proeess-

industries.

I,2

COMPLETE COMBUSTION

The complete combustion of a fuel mezrns that a]l of its

combusubie components are gasified: all of the carbon
1',1,putever
forrn it may exjst in the fuel) jsbr:rned to carbor-i dioxjde: aJi of llie
hvdrogen js converted to water anei all sulfur to sulfur dioxide.

h.-

2,,

s-r-urr.ti i;CI\40.t.ii.,.

und ernorma-r oxidizing

conditJo:rs, furnace combi.rstion
rrrg pjace co:'r.sist o^f
tak_
gomprix
,;;J;r. ..o.i,o;;:;;, ;omputa_
riona-l puryoge_s of this
f,ooi.
v+L r.rL.,wEVCr,
rror."er, Lne
f.he IOilOwin$
fo,owing freacuons
.sl,ral] be conSjdeied.

HZS + 3/2:.fu,=,S02 + HZO

tu

(0.06)

t,,,,.

f.t

H2+1/2,Or=
S +Or = SO,
-l

n IJ

'r,4.t

Y"5

-ts',

complete combustio]r
of any organic fueJ is represented

'''ll*(')vs,

* r/2

[2w +x/2 +zz-;v] 02

=

(0.3)
s7

coz + x/2Hro + z So,

*:o

T.3 THEORETICAL OXYGEN

'l'rreoreticai
lrr r:'r
ll[Yl:('ll:

Met'rrod

l''r,l

o:rygen is the

o.lygen
r,rr' The.. *1il;,;;irr"o"ir
Yv

tt1ilt,

vr

l:

requirecr for compiete

corn_
\r('Lcrirli
rhe rheorerica,r

Method

d.;;;i"ing

The indivirruaJ^!aranced
tion of eac. comb,rsuul. equation for the oxidarlllntten. The rhdorericar grygen is the sum
ririi"the
oxl,ger: used jn
each complete combur;;;:

De-termine the theoretjcal

moles of dry a:r re_
qulred for the cornbusrl"".i"ne
more of refinery
gases contajnj:rg
6g6 ff"S, iqa l1r' 57o/o
C"LJ., 2;/a
cor.
";;'*t% cuH,,,.

/2 o,= H,o
I,:l
(0.05)

HrO

p^o|.ro
(

Solutioru
Basis I mole of gaseous fuel

C+or=Co,

IrvTt?onueroN

'

:do= 3 eO, + 4 HrO

+ t3/2 3, = 4 COz + 5 I{rO

",'',: ?.Y#}fff":

/2rc.05) + 5(0"5a

ru,,r(Q"so)

2:

of the fuel are broken down

Tg compo-nentsuto*"
rnro
: "llonorrairrg_
of carb,o;:";"r#;;["-

gen and moles of o4ygen present.

For .odpi*t.
combustion, each
c- i[uro** t more or;
"io-*- r
each atom sutfur requlres
mli. a",;;;.I,i*
H requires r /4 mole 0* Th;
the fuer is subtracted frn* ur..o, *?i1., ,r A: ,;
.."q"".LILq"
to give the theoretica-r o, from
air" The ralionare
behhd this is ti:at
!e{o!; ;, amount of O- is
tafren from the air, the
fuel frr_,
,n."/r*,
together wlth it. Thus:
"Oir?.,

l;il

cHAprE

(4) From Petroleum and oji shale

n By crachng (.Reflnerrr, Gas)
. By hydi:ogenaUon (Ort Cqs)
o By u'ater gas reacUon (Orl Go51
,r
ai nxjdauon tCrit Cas)

GASEOUS FUELS

(5) From Carl:ides wirh water (Aee{risn.1

(6) By Electrollzsjs wjttr eiectncity (FJr1

2.2
7. T CLASSIFiCATION GF GASEOUS
FUELS

fuels of value in Commerce inciude

,atural
';i:rr:ous gases, gases
Irvrl,',,,,,nrbon

manufactured solely for.use as fuels,

'rrrrl ;lirses obtajned as by-prod""i"^ or sr;me jndushes. The
lrrll,rrri'{ classificatiorr .of giseous r,-,ers
,"J"a""
o,
r oI nt I rf ,r-(,ia_l importance.

"r",_[."

a,r

VOLIJME MEASURENfiENT
temp erature, these coi

dtions'"i.""

when ttte volume of a gas js given.

Cas)

(2) Frorn peal_By CjstjllaLjo:r

or carbor:izaUon
(iJ) From CoaJ_By carbonizaUon
{Coal Cas)
" By gasificaUon
(j) in atr (Froducer Gas)
{iiJ in ajr arrd steam {Water
(::1 ,, O, a::ld stearr: (Lttrgi Gas)
Gas)
' By h-v*drogenation

.(peot Ga-s)

As a b1',-product of rhe redu cuo,.

of ores (Blasr
p.tmace
Gas)

b<

-J-"yj'

fJ rl::",ilt;

Cornrnon Conditions for Gas Vohrme Measurerqents

are:

I tan d :rd te,m p erature anci pre-ss r*re(s. t. p )

which is 0"C and 760 mnr FIg
Norrna.l Temperaturg and press-ti.rl (]rJ"fp)
, which is 3l|[a.:fig_g*g]trg. or
Q"c sla ?60 aAXt
Qlagdard Tgrlperature and kessure{STp)
which ts OO"F and S0' Hg or
15.56"C arrd 760 mm Hg
-,

,r) Natura.l
u,ith petroleum oi) deposils, wjth
^_*::"j:ited
"u. or
wirh
the
decay
of o4ganic ;i;..-*
,.\
::1itrlulac[ure
":r-" gases
t) rvr
(r ) From Woo_By disLillaUon
or carborrizatiou (Wood

ia

Drgcpldtrons mears no water vapor js presenl i,,r+,- !L ![-u't e!.n-dE-ons ireans r}re gas is sati:ratlo *ii-*r l]Y *t
at

.\t

STP

ScLturaiort
Partial Piessurq of w.arer ji.l gas
D
,qyur. rres_S..ur:
=
At padja.l Sa,iur:aUoq"
- \/rnn,pressurr
\/apor
=
r: (%Rll/ jO0)'

g*

water vapor

IN'lR(ji-rl.jCil0N z 5

I'

| ,\,unpie I by Method 2:
I rrrole of glseous fuel

tn1,

I "5 FERCENT EXCESS AIR

t1.r'.1,,

Llt tl .ta

A?S

!i

ATC

ATH

0.06

4.12

i!

:ry

0.1

r.71

In actual practice, theo::etical. ajr is not sufficjenl, to get

compl ete. combu sli on. Tw o_ob*iou s phen 0menon 0f in c'mplete
or parUal combustion a-re CO and H2 formation jn fire flue gas

and the presence of uhburrred eombustibles in the refuse fcrr

solid fuels. Excess air suppiy or eacess o2 supply is a r,ust ior
complete comblrstion" It js defined as follows:'- "
Excess Oz = Actual O, $ufnly - Theo O-

4.56
%

0.02

I ()o
',,

o.06

!l.J I

r.2a

9.00

oo,
L,JO

'7.78

06 + 7.78/4

4.02

0.0? = 4.gI S Ansu;er

assumed to be
i. r'r | -' ttrtl i' l'l'i, NZbyvolume. IV2in
airlsnon-combustible
a::d
-, r ..r, .r ,lllrrr,rrl lo the O2in thJa:r.
1

llrrnace js fir-ed with petroleurn

oil containing
lA%H,30lo S, t% N and 3o/o
rirc rnoles theoretjcd_] air requiieJ O. Deterrnlne
ior tHe com_
lrusLion of one kg of oi1:
,A

,'ioolr C,

'11i1,

iir',r t
i ,,i,r,,ll

,11

lt,i:;is:
;,,tt

Excess Ai-r

E-rcess O^

. -#-ua x l0ti
= ;-.:rneoreucal
!y_p1,:9 9z_ I:l_gz_ y

I I II II ()I\'I IICAL AIR FOR COMBUSTION

irrr r'1r'(ir
;rrr" is air.that
ri" "* rr' r| ( l')'rlAir fr-rrcombustio.,contains the exact aniount of
alarroqi.nsis

1,ty1,1,

7,0

- -7.

():t0

ilr-r !r,

0.02

I lg'of fuel

/ )') +

ojl

3/3; + t3/4' , rr, = 0.0991 7

,.1

ri.:;

r.i:ci.

Theo

0,

, orr

x5t (,z--

*. ,^n
----Supplied 0, - Excess O, ^ '"
The act,a-l Percentage Excess fur depe,crs on t.he fuer ,serr
for combustion. NormaJtygaseous fuels re qurre very rrt[le excess
or; liquid fuels require s'rlewhatmore vo excess o, depending o.
their characteristics; solid fi:els requrle maxirnum excess o...

i .6 INCOMPLETE COMEUSTION
Incon:plete combustion cf f'uel repr,eser:Ls a loss of heat
sincb thls should have Lieen given off foi ,ddruonal power use
had the fuel been complete.ry brur::t. IrrdicaLars of incomplete
ccimbustion are the presence of ccr, H" a-riri sool in the exhar:st
gas as well as urrburned combustjbl6s nr Lhe relusr.

r-r'l"r.rlr.:;iO;riEi-li)'

T]-ie Vann- D.-^^.---Dquerion il6ffi:::.:t

bl

usins Anroine,s

""'*ruted

Total
B

lqgVp=A*
u,ll(jre \,? is

l,irr.rvarcr

in mm Hg: T js jn

"C
A= 7.9668f B
=-iois.z,

Ca-ionfic Value

ci22g

CALORI'r]C..V4IU-ES

ir) 'lhe balorific

i,r Si a,-e exf.1e;sed

9l u ,JCr (MJi dry
basis"Tjf..
rku75-sMl']r Gooc-ieq=d
[g',,0

roeB
'-::-t
Lruiu

_O.E

G4SEOUS FUETS

v;alue) o1'a rirer is rhe

given off bv the compJete
hear
'j].'- "."t
oirnousii.;;
;;'::-',]
a unjl quanUry
,rf the fuei &t sonre rcfa-o^^^ -rsUorr of
t.", p.r" r,l *"
tclnperature *
Ill.I."as". 2s"c
^
"::
;";;.;:::[T
;rrrrbient air lemperati.rre
ffiI.:,.,,:*en
may be used).

;*:S:::rT

ff

;l;;

tC i,a_lue jS
^al^.+tri^
,,
u,hether ir js rhe GCV or Hivg, a OrOblern WjthOUt SpeCrfung
ti-ri XCri"lr ff"y n. assumed
to be rhe
Valut
,t-,"'in,.'r*rue
which
is
usua,rr
3;'"":,.t"orific
"irr..

Exaryle /: Calculate the gross

and net
value of a
natural gas at- 25"C which calorific
has
the
foiloio:ns
composition:

h#f#.?

89.40/o

"'

of Calorjfic Values
calo^fic
tGc\'1 or Higher r{calins-va,ue
,?l;?il

v;;;

falo,nfic Va.lue measurecl when rvater formerl by

r'rrrbustion
is,.r t1;jr#;tilnen
,,., Nct
(',')
Nt't
C;rln;t';^
caloririe \r-r..- -. ri?^i n

Y;*:*:::..:;#:::L"
*

a)

MJllorol

b)

kcal/gmol

n'l

d)

MJ/ks
MJrdry

e)

MJ/SCM

tins varue (LFrvl

;" x:I;,.?tr
.,rnbustjon
;I.T# l'lis in.
r,r:
tle *"lliq"
g.;.;;; ;;;.,

J:iY

Solulion Basis:

SCM

igmoi of natur-al

|t:;(,ol:S Mt_XtUfeS
Hc,MJ/
kmol

lrllr. ll(,j = Heat of

CombusLjon cf qornp6nent
r
rrj

CH., S% C.,H^" ,.gri;;';'*

Zrt io, .,0 Jdi,ii.

0.40/a i-CoHio, 0.60;6 n.C.,H

,a" a
llf :

'l'y1.rcs

l,i

i-atent Heat of Cr.:ndensaUon

44.04 M.l/lqmot of flp**-.,

\.f,,ffient .i7

r..I

Ir =
=

rvhere

C+T

{Refer to ,Appendix l)
mole fracli ii ofgaseolts
con-ljlollerrt

, , ,,* *-*

CH,

0.894

u^I-t^
'*:l'

'8

j-a ri

inxr{c

o<

796.5I

0.05

l 560.92

78.05

0.019

)ni1 i.

tt r)

0.0c).{

.ROn

gas

GASiOI rS Ftiir_-.I.S I I I

-)

ji rl

rr-C 4H l0

0.006

( l()z

0.007

I!,,

r
------T! n x. H" I .,rr-r
I Hc,MJi

ss

I
I

ni
*',*

0.06

0.02

'2j l,ie(

ToLal rnoles wat"er formed

NC\'= GCV -

t28
945.52

4.12s1

Cairirjfrc: Vialue

- atli/2 = 4:l2B12

Moles Water frorn Fuel Combustion

Total Moles of Frrel

wtrere

x Lc c,f Warr:r

k = Latent Heat of Condensatinn

=

I8.088

= L.A64 kg rno)

44.04 MJ/i(,gmol af HZO

a) MJllginol = 945.52 - (2.064/t) (44041 = 854.62

nvcrage molecular weisht of
the as = 18.088 kglksmot
l/ Gross Calorific Value
a) MJllgrnot = 945.5?

b) kcal/gmol =
c)"

LLUIL'L

(i)

52::

MJ i dSClv{=94_5-i2

(1/1B.0BB)

MJ

:kgmol.

:945_i2 [0+]21

= i9 9i

224m3 "

.A.ns

b)
=

n{' ,. ks moi
I\4, r/ scM
=,
-. 273
kg.mol " 224m{ '- ;73;1556
. , .= 9qSS2 x i,O4t4V,
=

3C2t .{\,S

36"06

13.i mm

Hg

zb0 - 131
760

If data,n air (0/o exccss air or arnoJ,t o[ air supp]jerl) is

gi\/en togelhtr r.rrith lhe degree of cr_rrn;rletiorr of {.he
reaction, the follovr.i;tg can be ca_lcr_riated:
(l) Analysis iOr-_qat or CompleteJ of i_he prociur:ts r:l
corntrustjorr ca_lled [he flue gases or {lre stack gases.
These-$!.ses are rronr:ally CL)r, CO. SO" l_{, frce
02, li, zLnd i-1,O. Orsat aralvsis of tie gas ir j_,ll u,-il Coe*=
noi. ili,c;1ude r,,'ater.
1:r

* Q,

't...,

'r

r1r;; ;1r<1j'I iq

?,: i'i ,',ii l" ';71

it fr,lrrr ,i,r' + N. Ir-,,r1 l,,i.l
rrtoist.Ll.c frOl: i'ucl ; irriJt\[urr-. llOrlr ;t i.

= :i::::

Ij^() =

b-

47"28

CAI-CIJLATIONS BAsED Or.J FUEI ANALYSIS

{CASE U
a) Fronr the cornplete anirlysrs ol the rLietr. ihr rhcr:rerical
o,a:!'gfn and Lj'le calorific va_lue ca;r he rjelerrrrined.

273+ l-i.56

\lP = 7.96683 - 1668.2 l/{228+l

r.56)

MJ/kg = 854.62/t8.0BB =

2.4

213

(') Al_ l5.S6"C using Altoine

Equalion:
lrr;f

/4.18? = 204 tl

e) MJTSCM = 854.62 lO.O4I4Tl = 35.44

q1 17
=

o*o,.

62

d) MJIdSCM = 854.62 10.04221=

li) kcd/gmot = g45.5, x (t/A.lB7) )nR aa

=
r:) [4r r}u = 945

S54

. ii,O ionned

/l-orrr r:ornburslroLr

ol

l't.r e

..,s;ij()lis

Air-fuel Ratio

at Ca-rton = 2
at Hydrogen = 6

Stack gas-Fuel ralio

,,11."*1, effictencl, of combustion
ca_n be ca-lculated
of rhe rr-r er ald t_rr.
y
1,,,i:: f:".-"- :*:
: :_T ".
l.:;.ses,
-neglecling heat input from the il;;
tlrr:nnal
.. ..,.* urrrLrcrrLy
elficiency
{.rr
of uornouslron
combuslion rneasu:
"?,
measures % of the
.Itrirt
from the fuel that can ta rsJ to por,..rt"
-,
.

;";;;;

CO, formed = lotal a[ C = 2

I{rO fornled = at H/2 = 612 =
Free O, = e-xcess A, = 0.7

al

i"; ;;;

Moles
2
0"7
15,8

GA.S

CO,
o2
N2'

b)

10.81

3.78
85.41

kg dry ak/kgfuel =

il11i*8)A!l = 1e.33 ANS

t)
:3

c) ei9sry = !1?--'ljjl??9:#r 1#fkg

ettrane

-10

= 1671 ANS

r: Hasis: I kgnrole stia:ie or 30 kg ethane

d)

ToLa-l

rnol:s of comhusUon products = 18"5 + 3 =

101325 273+404

AIR

Stack
tnno

m3 stackgas

kg etlnne

100 KPa

RIlilFqiFF

'Pt

EVtiitd_:\

P*,

:i0

moles *'aler
tota.l moles

--r,
qr.

i't,re !-

tl,,

-ll'
.j,i..

:i..
+6.

#
{

-yt.

&i.

h-

,AJ\JS

Vo

18"5

substantiall), ciry. Calculate;

a) Orsat analysis of tl-re products ,rf cornbu
bl F.dl, li, :,-:pp1ierJ,/kg of luel.gas
c) Cnbic r::il.*;-s c{ ur/kg ethane
d) .Cr-rbic rr)rll,ir-s of tiie prodrrcts of
ilreasr_ri-cd i,rl, 400,,C, 100 kpa/kg
cl P;ritial prcs.suIL: oi wa(er in fh.:=
cofitbu stj,:n

ttrr,r

Orsat ,AnalSzsis of Cornbustjon Prociucts

L,rtrtltl(' 2: pure etha:lje is burned completely

in 20o/o
ajr. Air ts sr-roplied at 25"C, V4O lorrs arrd

tlt

2-614=3.5

Theo C), = at C + aL H/4 - moies

)Css O, = 3.5(.2) = 0.7
O, f.rom air = q"5 + O.7 = Art
\ frorn alr = 4.2 179121) = 15"8

r';rlcrrlatiorrs is rj:e DEW pAINTof

tlte flue gas. *I!r."ti
I I u r-moistr:-re present jn
tJ.e gas, the nilne. is lts dew poJni
ll tlre flue gases are cooled below fie Oew point. H,
,,1,1]:].:':1..:1d rnav ciissorve
Co, a.nd So, Lo
l'lr.se acids *. .o..o=ir,* uoJ r?;;
;;r;O*

ft

e)

Ptv .,

00 x (3/21.51

13 953 k-Pa ANS

2.i".5

l4

ltr )tctitoMETi<l

ilAstr()L;S i''i.;h.if,

l'lrrrnple 3; Pure met-hane is bur:ie,J with 40% excess ajr al,rj

25o/o of its carton conlent is converted to CO the
rest to COr. 9Or/o of ils hydrogen bums to rvater,
the rest remains as unbumed Hr. Air supplied is
at 23oC; 758 mm Hg urith 800/o RH, Calculate:
a) Orsat analysis of the combustion products
b) m' of air suppited per kg.methane
c) ms of combustion products at 35OoC ald
riormal barometric prEssure per kg metftane.
.$olutton.' Basis:

aJ

Orsat Analvsis

ANS
o/a

moles
0.75
0.25
0.20
i.0?5
to5_t8
12.758

GAS

CO,
CO
H2

o2
N2

I Ig mole metharie

at 23"C, log \rF = 7.9668i -

5"88
1.96
1.57
8"03

82.56

1668 2lll228+23): VP = 20'82

'
moles water from air

AIR

1 atm
b)

x'ss O, = 0.4(2) = 0.8

(), frorn anr = 2 + 0.8 = ?.8
'. ''
N., from ur = 2"8 x (79121) = 10.533
()t.) icL;neC = 0.25 x I + rJ.25
ion,-red = I - 0.25 = C 7i
Ilnbumed H, = ().1 x (4/2) = 0.2
,l IrC fc:'inei = 0.! .t i'i,i2) = l.E
lit'c r), = 0.3 t" '\ii.2':i)-i +-{,lt:i2)

,r' ait

(z a*tos::+0.30i)x 22

4Y9,31lI

l6

kg methane

'
\
?^
''^
Gas 112758+210),)x224x
m'Comb
16
kg metha-ne

'l'lreoOr=l+1/4=2

(l(t

u.

- = 0'30I
--"''-:"'"'
758 - 20.92(.8)

moles waler jn cotlbustioir produe:ts = C'301 + i "B = 2.101

;rtC=l
--

)n or{n s)

=20.75 ANS

Fuel
cH+

Iil
l1

(2,8+10.533) *

3500C
Bt.iRNER

,.+
.lt

Stack Gas

230C
758 mm t-{g
40 o,/o x'ss

/ l5

l.C)25

273-35(r

-27J__

= 47 47 ANS

2.5 CALORIFIC VALUE LOSSE5

al CaJori{lc Va-iue loss due to irlcomplelr combr-rst-ion
Th'epresenceofUnbumedComlrL:srib]esco]lsliLtltea
calonfic \/a,lue l,oss: had iJ.]ese sui:slalces bee;r comlllg't-e,iv
br:rned, t,irev would have ,{iven olf addiUonal heirt(1) due to CO = mr:lqs CO lr:rmed x 283 18 MJ/kgino)e
izj dr-re. lo Hu = rnoles H" forned x 286'03 M'likgmoi

ll
lrt

z:;'rc_rrcntoMETRr,

Crrjoriflc Va-iue loss dr_re

to sensible heat
part of the
generateJ uy fuer conrbusuon

ll,f#::ases *hi"h r.u*-i',"

^heat

CV ]oss due to Sensible

Heat =

r:

;h;;;;;

rx

(Cpl1000)

GA-sEous

is absorbed
n,gn

"i,.,1.,

x (le_To)

where T^- =
of stack gas, .C
TX = femprafrrre
assumed
+!vs ur
as au
2S,c
cp = specific heJt, rollrgmolK

6affi-[*#,"re,

Refer to Appendix

for

_ -rtT2 + D

A, B, C and

/(TiTr)

.D

T, = & +273 : = to *zzi':L f (ir+7,)/2

1
(';rlorific
ll
Value lost due to Uncondensed
Wrrter Vapor
(:V I,,ss due to
Uncondens;J;;;
rrroles water from cornbusuon
i-n+.On MJllanoj
l"rrrtrtple 4: A blast
gas analyz ing 2Tok CO, t2o/o
lyi"l.-.
CO,
,oro ,r^:,.y.
CfJ*,-and S+ilo N, at 2S"C alrd gg
kpa
and situratea .Lth ,rt.r rrupor
is burned in l$a/o
excess air. Ai1 is supplied
a[ 30"C,.ZOZ to_" ,ra
a_lso saturated wjih *rt... g0%
of tfiei"t.J
jn t1.e fuel js converted
to CO, tir. ,;; "iU",
JJCO.
Moiar ratjo
js t:4 jn t6e
,*.i.i.i,
:iil to COZSb
leaves at 200"dana
"a.L!*
,oI;.s. Calculaie:

a) Orsat ,r-,aylis of tht slack

b) air-fuel raUo by vclume
c) moles stack gasrzmole fuel

gr.s

dJ Gross Calonfic Value of

the fuei jn KJISCM
e) 9,6 of Lhe calor]fic valrie losi
jl r,rnbumi combustibles due lo
jj) uncondensed u,ater vapor

:l

:iri se;ts;irll hc,;,i

.,::;l.j ,.tl.:i:jer,ci.

-,1

kg mole dr-y Blast Furnace

AIR
300c
762 mm Hg
sat'd

750 mm Hg

BURNER
Riast Furnace Gas
(25"C, 98'trpa, srltd)
27o/o CA

I2o/o CO,
2o/o

H,

570 CHo
54o/o N,

Gas mole

co 0.27
co, 0.12

P,2
c[{{

at e
0"27

1t"

,nole O,

0"04

i.,,

0:1 35

a.tz

0.02

0.05

.0.05

\,
0.24

0.44

R eEq

Tt1 o, 10aa+{0"24/4)
0.15 x 0.245

-0.2sb- =a"24s.
= 0.03675
from air = 0.245 + 0,03575 O.:AiZS
N, from air = 0.28t Zb :, ,.Tg/it)=
= l G'
=
Il"1o,
O,

C ccr:r,erted to CO, = 0.g x A.44

: - = 0 396
C conveded
!o CO = {J.044

,
Hr_unburned = 0.044 x (ti4)
= .011
HrCJ formed = (0.24/2),
0li = "109
+ (.aaa/2) i
f".
N, =?"=-.03675
N, Irom fuel * N.,
cl
-=.:r.i+l.Ub=1fi

Ga-s

Stack Gas
2000c

Fuel

Cp

T.1y be esiimared by:

cp /g.sl4 = A * BL * i/
s(sr^_T2

Soh:fu:ru Basis:

ruals

(,0r--'-'
1/2)

frorn.ai:.

06425

l7

l6

i9
Analysis AN*s
Gas

e)

moLe

CO,
CO

o?.
N,

i)

o/a

0.396
4.a44
0.o11
0.06425
t.r)

H2

18.72

0.52
3.04
75.64

% CV iost due to H,

iJ)

fuei

23"6

98 x 760

GAS
CO,
CO

mole

Cp

41.89
29.6V

o2

4.a44
0.01I
0.06425

28.85
30.54

N2

1.6

20

-nn?a

HrO

0"2002

34.21

23.61
o/o

air = (1.06 + .28175) * -*:l',687-=

(toe + 28)15 +0.-s82]\ x

ilt illr

rrr' firel

(r + o::) *

760 213 + :O
-- - -,
126
2i3_*

i01.325

273 + 25

98

273

iji)

,l)

(;('\./ =

+ 0.C2(286.C3i - 0UJi5l0.g5)
726.23 |IJlkgmol
c:t' )26.7?,{C.O414Zl
= 5.2S ivI._r/S{t}4

"14"U4

2.Z4ls

100 = 2.48% "ANS

16.59
1.3

ne,
1"

+/

2,1

96
u5

.6.86
74.A8 kJlK,

2:)

100 =

Thermai Elficiency

=
=

Exctmple 5:-cozil Gas

i00 = 3 79

7A.23o/o

10Cl - tg.g3 +
73.670,/o ,sJ{S

A-NS

2.48

10.28 + S.79)

ai .r5"c, 760 rr:rzs a-nr-J sa(uraled

r,vrrr]-r

u'al_er vap,or is

buri:ed l:r a fui-rrace. Alr wjlh 6002i

RH js supplidel at iie lale of S.l rn2/ m,,coal gas
aild eniers at the sixnf Leil.tljcr.3ture ;l-nd
;trrssure
as lhe coal ga.s. I*he r:r;al .q;r.; ;rn;-il-\.zcs ) 4, a()

2.7a/o C",11.., 0.79/aA-. S Sq4,'

h.

ANS

CY loss due lo Uncondensed Water Vapor

126 13

fJ

+ A.2AO2)l }.033 =

o/o

0 109 x

l(,lirl waler in stack Eas = 0.1C9+O.tr33+0.05g2 0.2OC2

=

rl Mrrlt:slackgas/rno1e fuel = {2.JtSZb

iooo)(2oo

1261'l

= LJ./.y

(-'.)7t233.181

9.811%

CV loss dr"re to ser:sible heat

_!+.osl

(].05g2

7b2* 3t.68i

.
l,)

g?]Ii8lryl

0.396

H,

101325 -

Mtrlc:s water from

l./.O. I )

25,C logVP = 7.96683 - 1668.21iQ28+2$1

, VP 23.61
ll0"c log"v? = 7.96681 - 1668.21/(228+30) ; VP =
=31.687

Mrrles water from

% cv josr dr,re Lo co *0'044(283 l8) x 100 =

1.2613

2.CB

21 15%

nt

Ca-ior-iiic Value l.osses

CrJ

53 2()/,,H". 2g 6jt,

,lllMl:.lJ'R'iJ

clAst<.rrisl

arld 6.670 Nr.

ratro of CO, to CO
jn thegtack gasj: ]e.mofar
iO:i. Ail ttre H, jn the fuet is

t'urus /

21

CHo,

bumed to water. The stackgas tea.res

at 4O0"C and
a) %o

Moles of Dr1

Coa.l

- 12/a4

224

excess air

Olsat Analysis of the stack gas

ms qtack gat/m3 of coal gasd) Dew Point of the stack gL

'160

2'73

213

15

416.14

b)
c)

Moles water frorn coal Eas 416.14 x (12"64/76A) = 7.A4

=

10000 m3 of coal gas

r'rt"ri'/1f coal gas

Stack Gas
4000c

soc

/(i0 torrs
fio % RH

17"24

o2
CO

2.91

atH

mole 0,
C.O*)

22.48
24"74

CHn

24.14
221.39
123.18

N,

zt.+t

-:,-_,

2.9r
]2"07
442.78

Moles dry air = 2412.1I

]OAL GAS

(t s.c, 760
l.4o/o CO.

torrs, satd)

123.18

492"72

I75.63

957"98

20.81

x [760 t2

G4("6)ll16CI = 2388.04

Moies O, from air = 0.21 -x 2388.04 = 501.4g

Moies \ from air = 0.79 x 2388.04 = 1886.55
Moles water from air = 2412"11 - 2388.04 = 24"A2

2.7o/o crH,
O.7o/o O,

l;.8% co

I\

29.60/o CHo
ti.6olo \

7o excess O,

Al lir'C- logl? = 7.g66g3

VP

-s0t.49

394.32

--JX;;-*-

I00 = 27.19

ANS

CO, formed = il0/11) x 175.63 = I59.66

CO formed = {7/11j x 175.63 = f1EJ.-1lF I

\/olrrrrrc of air = 87000 mj

L_

C,H,

atC

theo 0, = 175.63 + (9tr7.98/4) - 20.81 = 394.32

Moles wet a:r = 57000 x (I/'22.4 x ZTB/ {2TB+LS) = 24tZ 1t

Fuel

53.2o/o

J.6J

100 kPa

BURhJER

CO,

H,

AIR
1

GAS

12.54 rl:rr

1668.21
Hcr

/(22t+15)

Free O, = [501.49 -394"32] + {15.97/2) = 115

Nr,

-.

'27

.17 + 1ti,50.55 -- I914

(12

16

HIOMI!TilY

;A_sEous iunus z 23

Analys.is ANS
c) .

,n

GAS
CO,

o/o

159.66
15.97
I 15.16
1914.02
22A4:91

co
o3

N,

7.24
0.72'
5.23
86.81

= 478.gg +

24.A2

I rta.k
C08J gas

d)
e)

Exarnpte 6. A pure saturated hydrocarbon (C"Hr"-) is bumed

with e.ycess air" Orsat anaiysis of'tiiiiproOucts of
combustjor.r shows 9.08% COr, I.630/o CO, S.2Bo/o
O, and no'ftee Hr. CaJcutate:-'

+ 2.04 = 510.I

l0li25
100
1000
-

(2204.81+ 5I0.i,) x 2/.4 x

= I5.i9 AIttrS

tb.r" This

burn H, to water, and w.as not accotrnted sirrce

water js not included jn the orsat anaJysis.
lAtten losses of eombusUble matter such as sdot are small.
a1i the Carbon in the fuel are accounted for in the stack gas.
The ADTIII{DROGENis t}re hl"drogen in the fuei that useJ O,
from airfor combustion. The net hydrogen is equai to the totai
hydrogen in the fuel if no Or. is present in the fuei.
O, was r-rsed to

water from combustion = 9:57.g2/2 47g.gg

=
,moles water

An O" baiance will deterrnine the O, unaccounted

213

400

a) The fomrula of tfre hyclrocarbon

o/o excess air
c) ry dry atr/YS of hydroca-rbon

z't3

b)

Scrlufion-' Basis: 100 kg moles dry stack gas

Prebsure water

in

SG =

I00x5l0.I

,z

(2204.81+510.1)

= 18.79 kpa or 140.94 mm Hg

,lt Antolne Equalion:
log t+o.s+ = 7.goo8rT = 58.74"C

58.74'C

9.089/0 CO,
1.630/o CO
5.2gak 02

AIR
1668.21 /(228+1)

BURNER

ANS

'!:

Eill

TIONS BASED ON FLUE GAS ANALYSIS

tn.the fuet is neglig]ble, the N, in rhe flue

gasmal,
ic be all comil$ lrom 'aj..'

turned

lE O" mav be computeci as:

O, = frt'e C^ - (CO/2) - (h

/?.)

'r\
H
un"zr,r2
By dilierenCe: %-N, in the stack gas = 84.01
C" {rom air = 84.01 x {21/79) = 22.33
O, unaccounted for =22.33 - (9.08 + ).63/2 + 5.28) = 7.16
net I-1, = H., iit the fuel = 7.16 x 2 = 14.32
I otaj at H in the fuel - 14.32 x 2 = 28.64

lllC)t'di:ltiy

l,t, C
r,t

in tj:e fu,el = 9.0g .r i.63 = i0,71

10.7t n

ft H
n

GASAL'IIS FL.iEI^S 12i

O, from ajr = 82.69 x {2I/79) = 2L9B

Xss O, = 5.43 - (1.37/2) - (0.69/2) =

28.64 2n + Z
=-

2.965

or

a)

9z= 5.28 - 1.63/2 = +.+O-S

A.j\S

alr = [ 4.465/ i ZZ.eS-+.q6S)]

_Egl.
"g
.c =- (ro.zi)irrlx[

taO

21o/o ANS

12.33)

tr;

= 7e'62 Ans

t:

torrs

at

BURNER

atH

2J<.

2;t

4y

o/o
o/o

CrHr=

13"2

CH; -- [4.79

I 8.2+4.79)j x i00 = 4O.OSa/o

/ (3.2+a.79) J x I00 = 59.957o

At 26"C logVP = 7.9668i - t668.211(228+26)

Vp = 25.06 mm Hg

gas

9.82o/o

%RH

CHn

x
v

Stock Gos

28OC

qrr,

moles

Moies #ater from air = (2L98+82.69) x

AIR

Fuel

Cbalance: '2x
b+y = 11.19
+ 4y = 25.56
balance:
SoMng simultameously: k = 3.2 and y = 479

a:r
b) M^ole o/o composjtion of the gaseous fuei
c) m3 wet air supplied at 26"C, zls torrs Ai zovo
RH per kg_ of fuel

j00 rnoles dry bumer

GAS

lI

7o excess

Jasis:

(2l..gS-4"4)J

C,H,
CI{o

t,

r
t

a)

100 = 250"/a ANS

+
19.82 (t.32 /2)+ 5.43, = 6.045
Moles net H, burned to water = 6"045 x 2 = .12"'Ag
Total moles I{, in fuel = 12.09 + 0.69 = L2.78 or.25.56 at H
Total at C =.5.82 + 1.37 = 11.19
I-et x = moles CrH, and y = moles CI{+

Orsat analysis of the stack gas from ttre combusUon of a gaseous mixture of acetlzlen. ,ort
metlrane shows 9.82:(.Q9r,_i.SZ o/o CO, 0.69ohHr,,
5.43% 0, ai-rd 82.6g0/o lVri O.t.r*irr.,'

orcess O, = [4.4

O"/.unaccounted for = 21.98

I of the hydrocarbon: CrHr

qtr

o/o

CC,

7.37a/o CO

o.69

H2

5.43o/o O,

82.69% N,

4.4

m-" wet
n.r
'
U,,

kg

ANS

25.ad01)
76s-2s"0q.1)

273+26
\-i'98 + 8296) x22'4;* " -ilr=air {eroerqooe\.,nnn76a

fuel

4.79(16) + 3./.2.6)

= 16.335 ANS

= 2.457

i_:;:ljili)lt< F'tii:)iS 7 !:..i

+l
I't
I

f-,qlci"rlA]-ig}ru5 BASE# Snxl FAfiTIAL

a)

ANALITSIS CrF FLUE GAS {CASE $iU

lr,,rrr iht: conrplere ana-lysis uI rhe fuei, rhe theoreUca-l O, carr
Irr ,llrcrrnirreC: O, ar-rd \ from air can be *pressecl ln tern:s
rrl llrr: Li-reoretic::J O, ald tire i,rnknown excess Cr.
r ,rrlror) is used as a Lie subsLance to relrrte the fuel u,jth the
,rl ,rr'lt
ACIS

b)

/\tR

r_\y_-

il

L__r

co,

Exasr1r.te

.l II

1.550/o CO,

400

C,l"lr,.

{.\000/4) = 650

I rl .:
-r'ss O,
() irr,lg1 air= x+650
l'J, lrorrr ;'rr " [-r , CSC] l'iCi2 rl
0
Ir lr ( ) irr st;rck flils = x

o/c

txcess air
Complete analysis of the stack gas
c) Dew poinl of the stack gas

Soluhon: Basis: 100 kgrncles qaseous

AIR
-,c0n
LZV
/ bJ IOrrs

fr.:e]

Rl

Stack Gas t3.16Bit CA"

I

l ' ,

,l

tit(l
l,

{,

:rl

{22'C. 763 torrs, satd)

I2a/o O(),

0.4olo CrH*
20.9a/o Ca

(t,l , r.:, , :,olr l ijt*r, :,1;rt:Ii ,q:ts)

r'l'

1) .lri iri.l]

'

:r5

6% Il,

l|()'ir ( )i

1,,? (')ori, l^i,,

400CIC
735

^^
^/
bU
70 Kt-1

---

llr

3"75

84"70

I r)

llrcr, ( )., .. 400

tttr,l,

"11.55

hi

--J

ttlltttttr: i'ji,t:;is: j00 moles

r,,,1,,i

ttk

pressure as the fuel" The cornpr:silion of the fuel

shows 9 "20"6 CA 0 "4a''A CzH +" 2A.9o/a CO, 1 5. 6% I{r'
",
1.970 CHo, and 527oNr. The stack gas leaves at
40ffC and 735 mm Hg ard contalns 13.160/tr CO,
anC I .84o/o CO on a dry basis. Calculate:

EUR'{ER

--)'
Fuel I

= 11.0ti94 ,A-liS

9: A gaseous fuel at 22"i:, 763 terrs arttl saturzited

:with watervapor is hurned witir txcess air. fu:"u'lttt
60q/o RH is supplied at the same temperature and

a)

(100)

3463.2

Gcs
^r
--->- Sfcck
1

129.77
2933.43

02
N"

xcess

GAS

' 8: Ttie buming of pure butate wjlh excess air gjves

: stac!: ga-s';;hich anialvzes ii.55?o CO, on a dry
basi ::. Assu min g c ornplete cornbu stj on, calcu late :
a) 7o excess ajr
b) Cornptetc orsal aLta-lvs,: of the stack gas

.,1111;,f1

C, = il29.7Vi65Aj
Orsat Anaiysls ,aNS

0/s

In

ti:im

.L.g4o,/o

CO

GA:titoLls

(iAS
|'r )
t,rll{
('( I
il,,
1,ltr
Nj

() .)

"."

0.4
2O.g

AtC

at

9.2
0.8
20.9

i.

15.6

l'lrrr r), = 112.8 +

molesO2

HrC from combusUon = 40.4/2 20.2

=
Total water in sia.ck flas = 2g.2 + 2"4llg + 2.647
= 25.285

9.2.
-t10.45

3t.2

l.g
52

tri

1.9

7.6

ca

40"4

CompJete analysis of Stack Gas AJ,iS

b)
'

GAS

(4O.4/4)

N,
HrO

0.I5(moles DSGJ = 32 g
rnoles DSG = 21g.67
*
ttlrrft:s
99, ," DSG .T3Itj x 2tg.67 2g.TZ
Irrrrlcs CO in DSG .01g4 x 218,6i =
=
= 4.022

lrrt,Or=yi@"A2:j/2)
f)2 + (y+23.2510t /?.t)

El

+ 4-023+ y + (4.02 t/2)

t U + 23.25)(19/21)

i2

9.324

o,_= {9.324 /zs.2il) x r00 4l.to/o

l'l
::1.11..,?
=
At'.)'_'"t)
Iog\,P= 7.9668I _ r658.2i;e2g+22)
: !?= 19.5775
ll,r ) i111111 fuel = 166, *_-19 jI2 _= rsol
153

A.2

243t

25285

irl.4

i,,

Antoine EquaUon:
Iog 76.18 = 7.966g1
T = 46.2 "C

t'
r.
[']

t,

DE\Y Point

4G.2

677si 6s)

76s-r9577s(55)

1668.21/ (228 + T

.C flts

PROBLEMS

i"

Ca-lculate the orsat ama_lysjs of tJre products

of combusUon

upon buinir.g pure hexane unth -Sg%o excess ;;

,f;---^
a) Combusr_jon is cornpiefe
Anstuer: t0"tB%CO;, 6 l39o O^
bl 85% of rt e C bu:rrs [o COr. rhe iest to C(), moia] mtio
o/'H, to C0 js l:2.
Ansu:er: 8.49o/o COr,

'\,

1 r.q

Parilal Pressure of HrO in SG ZB5 x (2S"2BS/248.}54)

=
= 26.18

_ 19.6;1 5

/^ ^
ll,r r 1,(;ri; ari _ (9.32a + 2325)

4.64
"2

i.

c)

Itf ir i lr;rl:
,,).t
u.(;7 _ 2f...?7

11"79
1.65

243.9s4

1,,,1.

N,

28.77
4.423
11.336
174.54

CO
o2

19.65 = 23.25

el y cxcess 02
I l{ lrr}rl irr'r ,= y + 23-25
N, lt,trrr air - (1' + 23.25) x (7g/2I)

t'

%a.

CO,

r9.65

Al

i.ulits / 2g

1.89/n CO

The s5.nthesis of melhare enrjcherj gas fr"om waier gas

a promislng sr:lutir:n to *ie probiem of hydrocib,onis
shorta.{es in t}e f1-rtu1e ln one sich,prccess"
the folouang
gas composiUon is obtained. 34%o melliar
e. 3a/oCO, l:9)i
CO, 39%o-I-{r, *,g }3ozo Nr" Detennine ftre gross
cijor-tfic
va}re and net ca.lorific .,*ue cf itre gas in:

CtA:.J:r.li. lsj
l'vl, l./lc.{rnoi
lr, ,rl,/ll$nol
[4.1,u rISCM
N.l,

Airs: GCV; 443.62

398.5
106:43
15.82

106.43
18.8
18.48

r/scM

ei m' slacl( gas{}00 kPa; 300'C),r100 s:cles dry

(r 7036.8r

(263.39)

e) % Calorific Value iost due

il nllr(.llr: Natural Cas (SNC from a US based planl) has

I lrr. rrrr rl;rr composilion: 96.59o/o CHn l.2go/oH,
0.22o/o CO
I t)% CO,. Calculare ute CCt'ana ruCff'r",
l\4,1/kgmol
ArLs: {864.ffi : 779.24)
hr';rllkg
Itr';rlISCM

a1n^r

(8566.04)

lr)

!)5)

11.-;,1

6.
l,:

I
t

andysis of stack gas

b)

p115,1i66

of CO. A f.vpical composition sitows 4.Zo/o COr"

arid 4.50lo\. If biue water g*.

.rt ',llr"(1, 745 torrs ard 90olo RH is bumed in *,et -ax, 3Oo/o
rr (.xc(_^ss, supplied at ttre sarne condilions as BWG with
l:"" r. Iil i. CaJCuiaLe:
,r) ( )rsat mab,sis of ihe stackgas if lhe rnoia-rrario of CO,
l,: (lJ l'8: I-1, tc CO is l:4
490/0 ts2,0.8% CH4

/ir.er il l.5,lozo CO", .l 41o4CO)

t,l

rn

ir-ir/nr3 BWG

l'). i',t.\

B3o/o)

Or:sat ana-lysis of Lhe st.ack gas (400"C,760 torrsJ iI

of C bums to CO.r; all ll, hums to Hr0.

il co

rlrrl W;ricr Gas js oblalneci by passing stcatn over reci hot

r ,r lx rr r cnricheC coal (cokeJ. The gas is called -Blue'. water
1,,r,, lrr:cause of its blue liar::e] a characterjstic of the
I

l"i, (]O,

172"9o/rfi

859/o

Ans: (5.3370COr, 0.9a%,CO)

c) GCV in MJ/kgrnoi t3gl.68)
d) % calorific value iost due Lo:

tl,:10.66)

r r1 11f

u2)

Carburetted watergas is produr:ed in tl:e san)e way as Lrlue

waler gas except Lhat it is done in t},e presenee of cl:acked
oil vapors in a carburelor. A t5pieal gas analysis shows
4.7o/oCO r, 7 .Bo/o CrH o, 0.3a/oO r, 36. SozoHr, 35. 5olo C0, B ti%
CHn and 6.60/o Nr. if th:s gas is saturated wift HrO at 20"C,
742 torrs"and burned in 10"434 m3 air at 30"C, l0lkFa
zmd 600/o RF{ per m3 fuel, caleulate:
a) 7o excess O,
(l

lo 38%cor, 1.04%ccl
, ) ('orrrplete anaiysis cf sla,cl"; gt.;:
(r.r 1) l%c02' 0.Bg?6coj
,ll rrr" rlry air aL 28 "C, 768 nm ligr{moje iuel

.[

.(t.+)
(8.241

"

t,
fr

t.o

(5.5s)

iv) Sensible Heat

f) "Itrern::l efficicnr:y-

t rJb3.5bJ

4 fr rr'l ..rltairrin{75o/o etiane 'and 2so/o proparie is bumecl

i,.lllr rlry air. Allthe H, bunrs to HrO ana tne CO, to CO
i,rltrr i:+ l0:I. Fifteen percer:t excess air js supplied"
r rlr r rl. rle:
,rl Mrrles stack gas/i00 moles fuej

(/:l

ilCO
ii) Hz
iji) HrO

186.11)

itr.bil,.ry ;
i

BWC

d) CCV of BWG {Milkgmoll

i6.53

(206.56:

r-t]I;]s /,3 I

ii)
jii)

7.

Uncor:densed water
ser-rsjble

heat

\r.rpor

{6 s84j

t7"79)
i33.661

Bottled Gas (L,iquefied Pebtrleun: Gasj is found to corri..ri;r

1.40./c ethane , 23 8a/r, propa.ne" 2A Tatb i-butane and 114.10/o
n-bulane. It is available ;rt P )i.'lkl. l,ssr:ciate.C gas
a-nalyzing E3.6% methane, 9"S?io elh;uie, \ 2t)/o Dropale,
0"90./o n-bulane and 4.702b i br.:liane is, ava;}ah",ic atP2.5t/
SCM. A fuel is ra be selecled betwee;t the lwo fcr curing
a refractory iined furnace tr\ihich i.q cheapef
(An-s: Assr:cjated Gas)

t3

', tr rl( I 1( )t4llTliy

I

G.ASEoIJS

A prrre saturated hydrocarbon

is burnt w.jttr oicess ak.
t )r;:rl anolysjs of tlie
sack S;; ,h;;" Z.9o/o, CO2 t.tgo/o
{'(\, Q)4o70 H", S.2S% o,,
_ElS.eIv. w, Air js substanrtr 6 s tac k g*E r. u". ;;
j
r.*_#J
ll, i"r;
"
,r) (20 excess air
{24.s86vA
lr) lig airl}g fueI
12r.58)
lJ l;crmula of the hydrocarbon
{cHJ
rl) I)cw point of the-stack gas
(54.29,c).

t/,

;ff #;;;

:II

llotrlcd gases are lhe

,liquefied petroleum gaseS lropane
,rrrrt.trutane. If a sa:-opl.

ormi"g*;;;. bumed jn excess

,rir, a bumer gas of the foilorfiog
,l,ruJy"i. is obtained:
-],i''ii.'?"'a"lu:i'"o'
6

45o/oo,. a,-'a

si;u^1U

lil

I
I
I

..

I'lrr: bumin8 of
frurl;rllryS with dry airgives a stackgas
u/lri(.lr aralyzes g.g2Vo
CO, f'e-siffia".u t eave.at T4S
, ,,1 ,,,, ,g. Assuming
compi6te
.o,rrf.r"ti?rr, de terrnine:
]
,r) tzo
e.\cess air

),

Oonrplete orsat ariaJysis

of stack
gas
-'..!'r bq

(!.,.2o/oO,B4.6E%

Nr)

I)t.rv point of stack gas

(lj0 86"C)

()(r

(l

lr)
r

I
t

I
I

C_rCeSS O^
2

t.o4l

{ )111np1g1.

(i

l;".rc:.O

,J (,r_'\:

o.=_ql-lloJy..srs

i
I
l
!

l'rrrrjrrcer gas analyz-ing.2_5.3o/o

CO, 13.2o/o lf2. O.4Vo C!-Iu,
,',n.y.C^O, O.5o/oO, u,,la
SS Zioi Xr-i. U,..o.d in
excess air
;rt ,tj,,C, 74F toirJ and 60oZo
nff.rpu..rrf orsat arrdysts of
t,trt: :.;tack
Sas .shou,s t6 13% CO),\.zsu, CO
and o.Z2%
II., C;rlculate:

,r)

l'

1.1,9.97o/o)

lr)

I
I

&;;ffi,

t,) tror,po-Jr# of the botJed gas

E2??*propane)

of rhe' stack

78.860,6N,)"

gas

( t t2 96 NUlkgrnol)
rl) il.l C;liiniic uai_,,, Iost riire
lo CO a:rcl ii.,
('t, r''r- ,3.16i)

t.unm u 33

!.

'

A pure saturated hydr,cad;on is bumed in e*eess air. Air

is supplled at the rate of 2g4.14 mslki4mol of .*re
hydrocarbon. Alr enters at 3trC, i atrn and satorated o,ft}
BteI:rapoI" Partial orsat ana$rsls of tJre statffi-sEofrs
8.68% CO, and 1.3olo CCI" ealculate:
a) 7o ,excess alr
{1Sols}
b) Fomnula of the hydrocarbon (CHrl
c) Cornplete orsat arraJysis of the staeligas
(3
"ffio/o Or, 86.37t26Nr)

ry. A mjxture of a saturated hydrocariron and N, js bumerj

in excess air suppli.ed at Zb,C" 240 torrs wjth g0%q RI_I.
orsat anatysis
gas shows Z 60/o' CA,
f1
:{,,,rh^g,:!ack
22.28o1a CO. L74o/o-Hr,
6.037o Or:ana ge.g}o/o q wrm'a
dew point of 53.46"e. ihe stack gLes Ieare at 300"C, 765
mm Hg wjth a volurne ratio of i"O+S ms wet sLack gas/
rn3 wet air. Calculate:
a) Forrnula of . the hydrocari:on (C,H6)
b] vol o/o- analysis of t],e fuel
lzi.izVo Crnr)
c) 7o excess air
(24.ggb)

LJQIJ)l: i.Ut;r.S

LIQUID FUELS

3,2
( I AssrFtCt-TIoN oF LroUtD
FuEis
I i'Irlrl lirt:ls may
.
!e divided,l into two main classes, based on
h*r. 11,,.u rvtll be used:
i.ight ;ris."*'sprnts and Heaqy oils
:rl I ullrl ,ils or spu.rts*suitablel for use
_ittr'iot"*"f
r rnrlrrrsUon eng;ines and;et
engines. It includes:
|

11 rr.. iighter, more vo]atiie

fracf,ons oUtaureJUy]tsuUng
,r. r'racking natura.l petroieum oirs
a_nd reratid nat.,rj
r lr.; rosits.

't)rc Iight frac.ons

obtained by the hydrogenati,n of
r.rxrl. coal tar or heavy oil residues.
.l) I'lre Light ,?actionsi obtained by the qrnthesis
lrvrlrocarbons by the Fisher_Tropsch pro..=" --^ of
.l) A.lt:otrolfr pariicularly meth;-t :and
olr(irined by slmlhesii or fermentaUon"1fryi"
"faonrr,
process.
Ll lJt.rrzole, ob-tained by the djstillaiion of coal
tar or by
r.rlr;tcUon from cr:ai gas.
t,) Alr:ogas or Gasohol_mixtures of methyi or
ethyl alcohol
1.,1

( )l lfrese,
only the most volatije ald clearest producLs,
pl,r.,rrliur or petrol (natural or
syndtetic), ben)ole and
irlr ,lrrrl are suitable lor -.hb spart
ignriron a"g,".. :t; ,..O
lrtlllrr,r iiact_rons of peiroieuir: o:t,"il.ra;e
oi LiA s-r,ntheuc

--

COMBUSTION AIUALYSIS

The analysis of licluld fueis is normallygiven in Vo by weight"

Thus a unit weight basis is employed which js eonverted [o mnial
units when eomparing tle fuel witl-r air and w.rth the combustion
gases" In the case of fuel oils, the anatysis in terms of lndlvidu-al
cherirical compourrds is rareiy krown. Ihstead the approximate
weight 7o elemental alalysis consisUng of C" H, O, N, S are given.
Of these, hydrogen is sjgnificant in the combuslion alalysis.
We comrnonly speak of Lwo ]r:nds of hydrogen in JiquicJ fueis.
One kjrid is that equlvalent to Oxygen jn tl:e compl* compounds
of tlre fuel. it is ca-lled COMBINED fJffiROCENand is treatecl as
though it were already combined wilh oxygen in the proportions
of water called COMBINED WATE.R" This concept of iombined
water rs just hffidmffis
r:sed n:a;nly ro simplifr
calculations. The Secorrd kind of hydrogen js called -NET
I{YDROCEIJ. It is defined as the hyrlrogen that uses O, from air
16-r cohEustion. Net hydrogen ptus combined hyr:lrogen gives the
total hydroger'). jn the fuel.
" The quallrtjty of N and S in the fuel, rs relatively srnall: it is
corrunon praclice to ne$ect them rf their c.ombirred percen-.ae js
lr:ss than or equa-l ta 3o/o.

3.3

CANCUMTIONS BASED ON FUEL ANAJ-YSIS.

(risE

rl

ttumple J TJrr uctane numbcr

tsc-ocrat-le jn an
(C?Hr6)

1:

of gasol)ne

js Lie

.- ---'-'_----

0'r bv

vo)ume
rso octane{CuH,.}.--r"t,e ptane

rnixlure u,irh the s;l-me ktocktng lendency

ar_rtontobile uses al rrnieacied

as the luel. An

35

eiJ, generally included jn the ciass of orls k"rrou,n a-s

pelraffin, kerosene ornaphlha ere suitable for:jet errgines.
b) hurtace Orls.-include the heayiest gradep of r:atural
petroleurn oils and lubricaling oils frorn which the more
valuable lubricaling oil and fraeUons have bee:: r:emoved
by disUlJation.

CHAPTER

It

-'_-_--_---

'

nnii; i_;

.. Ei4ri:i:-*

rl
LIOIJII) r'ui,:t,s

ME-I'RY

gasoline wii-h an ocrane number Of 85. Air is

supplied 30%o in excess such that the molal ratio
of_CO, to CO is 5:2 rnd H, to CO is i:I i"G.
orhaust gas. Ca_lculate the brsat anaiysis of the

e,xhaust gases.
of iso-octane is 0.60lg and n-heptane
-D-qnsiry
is 0.684
g,z

37

O, from ziv = 10"97 + 3.29 = 14.26

N, from atr =14.26 (79/21) = 53.64

C converted to CO, = 7.0154 x (5/V)

C converted to CO = 2.0

= 5.01

Hz=2

free O, = 3.29 + (212) + (2/2) = 5.29

Exhaust Gas
30% x'ss

Orsat Analysis ANS

CO,

5.0r

CO

2
2
5.29

H2t
o2

Fuel
Gasoline
Ociane No.

Assume

N2

85

thai

the gasoline analysis from voiyo to

C.H,, ,CrH,.

vol,

Densit5z wt

15

100 kg gaseline

UgD wt

Mw

crH], 95.r44 1t4

CrH,,, I4.tr56

iCo

presSure and B0% Rli" The air supplied js less than

the theoreucal arnount required for complele
combusUon of the fuel oit; 25o/o of the C burns to
CO, the remainder to COr; O, is aJI consumed and
the mola-l ralio of CO to H, in the exhaust gas is
3:2. The exhausl.gas ieaves at 480'C and 745 mm
Hg. Catculate:
ei) o/o of the theor:etical air that is supplied for

wwo
85.144
i4.856

combustion

b) m3 arr suppled/kg of oil

c) m3 exhaust gas/kg oii
d) % of the ca]orfic value of oil

n
atC
atH
0.7469 5.9752 13.4442
0 i486 1.04c2 2.377,0
? .i)t 54
I 5.82 I B

O, = f.C;i lt+ + {i5::,')1|=./4} = 10.g7

O,=03x10.97=3.29

7.37
2.95
2.95
7"79
78.94

Exonple 2 An ehglne bums fuel oil anaTyzing&so/o C and l2o/o

H with air supplied at 21'C, nomral balometric

wto/o

0,6918 58.803
0.684 / .. l_Q?6
69.063

85

53.64

o/o

67"94

cornpositiori of gasoline car be

expressed as ax octane-hepiane- mlxture

ugD

.GAS

(411.616 lv{J/kg)

-lost as

j) unbumt CO in the exhaust

il) Sensible heat in the e>iraust

.Sc;iiriiorr:

Basis: I00 kg fuel oil

ge$

i.l(,'l' l'' i t;l'L' t

il, I ll, ,rvli-:-ilrv

=t

AliR

Siack Gas

., IOC

c)

48ooC

:ttm

,.,'

ilt..

l'.),t)/o

,l)

Calorific value Losses

il % caloi:ific value l:lst due tcl C0 1t
- t1.833 x 28g"18/43'6161 x 100 =

iij

tr6
I.833

CO

rrirsupplied =(8.8054/ 10.33)x i00 = 85.2160,/0ANS

l\trrlr,,, rviil_cr

= 7.96tj8i - 1668.21 /(228+2t)

= 18.5 nmHg

liom air

(ssos+ + 33125)

760

(0

(s.sosa = 331 2s + o 8327),

18

103,i57

8)

T,::"
!/Jt

"ltl

l,;'lrrt'l

UL.)

t,,l,il ilrolirs e;Aei,.:st,.l:,as = 5.5 + 1tl-r-i

()

-i:. .OJ//

.- r)

T :.2:-

+ -i.., i?-5

= 47.2907

.:i. ,,

.,

(1535

ANS

nCP
251"47
55"71

35"64

994.08
-L9g-92
15:16.42

42l1ooo)' (+uo "

=::::::i-i6

zsJ

[0-----a

100

= 16'03'X' Aj!S

3.4

CALCULATIOhIS BASED '3N FLUE GAS ANALYSIS

(cAsE lll
ExampLe 3: A furnace is fired
kg.

4.8327

ill

sensible herL ]oss

90lo

wjlh. fuel oil cr:nlainjrr$ 860/o C'

va]ue o[ 46;4 MJ /
Lo/o N a:rd 0 l0lo '5 wlth a calordic
tur is supplied at 25"C' 740 rnin F{g and

l85(08)

5.6107

H,O

l;. lrrrn) ,rr'= 8.8054 )t {79/2't) = 33. 125

log\P
Vp

33.1 25

N,

rr.ll,rl
( l, lrorn air
= Oz for CO, + O, for CO + O, for HrO
= 5.5 + (1.E33/2) + {4.778/2) = 8.8054

;\r ','l"(l

1 1)g

H,,

%o

ep
45"65
30.39
29.16
30.01
35 63

GAS

ili,.rr {},,:: al C + at})/4 = l8B/L21 + (L2/4) = }0.33

lrr lltl crlrausl tas:
r't r,. Iormed = 0.25 x (88/ 12) = S.5
('() li)nlred = 0.25 x(88/t2) = 1.833
ll, lorrned = 1.833 x (2/3) = 1.222
I l.,r ) lirrmed = I2/2 - 1.222 = 4.773

''r, rrl llrt'ci

_*

100

CO,

+l

----.

+ 480
760x,2'73
* n-.,,'
::.7-45 __ _'U,) _

= 29.8 ANS

Fuel
)ll.
li8'/o

E,*harrsL Gas

kg fuel

745 mm Hg

r1(l'ff)RH

47.29A7 x 22"4 Y

\.

saturaterl wittiwai er' Average &n'al1;5je of the stack

gas shr-r'ws 10'62% CO,' 1.170lo CO' ':3..aY: O'' and
765
Bl.87olo Ny Ttre slack gas iearres at 400"C aro
nmr l-lg" Ca]cirlale:
a) 9/o e'xcess air '
b) CompleLe elemerrtal a:ral-vsis cf fuel oil
c) mu airlkg ilil
d) nt3 stack gaslkg oi1
eJ % calorific vaiile Iost cjue 1'c r.tnl-iurilt
r:ombr:stible s

1t

I-IQUII) t)tJELS ,/

10O nroles DSC

4l'

At 25'C log\? = 7.96681 - 1668.21 /(228+25) i.VP = 23.6I mm

Motes water from ajr

; (2t.zl+ 8I.87) -

= B 4IS
-'#{!
740 - 23.6r
.

Stack Gas
40ooc
765 mm Hg

70.620/o

CO,

7.17% CO
6.349/o O,
81.87o/o N,

\21.76 + 81.87.+ 3.415) x 22.4 x

3..

malr

c)

kg

fuel

'

i64"51

760 273.+ 25
:273
740" --;--

= 16.34 ANS

c'

Moles water frbm. combuslion

moles net H2 + moies Combined water
or =.
= tolal moles H,
= 8.43 + (.0265X1645D/"18 = 8"67
or: = { }0544X164.51)/2 = 8.67

N,c

46.4 NIJ/kE

\\i,r!r"'r

air = 81 .87 x (2L/79) = 21"76

6.34 - ('1.17/2) = 5.755

in

sLack gas

O, = [5.755 / (21.76-5.755]) x 100 = 35.9670 ANS

lnaccounted for = 21.76 " [i0.62 + (t.tZ /2 + 6.34] = 4.218

= 8.67 + 3.4f5 = 12.085

!

?-

m" stack

dl

gas

(100 +12.085),< 22.4x

kg fuel

--- x --:=273
765

i64.51
= 32.38

Wt of fuel = {10.6Q+1.lV
Wt of fuel = t64.bi hg

t2

H = (i6.86 /164.5U x 100 = tO.2ba/o

ned water = 100 - 86 - rc.25 - I - 0.t = 2.65o/a
In Combined u'ate;' = 2-GS x (2/18) = 0.2g4

ln Combined water = 2.GS x (16/ IB) = 2.356

ntal.AnaJysis:of fuel

ai
,= (}O

= L0.25+.294'
= 2.356
-l

=0.i

oii

70.544

ANS

eJ

o/o beaL

loss due to CO

1"17
=

x 283"18

46"4 x 164"51

x 100 = 434%

\
Example

: 9slane-Lni.rmbers

are u.sed to indjcate the qudi:ty

of a djesel fuei oil for compression igniUon engines.

It is delined as the % by volume of cehrre, Crfl;a

meihyt naphtha.tene (9,,4,") m_tGre

ll ,cetalethat Eas rhe@

rhe fuel. A hjgh
'speed diesel engine bums djesel fuel to give an
ej<haust gas analyzing 7 )4 0/o COr. 421a/o CO..
8.24o/o O, and 80.34% Nr, Calcdlate the ce[a]te
number of the fuel fired.

| , rl I

rr, ,rr\
irr',,
,rrrr r,

rr

'

ii \'

(,1 (reLane

is 0.775 1 altd merh-yl naphttraJen-,

;'/tnl

is

oF

Assurnre diesel compositjon to correspo;d to cetane

FLUE GAS teASE III)

ExampLe 5: A lorv grade fuei oil iCV= 46.4 MJlkg) cont'alnjng
appro;mately B10lo C, Bqir 1L' 30la 0,4%,I'tr ar:rl 4
o/oS is burned in a funrace tllat IS weli ilesi$ned
a-rld rvell operat.ed glving a Cnmbustjor] gzis, the
partial orsat imaiysis of which shows \tr"2-Zohcoz
and 1.46% C0" The ilola-l ratio of I1. tc C0 in tlie
cornbus'Ucn gas js 1:S Calculaie"
a) o/o exCSS

b)
c)

d)

O,
m3 air (30'f, 760 rnrr- Hgl/ )q fi:el oii
m3 stack gas (250.C, ?65 mm l-Ig)/kg r:il
%o calorific vadue lost due to CO a-nd H,

'i

Solutroru Basis: 100

i
,,

lr,,:111s1195

Il .. 3.836 x 4 =
ll42

l'tIEL
,,,,.FI,.

n
x
-u*

r lrll",1J,,
: l6x + 1ly =
,t rl lnl ,. 34x + l0y -

11

atc

atH

16x

QA-.

I I rr

i0v

.42

1f:.enA

= 0.255
Y = 0"667
i',,1 rrl ('ctane = 0.255:x 220
/ 7T5i = 74.35 rni
:,,1 I Mf = 0662 x fqZ / ).a25=
g240..t
"" ir.r;Lre b.v vol = 174.35/ {92 404+74.35)l xri?
100 = 44.5Etto
' l,rrr' l,l = 44.58 A\5
_r

AIR

tuel oil

Stack Gas

--+

nrrr

\.1.220/o CO,

765 mm

46% CO

t"{g

BURNER

15.34+ = aL [otal H

rr

drv E:.hatrsl. Cas

tr, rr inr = 80.34 x {21/7gJ= 21.356

ilr,r, (.rrritc-d [ot.= 2].356 - 7.14 - t4.28/2) - 8.24 3.835
=

rr n I
rr I

4-J

3"5 CALCULATIONS BASED ON PAtrTIAt .A"I'{ALYSIS

ENGINE

t..t ,

I.lQLi,;r r:iiili .i'i /

Fuel
CIL
810/o C
BVo H
3olo O
4olo N

4%S
Theo C, =

l9ii)2)

+ (814 \ + W/32)

Lety=XssO,

O, from air = 8.78 + y

j

N, frem air = {8 78 +

"70

1') x 21

Nr.
il.

i3l3?.1 =-

B"7E

*1 t:'l

{)l{lHlOMf,l*RY

LlQUur FLIF)$

Ar O l:a-i: 0.1268 (moles DSG)

rrroles DSG = 53.233

= Bt/tz

d)

rnoles CO, in SG = 0.1122 x 53.233 = 5.973

nroles CO in SG = .0146 x 53.233 = :V7Z
rrteles SOr, in SG = at S = 4/32 = 0.125
rrroies H, in SG 0.2 x A.777 = 0.1554

Iiee O, = y + t.777//2) + {.t554'/2)

\ in SG = (B.ZB + v) x Zg/Zt +' (4/29)

45

A'777 x'28318
x LL'}0 = 4 T {
co =
4a4, lo0

o/o

c-{ lost due to

o/o

CV lost due iO H-2'=

x 28E PP
0-1554
x 100 = O"96
- --*j;::46.4 x 1oo

rnoles

of 3 lower aromatic
Example 6: Motor Benzole is a mixture

l)l;C bal'
53.233 = 5.973 + O.ZZZ + 0.1554-+ 0.I25

{,
+
Y=

rXr cXCesS

IIrr at
kg [u el

7g

pierportions of 75o/a, lSiz-o 31a. 1Q0z.i. bV wei$ht" Its

cafbrnc vatue is 41'9 N4J/kg' A nrotor rs nrn us[ng
benzole ar.rd glves,ry-Tl1"ilgas whl ch ianalyzes
A ?/o C;O2 and L'AZa/a CO' Calculate:

+'0'777

2.

2'63E 'r

, _0.21 -

''

excess :iir
anaJysis of exhaust
Complete
b)
o/o
due to CO
loss
heat
c)

a)

O, = (2.638/8.78)

=_

0.1554 ,__^ ,
-.^._-- + {8.78 + v} x

+'

x2i-4

100 =

o/o

30o/o

27i

SolufrorL: Basis: 100 kg benzole

Exhaust

100

i3.52 ANS

ll,O in the SG = (B/2) - 0.1554 = 3.8446

,,,rJ
rrl

t-.^^^^ ^^ \
.i.^1, 3.1>
roo (SS.Z3: + 3 Baa6) x.22.4 x
r(dL^
kg

furi

I 00

760 +-.
273+250
X
273
-765

BENZOLE
75o/a C"HG
i','

1,".

= l+.iJ

g'as

i-"

I-

li'

'

l5% ciHs
109/0 CsHro

cv = 41.9 MJ/kg

t;
H
T:'

t:

*-

o."'?

l#

E3'

t,,t, tn,,n.IET]lY

{A

!.lt1rl
1,,
,' ll,,
{ 1,,,

trVt
75
15
l0

{ ',1

,,1

lrrIV
78
92
106

atC
atH
5.769 5.769
f i41
I,304
0,752 0-994
7.662 8.0 13

n
0.9615
0.163
0.094

PROBLEMS

1.

l'lrrrr (-), = 7.662 + (8.0L3/4) = 9.67

lll

1, : X'SS Oz

), Irorn air = -v +9:67

[J, frorr] air = (y + 9.67)

x 79/27

Ar (r [ral' 7.662 = 0.1177 x moles DSG

nroles DSG = 65.098

co)

b)

| 2, An a]cogas rnixture made up bf 85Vo $asoline [octarte

'/ no. = 951 and 15Yo elhar:oi is used as fuel for atr engine
in Lhe presence of i7.05 m3 a'irlkg ajcogas supplied
the C

frceOr=yt(.697/2)
N- = gr+9,.67i x79i21

6.965 + .697 + y + t.6g7i2) + (y+6.97)

4'349

dry at 30tC ard 740 rnm Hg BO! of

essenriJly
"CO,,
the resl to ClO; r:rolatr ralio of H, to CO is
bums to
1:2. Calcuiate:
a) Orsat analysis of llie e--thausL gas

79/21

(8.18% COr, 2.040/o CO, I '02o/o Hr)

b)

"rr r'-\ccSS Or= (4"349/9.621x 100 = 44.97otb ANS

I\4oles water from cornbustion = B.0l3/2 = 4.C1
(

,r,i,

cV

rosi,

cr;c

o/o

6.9965
0.697
4.698
52.738

co
o,
N"
H:O
'

4;0i
c9.lc8
r"1..

co =

o/o excess

air

(36.143010)

3.'ALernarybie::dofgasollrle(900/ooctaneno)'alcol:ro1(75o/o
15%o
efh.anol, 250lo meli.a:;ol) anrj l:enzole 1750/obelene,
toluene arrd i0% xylene) is i:rirnerl completely in 350/o
excess 02.
Anall'sis of 1}re bienci 5!16rvs 70% gasolirre'. 1[-r%o
benzole and 1Sclo a]cohol Calculate t'he compleLe ana]Ysis
of ttre exharrst $as.
io.a tgzo Hrcl)
(9.77c/a CO2, 5. )Sa/o A,. 74:689'oN,

)ornplete Analysis of stack gas ANS

GAS
QO,

% of the theoretica-l airwhic'h is supplied for comhustror]

(70.7o/o)

nroles CO, = 65.098 x.tO7 = e.gOS

CO = 65.098 x ,0107 = 0.697
"rnoles

/ r,'i(,1 bal'
(,1, (.)98 =

Crude petroleum oil is general)y conside'r"ed tCI be fonrieci

from anirnal and vegetable debris acclrmulatjrg iri sea
Llacteria
basins or estxaries and elecomposed lly anaerohic
resulUng in a biackviscous product" A lrroic-ai eietr.lerilal
10/o N,30/o O and 3% S'
-.ufrsis"shows EOqZ C, r3orr1,
the
During a cerlain cornbustjot-1, air sr-rpplied is le'ss lhan
the C
theore-tical so that all of the (), is used up' 7Ao/o o1'
CO; the molal raUo of C0 lo Il,
burns to CO, the rest to
'l;2.
ealculale:
in the exhaust gas is
a) Orsat analysls of the exhar:st flas (i2'560/o COr' 5 38%

10t06
1.01

6.8
/o.31
5.8

,/

uses a high eracie iist-iilirte frie'l ojl v'al-h a c:r-lonl'jc

r'alue of 13 ljE Vrkg" Ar:eJvsis r-'f Llie st.ack gases at 31 llc
()'37ati'\1"" 7 Ab'+'')
anc.l 765 rorrs sho..'s-9% L'0-, ) 21a/o CO

/4r/a'oort*

0,19J:-2s!.-1tl
,1i,v =.-r.71 AI,is
100 x 419

I
I

.i'i

i\

, t rl
.82.37o/o N,. Assuming thaL the fuel oii consists
r rl lrydrocarbons.
Calculire:

rrl il,r 1..1gs55 2j1

l,l

,l

(4O.A3o/o)

composiuon of rhe fuel ojl (g4.gs%C,

IS.OE% H)
,,,, (.-'V lost
due to:
Wt,t/o

CI-{AFI

t) Llnburnt combustibles (Z.l7o/o)

r,) Uncondensed \4,ater iz igiri
Iri) Sensibte Heat
il g.5LVo)

t.R

SOLID TTUELS

h ,\ lrrnrace js fired-with fuel oil with a parlial

a:ralysis cf
g and 2.8"/0 N:gjs1r
r'
anatysis th;;;r.k;;;r.;;*."
-d;';;
o';,
"f
v" H,, a:8
gj
1,,' !)',S Airl 13L,?:'
,.r.t..r'r:-,Nr.
.:
if'j
?:'
J
suppiied is:at 23.i, i55 ;;r;;
( i,!,i1

'

!,),1

LirUt.i

(liilculate:e.
l.'l I (l;rlcrrlet

,r)

l,)
,

excess a_rr
(3B.AS9A
Arralysis of the fuej oil (ZS.Z4%;C,
rrr3 arrlkg fusl
(15.34)
rl4r

lt.

o/oH, 2.460/o61)

I'o,rl lar fuels are l;quld fuels obla-ined

by b)erlding coal
t,rr riisIillaLion products.such as carbolic
,f,
orl, t.reosote bil, a,nthracene oil a:rd ,neairoi,pu.fr.
".plrUi=u-f"rr.

a
',,rrrrple etementa.l aralysis shows gS.go/o
C,
6.3%i{:-i'.2V,
I i, i; b,lo O rutd l.I % N. If
this luel is frrr,r.a-ir_, ;;;;,
,rt ti(J,,C and 755 r.i' Hg wjUr g0%
R*r, ;,

;;;-,;;;, "
lrrrrrrergas containing 10.64%o CO",
3. lgo/a CO and 0.640/o
ll,. Oa]culate;
,r) 'l'u excess air
eL.l}otol
,,) Compiete crsat alal-ysis of bumer gas

) rr3 srack

gaslhg coar

rar [lil(l

I 'l'hc principal motor fuej blerid jn

)itjt)-rkr{skof made up of 50%

02' 7s

German_v
moto

]50luN,)

has

heerr

lseraore(7soft

rc I zerr e, I 5 7o tolucn
OUn .1.rvien e), 21c/o I etr:Jtn
C,.H,. j
!
t d ?.So/o i n d u sr riC 3,
c.oh ol (.qOyo e ti,a,r
ZO.i ;; J;i?;;ii
"l
Af t:r cort:i_iL:si.jln ir r i_.:r:tsS
aJr i1 "f g"s colL?i;i)ltg
=lrck
l).,139h CC, a.nd t.E39a H, is obiain..f
Coi"rf;;;,"'""""
;ri 9,h excess ar.r (50S,il
l,) corrtpleLi,iL;;:ii.:.r. ,.,j lii,: sLack
!;rs
I

(8 09%

o,,

80 9b'r,c,\,1

4,I

CIjSSIFICATION OF SOLID FUELS

Solid organic fuels are classified into naturirl aind ;u1ificial

fu els.

aj

Natrlral Solid Fuel.s

il Wood-May be bunied directly as a fueJ or maybe
converled into charcoa or producer gas Sawdust is
sornetjtnes bumt at salrmills supplemented u/jth oil to
ieduce fuel cost.
2.) Peat-Brown fibrous mass of partiaJly rler_:ayed plarrt
malerial that has accumulated" under waier logged
conditions:

3) fuginiles-Immature cotls that are inlerrnediate

in
composition between peat a;rd bitumipous coals and
are about 1 to 100 M years oid.
4) CoaLls-{ompact sfrafiJierJ mass of mummified planl
debrjs thaL has acc'unulared dunng past geol;gical
ages about(i00-300M years old) ard h:Ls been a_ltered
by processes involrrjrg bio ch emt c"al. ac Li c.rn, su brners j u n
in water and acUan of heat and pressure.

b) Artificial Solld Fuets

1) Wood ClrarcoaL-Solid

resitlr,ie {rom i]le carbcr:rzatjoi,r

wood u,hich invoh,es healilg woocl strongl-v irr rhe
absence of oxl,gerr
of.

4g

.i ,i lllr

SOLID lrl-l!,1^S

lll' )MD]-RY

'.'l l'r:ai Chorcoal--Iviade by carbonizing peat at

iow

l(,rnperature.

',\l I ignite Biqt"ettes-hr dried lignites

'l) lignite Coke--Air drjed and carbonized Jjgnite
i,) (loke-Carbonized coal

4.3
a)

EMPIRICAL REIATIONS CIN COAL rtr{ALYSIS

AhJD CALORIFIC VALUES

Itulong's FormuloCV = 0.338

l,l
el

nrualvsrs oF solro FUErs

ll
.ll

lornbined water, netH, N and S.

ASl{-Residue t}rat remains when a weighed sample of
crr;rl is slowiy heated in a:r open crucible for 2 ho'.lrs at

IrO0- Bl 5'C.
lrl.XED CARBOI{ (Fc)--Cbtajned by riifference
of the sum of moistr:re, VCM and ash:

from

10070

F-C=100-M-VCM-ASH

l,l

llllirrrcte Anrrlysis"_It is a precise chernica_l deterrrrination oI

llrc. o/o by weight of Lhe six basjc components of coal.: Carhon,
I Iyrlrogen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, A-eh, and Oqgen (usually ott-tained
lrv riifference).

C+

1.44 (H

- Ol8)

0'094

where: C:l = Grbss calorific value

C,FI,O,S - % by wt o{ Ca-r:bon, hydrogen, orygen and sutlirr

t'tr\trruile.Anclysis-This important method of laboratory

F{,lnllraUon of solld fuel js based upon lheir volaUlizafion
r lrrrr,rct.eristics. It invoives t}:e determinaUon of
ll M( )ISTURE (M)-ivatei ex;pelled when the coal sample is
lrt:;rted for I hour at 104-il0"C.
''l VoI-ATILE COMBUSTIBLE MATTER tVCM)-Tota-l loss:n
wcight minus the moisture in coal when coal is heated
frrr 7 min in.a closed crucible placed in a muffle fumace
;rt 900"C in the absence of air. It includes volatile C,

Assumptions

1)

2)
3)

b)

in Dulong's formr:Ia:

CV of the fuel is the algebrzje sum of the heaullg valucs

of elemental comPonents,
Oxygen is combined wjttr trydrogen as in cr:rnbine{ wa!e5
ancl n:oisture, so that surplus moistu're avarlatrle for
combustjon NET H) is I-1 - A/8
That the heat of fomalion of eoal is zero"

c,a)derusouT Eqr,t,:tiotrc-useful in finding the total _c:1r]ton

content of the coal if Lhe proximate arnalysis and the GCV are
known
C = 5.88 + 2.206 (CV - 0'094 S) + 0"0053 180 -

i]00

VCMIFC)IIs=

Example ): A furnace js fired with su]:r-Lrituminous B (SubR)

coa-l containing -10.3% rnoistdre, 3a% VCM a:ld
7.7o/o e^s,]n.lt is also lqrciurn tr:i contain 1'2% N and
I "57o/o S. Its calorific value is 22 M,Ukg' Caleulate
its:
h-oximate Arralysis
b) Modified tuta$tis
aJ

tltxltfteclAncrlysis-Mociifications of the uidinate.euralvsis {br

outbuslion ca-lculations. It inch:des:
l) C, N, S. ash
'.)) Moisiure
:') Com],,i;trC r','aier {Ctl1- i.rre u-y,.qen irr rhe coaj(lrot pl-e se Llt
jn rlo.islurei is treared as tJrough jt were already combined
u.ith hvdrogen.
,1) Net Hvdrogelr (iit-iJ--1-i';tt;-lgelt r'"'iijr:l-r rc..frLlr.c::; O^ Irctni .i jrr

for

co:nbr.rsLiorr.

/ 5i

c)

d)
e)

l,ltimate AnaiYsis
Anaiysis of VCM
Calorific \/a-iue oi VCM

Soiunoru
Bv diff-erence: ToFC

100

- :34 10.3 - -/'7 = 4d

tr !tr I lt( )ivlDTi?y

sol,iD ruiit.$ ,/ 53

Cl l'lr{ )XIMATE ANALYSIS:

It) 1",,M, 34% VCM, Z.Zo/o Ash, 48% FC
I t.,tt tt 1

('

ilte

e)

Calorific Value of VCM

= gV of Coaj x 100yqsgal:_.y. o{ea$pq{-.leFe

ANS

CaLderu:obd" Equatioru

lt.8B+2"2O6 122- .O94(t5Zl+.005S

i8O_100(34/48;1,..,

= -22{]q0)'- 3.8-{48i
34

54.25%

I
'.'',t
Nl I -

I t,,lt

rt

lhtlong's Forrrulfl;
0.338(54.25) + 1.44 (NH)
2.44o/o

'
+

t.

= 22.54o/o

!t4.ZSo/oC, 2.44o/o Neill, 22.54o/o

7.7o/o ash, I.2yo N, l.S7o/o S

Irrlrrl H = nelFl + H in combined water

and moisture
rrr (CW & M) = (22.54+1O.Sl x
tZti8)
= 3.649
'lirlirl H = 2.44 + 3.64g
= 6.0g

ll

Irl.'lllVIATEl ANALySIS: ANS

!

E.0g%li,

t,\.2.5o/oC,

ZS. 13o7og,

= 6.25
Arrall,sis of VCM A-IiS
VCM
wt
C
NH

'

;^-

o.1,J
a AA

o/o

rO.JO

,o.<1
LL.J1

7.18
66.29

1.2

Q r.

cl
J

)t,t) c,1I

4.62

ClV

34.00

lfhe combustion of coal may be'car:ied

crut by spreading it
over a grate and firing or by iniroducing ir a-s p"r"-*.r.J ifi*r.
coal and air are brought together at a temperat,re suficient
to decompose the coal Jnto fixed carbon and *oiatrle matter
and to. cause the fixed carbon'to ignite" Combustion then
becomes self supportinf; 'i.e. sufficient heat is evolved tci
rnaintain these conditions. However, coal contains noncombusLible matter (ash) which separates irorn rhe materia-ls
tJ:at can be gasified ard is removed fi"om Lhe fumace as

REIUSE. This refuse may or mav not contau: unbumt

combustible.

b)

For combustion ca]culaUons the combined % of N and S is

i-reglected if the total is less tha:r or eqrral to 3%.

I.2%N, Z.Zo/o ash, j.S7olos

in the VCM = Total C Flxed Cal.bon

= 54.2i _ 48

Vol;'rtile C

rll

a)

CW. 10.3%oM,

r) rrr (CW & M) = (22.54+1a3) x (i6lt8)

= 29.13
r

4.4 COMBUSNON CALCUTATIONS

M()l)lIrIED ANALySIS: ANS

ANS

.0094(t.SZ

lry,llllbrence:CW = 100 -54.2b-2.44- IO.3 _1.2_T.T_t.S7

irl

= i6.988 MJ/kg

4.5

COAL COI\{BUSTION WITH NO COMBUSTIBLES

IN THE REFUSE {TYPE II

Exampie2: A furnace is fireti wrth high ,cilatile A tritumino,s

coa-l whose ultimale a:ra$s:s shows TS.2a1a C.
5.19o/o H,8.72oto O. 1 5% N" 7 B0lo a^sh, a,d t.tj%o
S. 600/o excess ;itr rs supplied.. As5un.1e CO t0 (:.n
. ralio of 0" 178. Th;;;[;as ]eaves * ZaO.C, ii6
torrs. Calculate:
?) Comp)ete(zrnalys)s of the star:k ,gas if air ts
srrpplied at,2,S C, 100 hpa;rnd csserrt.rally rJry.
b) m. air .supphecli 100 kg sii 6ocii

-._tUi.j,)

11.{ )I(]F{ICITiETFY

Ca-lorific V'alue of Coal

d) -qzo of the ca-lorific value losL due to:

ComPlete l'rrai1'sis

c)

i) Unburnt combustibie
ii) Uncondensed water
iij) Sensjble heat of the stack gas

of

Basis: 100 i1g coal

0.s33
0.05
4-8715
44.245
2'595-

o2
N2

HrO

Stack Gas
3000c

100 kPa
60 o/o x'ss

1.61

0.09
8"40
76.24
4"47

s8.CI275

740 torrs

...*
Lt' d!
-3

BIJRNER

101325

=(+a.tgi
\

lOOkgcoal

2'73 + 28

- x "--nra+l1.7a7)x224**;^
at\)
luu

= 1399'83 ANS

Fuel
Coal
75.2o/oC

c)

Cv = 0.338,t 5.r1 + t'4":' 15'19

= 31 .472lvIJ/kE ,LhlS

d)

o/o

5.190,r0H

8.72o/cO
1.5%oN

1.6% S

il't '*Co" =

'lheo O, = (75.2/t2) + (5. i9/4 + (1.6/32) - {8.72/32) 7.342

=
X'ss O, = 0.6 x 7.342 = 4.405
O, frorn ur = 7.342 + 4.405 = 11.747
N, from air = 11.747 x (79/21) = 44.191
'l'otal N, = 44.791 + tl.5/28) = 44.245
.

0.933x28318
'u'u x I00
I00 x 3i.472

'

6)

^6^n, ANS
= 13970

ii)
iii)

Sensible Heat

C converled to CO = 75.2 /12 I (0.i75/1.175) = 6.933

C convened to CO. = {75.2/)2) - 0.933 = 5.333

lJv2

Free O, = 4.405 + t0.933/Z) 4.BTt5

=

SO,

CO
o2

igiZ - 2 J-t.t

lt""?2/Bll + 0'094(1

2"595 x 44-04
Vapor
waler
=
Uncondensed
1;;;3\A7;

GAS

:-:

calorilic va]ue lost due tcl'

7.Bo/o ash

l'l-O from Cnr;:f,r::.iror.t -

.J. 19

b.JJJ

SO,

AIR
280C

ala

CO

,$olufurrr'

Lhe stack ga.s ANS

GAS
CO,

i'rrLi.:j / 55

N"

}I"C)

Cp(30O'C)
4J. ),.

0.s33
0.05
4.87)5
44.245
2.s95

29.63
45 34
30.9E

29.6l
*q4.69

ll)lj = J.oc

GA

-1

I.;I.UICHIOMPTF.Y

s;lrt..ll) ttt;t';.s

Sum nCp = 1E13.37

% Sensibie heat loss

ner i{ cor:verLed to'pater = 1'6+6 x 4 '' 6 'i84

fotal a[ net H = 6.584 + 2(0.22) = 7^424

(18r337/i0c0)
3L.472

(300-

25)

Ar c bal: 0 e004

tOA

A high gradb semi-antlracite coai was found

to

conr:atn -o}.A4o/oC, 0.790265 and i .2o/o N on an ash

arrd moisture free tiasj$ If this coal were burned
in excess air saturated with warer at 30"C and I0S
]<Pa. a I)ue gas wjttr the following orsat anaJysis
results: 10.83olo COr, LOBo/o CO, O.2?o/oH",8.t7o/o
O, arrd 79.7o/o \. edcuiate:
a)

b)

.Solutron-'

Ultimate analysis of coal(ash/moisture free)

0z6 excess
air

Basis: 100 moles Dry Stack Gas (DSC)

AIR

Stack Gas

300c

10.83% CO,

105 kPa
sat'd

1.08olo CO
0.220/o H,
B.l7Vo 02

" r,: i::1 : !Ltu,*#

ULTIMAI.E .AruAr.YStS: ANS

90.04Y0C" 4.B23VoH, 3.747o/oO,

,.=,7.12

1.20r'0N

and 0'79%5

.-*-';Stack

756 mm l-ls

Bo%RH

fI

l-

-'7qn

E;.; cc.-.
Aa7r.:. .-,.,-, ,,-<
t' t:l.ls{; _ 722;j:: )t/I lrrl -- q,q
1.")_vLt.t
(), Uilat:r-ot.,lr,c jbi:
j.!,il
(l
.
+
.AS/2) +3.17]= L5.lij
il 0.83
=')l

12

Soluhon- Basis: 100 kg.coa)

AIR

O, fron: t:: = 7?.T y- (21/79) = 21.165

Ijxcess C'. = 3.17 - il.CEz'2) - iA.22/2)

Exarnple 4: A medium volatjle bituminous coal(mvb)-hf^""

"as receiv-bd- analysis ri{ 27"13% VCM, 62'529/o
FC,7lT;/;ish, 0,95% S and 1"28YoN' Its caLloriic
v'a-lue is 32 3 MJ/kg Thjs cr;al is burned in excess
alr supplied at 30"C, 756 tors with 800/o RH'
ParUat orsat alalysis of the slackgas shows 9'78o/o
CO, emd 2.450/o CO. Calcr.:late:
a) o/o excess O,
b) Compiete orsaL analysis of tl:e stack ga^s
.
e) m3 stack g'as (270"C' 768 mm l{g)/kg-coa1

9A.O4o/oC
O.79oioL1
1.20,6N

tu)

o/o netH jn fr.rel = {7.A24 / L55.729} x }00 = 4.43

% CW = 100 - 90"04 - 4.43 ' A'79 - 1"2 = 3'54
o/oH jrt CW = 3"54 x. (2/l&l = 0.3$3
o/oA ft SXI - 3"54 x (i6//i8) = 3.147
"r''
Yo Total H tn fuel = 4.43 + 0"393 = 4.823

79"7o/o N,

Coal

"1

57

aL

= 15.85 ANS

l,'rttmpl 3:

27.13o/a YCM
62 52% !-C
7 I loz'o ash

Gas
9.?"8o/o C0,

2.45o/c,

Ca

ST()lCHiOiviE'IF.Y

soLlD FUELS

Qi.dbnuood- EqtLaltiorc
ToC = 5

DSG baf'

88 + 2.2}6rc2.3

l+ o.oos3f 80

53.3797=5.22 +

- 0.094(.95)J

o?iall.55

too'1rr

1.308

+ y + (1.308/2) +

/.59

(Y+7.524)

79/21

= 3:7576

62.52J

Excess Oz= 13,7576/7.5241x 100 =5Oo/o

a)

0/o

b)

OrsaL AnalYsis

= 78.34

'Bg hnongs Farmulcr

o/r\Trr
/.Ji\i-L=%

,'

ICW & M) = 100 - 78.34 - 3.98

-.95-3.24=5.1

H = 3.98 + s.t(z/til) =

1.28

%Nz

,lct y = excess OQ from air= y i z.SZ+

N, frorn air = g + 2.524) x

+.gi'

at 30'C

{7.41/32) = 2.524

7.524

7.524 + 3.7576
53.3797

'logVP

= 7.96681

moles HrO from air =

x 100 = 8.26

:i 100 = 79.5I%

: [1666'21/(228+30)l ;VP

+s3576
s3576
r.5h44 +

3i.687{.8)

0.2I

= 31'687

756

- 3r 687(.8)

Zg/21
Zg.A4/ j2

Moles DSG = S3.3ZIZ

- moles
," _SC .O}ZB x S3.3Z9Z = S:22
moles 99,il sG
==.9245 x 53.37g7
90
- = 1.30g
-'vvu

t.sol/z
x

53.3797

moles wet air = ('7..524 + 3:75761/.21 + 1'864 = 55"586

At C bzil: (.0^978+.0245) motes DSG

=

moles
-Eqqg1_-q=v+
N, = (y+7.524)

3.7576 + (i.SOSlZ)

7.11

%O=5.1 x(16/t8)=7.41

Theo O, = lTB.S4/r2) + (4.91/4)

Or Theo Oz = atC + (at netll,/4)
Theo O, =-(TB.B4/1Zl + B.eiiil

= 3.98

7.44
9.6

o/o Oz

32.3 _ 0.33g(7g 34) _ 0e4( e5)

Zg/21

ms wet

#=

!g

air

55.586

x 22-4 1QGAl756i '(ZzZ "

100

coal
= i3.89

3:q)

t27X

rt,ff

sr,)i"lD f'l)ELS ,/

r.--

{Jt,Eilds
d)

.\ sirn:ple of ]ignite
i

fI? i:"#;{*$i

fi
;t),ftrxrmate
Ana]isis

iilf i,:,f

.1,',r

L+.

*lIH'

_Ulurnare
b.46o/oH, ^r,"t
Sg.5loloo)
_ r\
rli
AnaJysis of VCM

65.26o709, t.47ot

"dr; ;;t[

;:)' A bur,.jer uses pirroh,,**r coar

-,t
gg;:A:"::!^:rgh
a) excess .air
Lr c";;r;;.',fi ,*,,.'trj;:,l
o%

turlks coa.i

coa

iir'ffit"

14

r%

9. 8602'o

Or. Calcu lale ttre ftrliowi

(65"08%)

I
I

g:

*-#
a,d g

l6iloor'

t26.25)

'as

i-eceived- basis,
i]:-:"
rhe pi-oxir:^.r- analysis
rcpresentaLj'e
^.- .
coatft";;.;: Sernirara
of
s3e6 Fc, ;r;;
l
':'3 ii. "":._f*T."te js 32a/aYCM',a
;;l
ts'23 78tqJ
ik:!.e,. ,1?%N
^;;';'.;%{Iant
u:""*,,,"i
wrrj j5004 *:cess
j,llt
o"r,"11,::;#[;,lJ:
driso
iliat
js. 5:l
the
molal
ra.itr of'co' to co
.r.rl.i,c
ciry
a.rr
-,
at 2
..]
r:J comple,.
y* Ilg/x; coal (i6 641
rhe
-,u=Soc,^7?,0
flt';';X^s
t5.76o,6gg" J
r rc"zeuu'
r's:lt^:f

0 '28q"'so-, 12.75at.o..76

-4rry;N.

c,"al (2g.Sn

d) m' air/i<,g coal

(13.7e)

ash,

4 7to/oH. z.r6t/oo)

:.i?!i-]-:'
!/ ,i,
rruf lli ;r f4C.C.
",
77() mn rjfz.xg

l\9.24a/a)

b) UlUmate Anaiysis of Coal (4"530/oH' 6'04%(])

(24"5)
c) m'flue gaslI9 coal

i'l,i
T?ry'lg
;::,.?:
;:r#
.H" f;.",;e#"
rrt
#:lr.!
"!(r
ana:\zes
g'24o'o
co'
'
'wy'a
sor' 0.-:
r'i:a.lculatei
5a'"/o-rlz
"

(9.5270)
(4.71olsl

A boiier is fired wjth eoa-l containing 72'$3a6e ' I4Vo ;rsij'

L6.o/oN and l.2olo S bumt under eonditions that the
elimination of comirustibies frorn the refuse is cotnplete
The air enters t}.e fumace at 25"C, 760 mrn i{g with 80yo
IlH. The flue gases g,les to ihte stack at 280"C arrri 'i 10
kPa. The al errge flue gas o:sat anaiysis is 8 41% COr'
2,52ok CO, O .7 60/o H, and
a) %o excess air

28'o5eocw]

(24.G3 tvrJ/kg

:J m3
",j SG,/kg
tU

tr.r

Uncondensed wa.ter
'Sensible
Heat

rs=ixi,:

1r5.43%vcM)

r) caronfic

C\r lost due

Unburrit eornbustiblcs

,, Modrfied
Ir)
Arialysis
(46. IATo/rtC,'
.i2olnrlu cr
o: ar. ^,. *
9'913cracw)
t:/

i.tl

6l

5.

A certain coai is pulvettzedand brirnt in a burrier. Analysis

ofcoa-tshowedTO%C"IA'7o/a;lshandl'20/oI'l"lJ:r:refuse
is substantiaJiy frie of combustible. A sampie of tJ.e flue
gas collected and analyzed in ar orsat apparat-us 'rver
*"r"rry conlains $.$':lzo C0r' 3.320/o CCl, 0'32010 S0*" 3'32%o
H, a:rd 9.53o/o O". Air supplieri is at 30"C, 1 atm ;alrd
sCturated with water. Ca-lculate:
(45' 130./o)
a) o/o excess O,
coal
of
b) Complete uitimate anaJYsis
(4.68%H, 8.280/o O, 5"140/o S)
c) m' flue 6fas (250eC, 1 ahn}/k$ coal (22.721

A hjgh voiatjle B biiuminous

coa-l a:railzing 22ilk YC\\n,

64o/o-FC,4o/aM, 1.4% N and l.60zo S hras a- *;.lcrriic valr-Le

of 325 MJ /kg it is br,rmerJ in e-xcess ajr suppllr:d
essenlialiy dry at 2B"C alrl 1 atrn. The star:k ,{ases ie ave

at25O'C,'740 rnm tlg and cortain 8.370ia CO,, 4 1990 CO

and 2.51oto FIr. Calcuiate:
t400tbj
a) oz'o excess O,
b) Complete crsai anal-vsis of tbe stack gas
( 9.11% O. , 75.82o/o N.)
c) mt stack gasl m3 air (i.89)

I
I
I

'

-' /

ti.f(

)ici

jioL{F.T.liY
SOI-.lD

4.h, ccAr-

c"yy.y:rfoN WrrH ccft,rEusriBlEs

rN TI-!E REFUSE
{-rvPE t,}
r\40re often in t,e
combusuon of sorid fuers,
the fumace ashes
r r111(;1i11 a significant
arnount ;i;;b"rrr combustibre
r,ltt:.Live,1z called
material
me nedSe;;;,
instances, to be able to
rhe
refuse
'|'r''t1\'7-e
berter, *;;.;;
.pinro.a into it to rorm what
eiLse i",rr.'
]l'
I.', i3 :.f;f"1 "
"",ii, "u o,, car c uralion s, these
'l'l rere
are four cases
CombusUble lost jn the
,r) Case A_Uncoked ofC"ri'il=,
refuse:
,,
the Refuse
js
;m"h;f,coal "orr trr.tlas tosr only its moisrure

coiel r:r:ntairrin{ 4 79/n M' 24o/u

Exanple
- 5: A fur-naee burls
VCNi, 630/o FC, 1'20lo I{, 1.8% Si and B.99zo ash" Ils
c4lorjlic value is 32 MJlkg" Deterrnine the 0lo VCM,
e anri Calorific Va]r:e lost r-rt t}e r e lrse f it
analYzes.

a) 4"8% VCM. I2"6a/a F"e and 82.6%

b) 24ak C ar:d 760r'o ash
c) 7.fiah VCM, 29"2o/o FC a-rrd 63.$/o

*rHra:?i djil :"*rT: :; JiuiH.;r

Thus ttre.following
(FC/VCM) in greei

l,J asigToked

r*

'Sclunon-'

al

2"62b

."rt = lpgffiM) jn the refuse

Ash

Coai Losr in rhe Re{use

\_nKed Joal is coal t-har
has lnst lroU, lL. moisLure
VCM content. Thrrs
and

*,

is less rha:l 0.2t6-;';;..

'- '""v ,-^
uc assumed to
carbon.

e.ssenlially

c)

of Coked a::ci ijrrcokeci Coal

ffif-ombinaUon

(FCI\,CM in green coaj

,l)

Pa;+;*-r- Ccl.;rcj CoaJ

P.uiil-lir., ,;kiJiE;,1

Cr Ll de

(FC/VCMI jn refirse

I OO

ash

LJrreoked eoal

bal:

0"826 x WT Reft:se = 8.9

Wt Refr:se = 10.7'75
Wt VCN{ iri Refuse = 048 x I0 775 = 0"5172
wt FC in Refuse = .126 x 1A.775 = 1'357'7

= (0.5172/241 x 100 =

E Q uatia n:
5.8-B + 2.2d\6 132

/ /.6J

rut o or7

o/oC

astr

kg coal

= 2.625 Case A:

VCI\4 lost

o/oC

in

i,r;J Lj:ai lra> .lcsl a_ll jis

r no jsrurr_
content brit not all VCX{. a"ulyuil'cf
rhe
refu,ss
slrcu,s
sr.qn;i;,.;,:;:,"-,].il l.,i;i J..:,,.,^
.li.:,,.
cr:itl ;:; ,,ut .,iuot lo r.he i-aiii_.
oi eC,",".-r,');#;t:].k:::.
r:.

e/o

Lre

The refuse is a mlyture of

ash, VCM and FC. The
uncoked coa-l that gces i,to
,i_r* .lf,r". co,ntributes
vCM and FC; rhe.Iokeci
bo{ir
;;j;;
goes into ilre refuse
only the FC. -fir,r"-t_[. foljc,,l,ing
retauon js
mTO",es

Basis

Test for ttre Case

63/2al'?= (12"6/4.8)

reiation js true;

-;l^;s of rie refuse ci.ntains

negUgible volaule conrlrusiible'rn]rt..;
Carbon and ash irie
t}re main constituent"-. ;" jcir.i)
if
Lire o/c VCMin rhe
refuse

i)til:ll.S / 6r

ls0 -

2.155o1o plJ'!;

0"0i14(1 $)l

iclo(vcMlFCl)Jr

+ .0053

ss

jn the VCM = (77.83 '- 63)124 x ltl0 = 61.790/o

Wt C in tlte refi-rse = FC in refuse + C in ttre VCM in relrrse

= 1.3577 -+ 0.6179(.5)721 ,= 1.677
C lost = 1.677177 tl3) x 100 = ') 155%: AIVS
32(roo)
- "'_'. 338t63)
- .___-._'...'- ..
jl_
r-\/
44 h(8 htj, }-g
u\ v1
^. r//-M 24

o/o

CV lost
ozbCV

in

* 4 4.ti08(.5 172) = 68 96 t I;
/{32x 100)J .x }00 = 2 l55a/c,

Lhe refr.rsr: = 33.8( 1.3b7V

lost in

tl're R.efuse

,=

[68"961 5

,i,1,,,

1'alji,t HIOtu1r:.rTirii,

S{)l.,li) i.'i,i:ilS r' ilS

rV,fe:

Ataiysis oi

oro

nerH ,ost,

o,t,

Cv/ lost, % N lost,% S lost

'r' rr.llj .lost = lyr.eF f., VCNatfUd of VC

r"z"ne$r r', vcloa["

0z6

100 = 2.1sso/o

lrrst

l,l

I
I
I
I

t
I

x]oo

=z.lsso/o

I
i

I'hus for uncoked coal;

('()VCM
lost = g.ol!-fost ahClosl o/oCVlost
=
yonelH ]ost
=
= o/o CW lost = oz,o N lost 9/o S lost =
=
in the refuse
l(r.fuse arraJysis: 24o1oF.C
and 760/o
, ,,ro].S,r".

t-r.pe

oi combusUble is Cokeri

rosr

o/oC

irr VCM = 61

79uto

0/o

Iti 1ost,94 S k:st.

fl6rrslf-LlnYQ_M{u'i-A[Jcl{ln_r_efusc]x 100 = 4.BTSa/o

-"=(-o4netH
ln VCM)(wt of VC[4 tn gr.Coa!

netH tcxt

o,,c

I
t

l'

%CW ]ost

= t%QW-l!"Y-CMhvt qf VcM-lu.Refuse--l x
P/r{:W ,n VCM)(wt of VCM

lri Gr.Coal}

100 = A.;.'I1ato

t
I

'l

o/oN

lost = 1%NI!-YAML"WL of N lq-i/eM lr-refuEE]

(0/oN tn VCM)(WI of N trr VCM in Gr"r:oa.!

o/oS

lost = !2qtrlYeMJilUlof S ITLVCM ln retuse) -x

(%S lrr VCMIWI oI S ln VCM in Gr.Coaj)

f,

x-

100 = 4

BTso/o

t00.
"

4.37bota

B:g

Wt C in the refuse lt.7l (.2+)

=
= 2.61
'!6 C lost in lne refuse _ (2.gi/77.g3)
_r 100

l^ cv

coal = 77.83o/o;

I.

Ash bal: 0.?6 x Wt refr:se

Wtrefuse=ll.7l =

I00= 4375olo /J{l;

Note: Analysis of Yo netFl losl, % CW lost,

ash

no VCI!{ is present, t{re

Wt of e j:r refuse = 4.088 + .6179 (),05) = 4.737

% C lbst ln the refuse = (4.737 /77.83) x J.00 =, 6.08% AN,:i
CV iost in the r:efuse = 4.088{33,8) + i.05(44.608) = 185.0.tii
o/o (N lost
= tl8s.Ol5/(32 x I00)l = 5 78oto ANS

I
t

x ]oo = 2.tssa/a

,rr,t,
Jtr' lr,...t
frl:il=
- iozoS tn Vt

arJ o/sC tst

C.V= 44 608

From

";##fm]x
"' W rast = m#*#Hm###*+*ffi x r00 z tss*,,,
=

'rr'['J

VCM lost = t1"C5/24)

in the reruse :

i;:jf'"tr_l
= I!"92o/o ANS

/ (]00 x 32)j .x r0o

I.tefuse analysis:
29.2o/o rFC
'r-csr: (63,/?+) .t= ,y1 ::CM, -v'!/e
\ and 63.6% ash
(2g.2/Z S)'
2.625 * S.Bg3 Case
C; coked ar-rri uncoked coa,l
A-.;h bal: C.636 x \..t.r
relusr = I e
wt r:t:s,: = :1
l\t of \'g1u.r ;- r_ -r

liii ci rc r.'i,.,]''== r_!,., ;,.,r=]

Thus for Case C: o/oC lost * % VCM ]ost + o/o CV lost + % neltl
lost
o/o

in

netll iust

-%o

CW los'. = o/o N losf. = 7o S ]ost = % VCM losi

refuse

ExanpLe 6: .A boiler is fired w:lh co;1l irr:aiyzing 13 80lo VCM.

lSala M, I.2o/a S, negligible N arld a r:aJorilic value
of 32.95 MJ/kS.The drv refuse rernoved anallzes
5% VCI\4, 27t/o FC ard 680l,: ash. 600.t0 excess air'
is supplied at at 32 "C, 758 rnm lJg s,it-h 85cz'oRll.
90?b of the cat'oon Easified bums to CO,, tJ-le rr:st
to CO" The molal ratio of H, to C0 rs 2.9. [-liilcr:]ate:
a\ o/a C lost in the refuse

',i:t
'

b) irr: ajrlkg coa)

c) Orsat analvsjs of *re stack {irs
dJ m"= stack gas/ke roa)
e) tr:ia1 t'z'o CV k:sl

sctt..tn l't rEl-s

6F ,, ,;'l r )ir_HlOt"{ETRy

Easis:

,Soluito,-i-'

1O0

ig coal

AIR
320C
/58 mm Hg
60 7o x'ss

Stack Gas
4000c

n;il;

At 32"C:

log VP

= 7'96681 - I658'211t228+32\

VP = 35 532 nim Hg
.^ n^-n\ -x
(12'333 + 46"3967)

BURNER

HrO from aY" =

Fuel

Refuse.

C,:al

5% VCM
27% FC
680/o ash

13.80/o VCM

8.6% ash
3.07q. M
7.2% S
CV= 32.95 MJ/kg

= 2437
ms air
b)' +.
kg coal

(tz.aea

760 273+32
2::'):2:-ffi.]::Wr n6ss6''.**100

**-

= 15.348

'l'est for the type of combustible:

(74.6/13.8) ? t22151
5.406 .=.5.4 Uncoked Coal

Wt of VCM in the refuse = (8.6/0.68) x 0.05 = 0.63235

lost in t.t.e refuse = (0.65235/13.g) x 100 = 4.Sgo/o

free o, = xI55 02

o/oVCM

"

()zn

C lost in the refuse = 4.580/o

(\tFC 74.6
tby difference)=

ig

Cat d-erutood equation:

o/oC
5.88 + 2.206 (32.95

+ o.oosa[so

(0.094)(I.2)

I lt 1

lh

l.:;r

-Forml.rlcr-'

-rtetH

= 3.68

I..14(nerHl

0.r_,94{t.2)

'Ya (l.ii.- l0C El.';6 - 3.o8 - 3 - 8a - I t, -. ).tc

(1

.'lvir.i.;tur'c

=J

. -t

I'ry.i:1

at C lost in refuse

gH.

"UT*

'L

=537

il2:-,i = 0.33t(31.4e) +

o/c

.H,z

= 4'625 - 9-Y*

8lrss

81.46

ig,.

free o,

.:

0 0458(81 46)

L - lgsJ746)

-jjg:jlqs?.7ss - (85X35.532)

= 6'477
At C gasified = (1 -"0458) 191"a$112) 5'83
b conirefred to CO, = 0"9 x 6'4?7 = 0'647
to C0 = O'l x 6"477 =
C
"orr"..t.d
H, in the qtack $as = a'647 (2/9).= 0"144

67

7"71)BZ
Theo O" = 18L.46/12) + (3'68/4) =
'=
4.625
rreq f)
0.6 x Z TA83 =
ii:t"#, ut = 7'7A83 x= 4'625 = 12'333
air = 12'33.3 {79/2t) = 46'3967

765 mm Hg

85%RH

eAe

'-YY \ t-l,O jn Srack Gas = (t - 0.0458)-zu It

a

,.'

18

= 4.325

-144+2..1?,7

,2ao
rt)
-

u-0458]-

., 1'

)t(tIJIOMETPT
SOLID ITU}']I^S

)r,i;tt

A;:alysis

ANS

Gas

,1Oz

o/o

5_83

CO

9.98
1.1I
0.25

0.647
0.144
5.37
46.3967
58.3877

H,

o"2
N,

rrrir.stack Gas
kg coal

e)

g.2O

79.46

*$a.uzz + as2s) x 224 " *

^zis

! +oa

= 34.4
llr0 from combusUon 4.325 _
=
.2.432 = l.g876
9{r CV Iost in the
refuse = +jS
,x, oV rost
ctue ro co =U6i;;zffi.ol)/(i00x
s2.gs)]x100
= 5.56
'r1, CV lost due to

H,

= [(. i4+

=
rX,

1.25

2g6.03)/ {] 00 x 32.95)l x
toO

CV Iost due to uncondensed

= [(r.8876 x 44.0a)/ tez.gsflwaler
i"l aC =
GAS
CO,

nn
,LI12

o2

N,

H"o

Cp

5.83
44.79
0.647
30.19
0.744 :rti 29.06
C I 4^
5,42
.r1.JO
46.3967
io
ar-9{ aa
35.2

o/:

cv

rosr ci.-.e ro sF{

=

2.52 /

AIR- ..-300c

Stack Gas

g.

2500c

735 torrs

zg%co,

1.470/o

ao

745 torrs

gO%RH

BURNER

VCM

I
Refuse
32%

F-C

620lo ash

78.350/o C

l,

27o/o YC

lr

ir

/ . Ie/a ASr)

I 68.52

0.950/o S

r3
_ I52.31

Wt of the refuse = (7.\/0.62) =

9,-c9.Bl

P x )oi) =

1.3% N

l 384.

"_,

22,'65 = 36"5604

60lo

4.l8

g,ffit#f

2.52,

1.25 +

Solufurru Basis: 100 kg coal

COAL

261. I l
19.55

= 4'58 + 5.56 +

Example 7: A furrace bums coal a:ralyzin g 78.3r.>o/oC, 27ale'

VCM, 1.3%N, 7.1olo ash a-nd 0.95705. Aneriysis of
tl:e refuse shows 6oloVCM, 32% FC ancl 62Vr: ash.
Air supplied is at 30"C, 735 torrs wjth 90% RlI.
TLie stack gases at 250"C and 745 lorrs has a
.
partiai orsat analysis of 9.79% CO, and 1..47% Cro"
Assurring that 5. L90/o of the e fired is lost in the
'
refuse, calcfulate:
aJ Complete ultimate anaJysis of eoal
b) Tlpe of combustible in the refuse
c) %o ericess O,
d) Complete orsat analysis of the stack ga-s
e) mt stack gas/ .kg eoal

Fuel

n9p

TotatVo.CV iost

,/

O9

11.45

f;;t of C in the refuse = 05i9(78 35) = 4.1166

\\zt of C in VCM r.n ref = 4.066 - ("32.1(i1.45) = 0"402

i2.t 6.r

o/oL'.

in VCM = 1402)/(.06 x ii.45l x 10C = 58.il1

jn coal = 78.35 - (.5851 r 27) = 62.55

oz'oFC

ll

,r'

l( il(:l-llUMETIl';'

Sr.;.-lli 1'l'r

r,,rrtg the Cd.denuood. Equation:

78 35 = 5,88 + 2.206'{Cv _ 0.94(0.g5ll +
0.0053

iso
L -

t7 lrss
-'
roo62.55.1
i

OSG bal:

iv = 32.292
I

t:,ing DLlongs Farmule

32.297 = .338(78.3S)
net FI - 3.98y0

ll(.u ,/-rrro.r.r
tL, rY qvt/

rr,irl'l

(l{r()
rXr

.l

+(.BCBl2l + (.trS t9 :t7E35l/$2

(.025q
x 9.96)//4
+
y
+
0.766
=

free O, =

54.973 = 5"38 + 0"808

Y = 4'74

+ t.++ nerll + .0g4(,9S)

^;^
= O,JZ

c)

96 Excess O,

Lrl

a,,o

%o

in (CW&M) = B.Z2 x (2llg) 0.g2

in (CW&M) = 8.32 x ,06/tgl== 2.4

= (4.14/7"5241x 100 =

2.316 ;* 5.333 Coked arrd Uncoked_ coal in Refuse

ANS
VoVCM lost = o/o CW lost
o/o NH lost
in
ref
=
' =.06[1t.45)/27 = 2.54

1j,v:x'ssO,
O, (78.35/

'l'l.reo

t2) +

(3 98

O, frcrm ar = 7.524 + y
N, from al't = t7.524 +'y)

/4) = 7.524

7g/2]

At C gasified = (l-.0519) (78.S5lt2J = 6.19

I'SLI = (6 lg/ I l./Si =
=4.973
CO, jn'SG = 54 973 x 0g7g
= 5 3g
CO ;r SG = 54.973 x .U)47 = 0 EOS

Mcrles

10C

- 397 A)iS

(t i*:rtnt):lt:,p

!)2

zz+t

Total HrO in stack gas = (1-"0254)(3.9812) + (1-.0254)

(4"97/tB) + 3.35/iB + 2'24t

- 7.1 = 3.35

J EQtr?
* A.
UJ.J
'

'li:st for the type of cornbusljble:

(62.55/2n ?= $2/6)
Ll

55"02a,'o ANS

C, in SC = [(4.14 + ""793a\i54.97'ii
N, in SG = 79.77

mores warer rrom ajr =

II,TIMATE ANALYSIS: ANS

7ll.35o/oC, 4,9o/p[, 7.4%O, t.3yoN, Z.tVo ash,
0.95705
t

Moislure = ]00 - 2T - 62.55

CW
'k'
= 8.32 - 3.35 = 4.gZ

768 + br+7.5241t\79/21)

A- 30'C. VP = 31.687

total H = 3.98 + O.g2 = 4.9

(l4r

+y+.

e)

(s+sza

m3 Stack Gas

a63s7)

273 + 250
x 224,|?t, '--^*;;--'
Lti\

kg coai
= 26.09% AN-S

Example

8.

Coal fired i.n a furnace ana)yaeso/o 340./0V(lM' 44a/oF'C"

7.7o/o as]n, i.2oloN axd 1.570/o S. llhe reli:se
contains 6.2010 vcM " 8.750/o FC, 35010 a'sh and

50.05% HrO. fur sr:pplied js at 35"C1, 765 min Hg

B5olo Rll' The stach gases leave at 250"C' 766

u'ith

CO. 2.320/o Hr, 9^54ako" itnd 76.5)-0zb

C lcs[ in i]re rrfuse

a)
o{ coal
CV
b)
e) ijltirrlale tuifl1,sis o{' cca-}
d) o./o excess 0"
o/o

N,

Calr:r'rlaLc:

I
:.i()1,1D lfliL;i..t; ,/ /3

o/o

Stack Gas

AIR
tJ(

2560c

hlltl l lg

it

. tr\'.
9.37o,COr\ ',
2:.3?a/o

CO+-

t.il1

BURNER

Refuse
6-2o,'o VCi'i;-1

fttr,tl
f,4'1,(r

8.75olo FC

VCM

ash

H,
9.5p0/o O,
I
76.52% N., I
t.
./ I

50.05%HrO .;'

f.

+ 0.0053 [Bo

ltrsis:

(2.7t.35) x 0.62
=

.34

5I'36
= t(i2.I05)(12)/282.51j. x 100 = 2'21
100
=
/282'811x
7o netH = [6.25065
.2. iCwarra) = 100 - (51.36+2.2L+1"2+7'?+l 5'4 = 35'96
o/oH in (CW&M) = 35'96 x l2/l&) = 4
x (16/18) = 31"96
o/oO in (CW&M)
= 35'96

Coa-l

o,/oC

x I00 = 4.01

in the refuse = 4.01

1O0 moles

dry stack gas (DSG)

c)

N, Iiorn asr = 76.52

t ri frorn atr = 76.52 x t2l/79) = 20.341

,rt. net H gasified = i.364 + 2(2.32) = o

'l'olal at netH charged = 6/(1:.0401) = 6.25A'5

t F = ,;;i cf rirt

in ,i.: iirl

-i '

i2

1'57VoS
51.36o/oC, 6.2La/0L1, 31'96outrO, 1'2oloN' 7'7a/a'as]n"

o, = e 54 - Q'32t2) !19'(?*?f

'
.

1I-'U.99)

.0401(282.81X0.022l)
4

= 6.672

d) 9'o e,<cess Or= l{6.622)/(20'3]]-6

672)l'x 100 = 4B'81?b

1lJ\iS

DxantpLegrAfunlaceisfit'edlr'it-hcoalu'ill:the'follo"wing
4/'
allall'sis: 3O 3oZn\rCN1. 43 6% trC lA Tott:;rsh' ii
29'5
is
lt's
ciilorillc
'"'alur:
M. I 2ti,\, a;rtl 5 lozi'S

ir.i,:I

12iC5

ULTIMATE A]ttAlvsts, arus

x'ss

(,7 unaccounted for = 20.34i - (9,3 + 2.32/2 + 9.54) = 0.34]

or ;( 1.364 at netll

t\'('.

+ 14'* t6'250651FI

F = 282.8I kg
CV = 20.69 MJ/kg

Al C Sasified = 9.3 ;2.32 = IL62

'lirtal -at C'charged = 11.62/(t-.0401) = ti.rO5

lx:

3+1'55
os ]

Soluirrg simultaneourslY;

lr79lo S

O lost

-- I 00

CV = 0.338 x (12.105 x t}/f

x 100 + .094,(1.57)

f'r,,t lbr combustjble 134/48) ?= (6.2/8.75)

0.7083 = 0.7085 Uncoked

rHr

100

\ \

'l,'itYo ash
I il'Zo N

V(lM lost

-.//

357o

rhr

= 6"250651F

{Hrl4 FC

ir-rel

]2]OtPl x r00 = 5,88 + 2.206[cv - 0"094{1 57)}

f uel

in

Calderu:ood Equafr'on:
'\

766 mm Hg 2.Spato

neri-i

x I O0

-=1.-ll|rrrry-

SCILIi) ,.LlLl)i)

AraJysis of ihe werted refuse shours l2go

*,r^ryC , 65oh ash ar;d ?-39/o HrC. Dn ar. is
supplied at

o/oC it DSG
= 8.71 + 7.74 = L0.45
r:roles DSG = (5.6687/0.1045) = 54.2459
moles e0, in SG = 54.2459 x .0871 = 4.7248
moles e0 in SG = 54.2459 x .0174 = .943"Q
rnoles H, in SG .0035 x 54.2459 = .18986
=
moles SO, in SG = 5.1/32
moles free,.O, = y + {"9439 /2) + (,1898612} + (1.9754/

27"C and 1 atm. The stick gases leave

at S50"C,
Tn|- ^yy' Hg with a parlial orsat a-r:alysis of
8.77VICO2, l.7.inh CO anci O.3So/o
H.,.
! Calculate:
a) 016 a';cess O"
b) Comptete orlat aralysrs of the stack gas
c) m3 stack .gas/Ig coa-i
.Sohrtforz'

Basis 100 1g coal

moles

r--_-;rsiack

?'/oc

rr;'
JJU

'l ;rtm
rlry

Gas

l.} n
U

745 mnr Hg

BURNER
Fuel
p% vcM

49.60/o FC

10.7% ash
i\,40/o M
L2%o N
ll. lolo S

121

=y+J31b
N, in SG = (y + 6.923XT9/2tl, + tl.2/28j

DSG bal: gives Y = 4.4961.

AIR

rJ6

,/ 75

B.7Ia/oCO,
7.74o/o CC
0.35()/o Hz

a)

b)

o/o

excess O,

= (4.4961/6.923) x i00

=-

64,.94 ANS

Cornpiele Orsat Analysis ANS

= l$r/32)/54.24591x I00 = 0"29

o/o], = [(4.4961+.7315)/54.2459] x 100 = 9.64
.t 4.496r)(79 r 2i) + (t.z tzat,
,' _
\
n,-*.;_ (s.uzs
r nn .aA dry
o,/^Ni
--___
- x 100 ,='79.27
b42459
'
%SO2

Reflrse
72o/o C
6570 asli

HrO from combu$Uon = (3"72/2) - .18986 + i5.88118)

' (3.4/18)
= 2.1857

23o/o H"O

ov = 29.5 MJlkg

c)

Ilsing the Calderwood equation: o/oC 7a

=
o/oCW by difference
= 5.gB
IIsing Dulongs Formula: o/o netH 3.7?.

lqi

CoaJ

Weight of Refuse = (10.7/0.65) 16..6

\\rt oI C in [he refuse = O.i2 x =16.46 ].gTS4
=

At C gal.tripd = {70 -).975q/)2 5.6687

=
'lheo C), (7Oii2) +
=
t|.Z2,i,t) + (5.1/32) = 6923
J,ctv=:..'ssO..

!3I1*

.r 2E42

(), fror-i'l ;:-:1 .= -: $.g23

i,:
N, from air = (ly" ,r 6.g23) x i7'gi2.1t

:geck-g3:
-/--\\

Qxnmple
-'---/

/L;

??')

:'?1:#":-:i;#
r00

ANS

The ult-imate a-nalysis cf col iired in a borier showed

57 .O40/a tota-l C, p0 5% VCh{, 1.2% N, 9.7% ash and

S. Analysis of the u,etled ;e :se showed

FC, 2 1 .1a/a \ CM, 47, 8% a^sh an d 1 5 90./o FIr O.
tur is ar 28'C,.756 mm i{g with 760/o RlI" Orsat
a;la.iysis of *re sLack gas sltows V.92a/o CC)r, 2 380z6
CO, 39% SO2, 1"79a/aT1r" 10.6570 O, alid 7V.47o/o
N,. Calculate :
a) 7o VClyl ;ind C jost jn Lhe r"elu..,ir
b) Ullirnaie anah,sls ol coaJ
6.30lo
1

3 . 8o/a

"

-]

9,0

7F^'r ', 238!2'

for
=
unaccounte'J
O,
'-Or'JUUr";;;:
4 1'68
to *''iti = A''42' x =
burned
H
nd!
Ai

eX:eSS C,

c) Calorific

Value

of ,Coal

Colutian: Basis: 100 lgrnoles DSG

AIR
280C
756 mm Hg
76 % Rt4

f6t2l At net H =

'Stack Gas

'

7.92o/o CO,

Reir=u

Fuel

[r.oe*I.iq.2I -^.7^
- =+ta

-1l\-

;6)

x 100 = 2'05
rrctH = t4'74/231'151
(zuz
^o2)1? * 100
\t'vt++ r-?qiqg
=
gasified
os@tzat ls)
o/o of torerl c that is

39% SO,
i.19% I{,
10.65% o,
77'470/o N'

= 9374

100 '93'74 = 6'260/o

C lcst in the refi:se =

o/o

Coal

21.5o/o

57.44o/o C
30.5olo VCM
9.7c/o ash
7.2o/o I't

13.870 FC
47.8o/o ash

tr6.9%H2o

YCM

By difference:

o/olc'*r

ANS

(21]6) 2"63
,t#'-J# !'ZZZ, xx (16/18)== 21 06^

70tl;iCrvaY6=z'3'J'1

[:
r

6.3ozi, S

'tr.o

o/o

2.38o/o CO

BI.JRNER

o/o

i:

2'O5 = 4'68
total if in co'i = Z'Og =

r..

t
t
:

o,/NCl/I iost in the refirse

%N lost

(9 / t478) x A.275
X lUU
305

= 14.39i, nt*{S

r
I

in the reluse = Yo S losi in *re refuse =.L4.Bo/o

t
t

b)

)(ss

0.053 &\'t fuel) (1-.143) = 0.39 x 32

. Wt of fuei = 23i.15
Moles of ItJ, from'the fi:el that is gasified

Moles N.. Iroin

Moies (1., i:l;n

?a=
ar = 72.47 - f)4tr - -;';
' /,\-:L..,
;tr = 77.1,6,:: .:i (7?./'i)] - ){) v7

Oz = 10"65

* 11e
.)

(00626)(41lErygq{
L2

0143(2p115x099)q)
-?

r+:)

/-,Qq

6"3'rhs
I'2%N' 9'?o/o ash'
rn refl4
atC in ref - al- ne*{

qaeirllzto""o'
57.oryo/oc.

. Xss O, = free O^,-'- "Ot':

SLltfilr boJance:

O12(23115)
, (i
28

ANS
ULflI\4A"lE ANALYSIS

- t e' /t20 5?-8) I x

100 = 63

619/o

c)

9/r e)icess Oz

d)

+ \'4412'O5l +'094t6'3)
CV of coal = .338(57.04) ANS
22.82 MJ/kg

|"

ANS

,,|l

in a furnace

ol
91-tiT
^-o.r anaivsis 5;:
-#:
: t'r. Tg,.',,27:.:?f?*,.:
ll
tr3'.:f'
i"
\
=i.,;"I"
tarrs with B0% RH'
"#:Sfi,,-#";;;'Li;i'-ida

"izo:"s
f#$J,fr

ftrrnace is flred wiih coai wif-h the following proxjrrrate

analysis: 5o/o M, 60% FC, 250lo 'vCM and 10olo ash. Its
caloriflc value is 31.33 lvil/kg. Calculate the %o VCM lost"
%o C lost a4do/o CV lostin the refuse if t}le refuse analyzes:
d 250/o FC, 4o/o VCM, 71Yo ash 15.1, 4.59, 2.25)
b) 14.4%FC. 60/o VCM; 79.60/o ash (3.02)
8.2. 2.63)
c) 19.6% C, 80"40lo ash

l"'A

fl: ::;k

ff

'116'f'ffi

#'

oii

Y'q'**:

(Ie'92 ' 17l']l)

""lHFtila o/ovcM lost in tlte refuse
Ui Vo **.u" O, [20:41^-.
co'af 1g'OgS)
airl} uua
a:r/KB
cl
J n-I'
;?B"Cgq,ol'12)
".'
of'ililr"tgas (g.170/o 02,
'ana]Ysis
di Orsat

',t. A fligh volati.le A bituminous ccal anaJyzing 73.77o/s C,

5.23o/o H, 100/o O, 1.40/o N, B 10/o ash,3.90/o M and 1.50/o
S js burned in a fi;rnace together wlth 45% excess a-ir
suppiied saturated aL 25"C and I atrn. Ana.lysis of the

t:.'1
A hi gh gracl e se mi - a:r thrac*:,

aiTil

" :.TTl;t ffi

t3,I;'^"ifil.f1,l
T'i"t' o' l3i,
tt?ElB'#t:;;^fr'ii'
K;
g il'Tvll"';t *.
T: ?"jf ,Ht:#i
"o;';i-iil;

;'r;"n"y:rtfl:

i; |.ii'iiH
:*3-:J:3,:
ows 8 o5%o
g:"' ::,T:119 sh
;'"# :;;\spl?g*S:1?.t:T-;
ixi.i,:iJ
a)]@rv"*
{ z"gP/o }\' eaiculate:
2,42% c9 Tj-,
co",
-%
(55)
excess Oa)
oisat ana]ysis of stack gas
Co,r.,pt.te
ili
9olo Nr)

VCM" 23.55o/o FC, 32.480,2o ash

and27,97o/o HrO. The stackgases leave at 300"C. 7'15 ton-b
with a CO to CO; ratio of 0.12. Ca-lculate:
a) a/aC and CV lc'st jn-the refuse (1i.18)
b) ly"pe of combusti)rle in Lhe refr-rse (Uncoke'i coa])
c) Ors+t analysis of siack- gas (i09/o CO, l.2o/o CA)
d) nr3 SG,/)<g coai 125.21,;
e) 9zo C\r lost due to CC e:rd $e:sii:le heat (5.38 , 14.76)

welted refuse shor,vs

analvzes

fired
"';:!1":]t#;^:,1,::"1*
rvr' ir' i"'*'"9 1:*::Ti1,.13;'i';."iJr:
'# Coal
i"1i'
;iir5;"
6i.4% !U, o'ro
tjtii::, shows 44ola ush,
o"t/kg Analv?i:

160,6

UO.73o/o C2, 75

,r' =t^.i. g"asl mt alr

")

'

,i<' The following datawere obta'necl durirtg coa1 cornbtrsUon:

Coa-l: 13.8% VCM, 71.6% FC, 8.6?ar ash, 370 M, 0% N.
1I 00
i,Q.
L /Vvt

(1 624)

to
A sarrple of coal rvas found

cunran.1"'1:IJl]:3itr1

;"'1": :'^ ::::5,i' i I 3"il$

t ;ilJ8l ;; #$" ;?",i,.;*
;;iEi
1.1;ii,;#dfr"",H;; ,";

?:-*o T*^,?:
e87ez6 0'
e+Y' so''"l'ffi,'i:l

3:='j;H:t;ryr..i;;f,?";co'
zg.zgolo Nz"' calculate"

Ld
ulrimate analysrs of coai
.t
"' C;orr:DleLe
tsz iozoc:. 3.950/oll. 12.15ozoo)
117'93%
.nal-vti-t ;ith; *iu" if it cont'ajns
irt
Corlplele
''
(54'3% FC' 7'77% VC\{}

CV = 32.9582MJ/kg;
Refuse: 4a/o YCM, 4Ao/o FC, 5670 a:;h;
Air: 25"C, 740 torrs, 800/cr P'H. 50Yc exsess O,
Stack gas: 300"C. 755 torrs. lr,z/Co ratio = l:4
CO/CO, ratjo = I:10
Ca-lculate:

c)

a) ml ajrlkg coal (14.I9i

b) Orsa-t a;:ajysis of uie slack 91"
i10.39% CO-, 1 C:49'o CC). tr.2Glb i{-)

^sir
o/o excess O- ( 39 5ryol

8Yo ash' 1'49lo

57
l?icr'
Coal fired in a furnace aralyzes
Z+sw'C rrrrd 7ra5o/o
N and O.?7a/oS' ti';;f"=tlo"'"= gas shou's 11'21% CO.,'
ash. orsat uo"-'ytit"oitit-"iu"rt
7-i-oro N'",,caiciilzrie'
isztz.'co, z.+iota o, and 79
(5'Fj5r:'b ]i '2ri [i8% O)
r
tt=
J'"i,
'[ ''na]
2i) Corni-'lere trtr:nrii
fJ 9t excess O, (40Y0)

i t'

=t"=='t-'t"

t"""t'

'

SToICHIoMETRY

8.

Coal flred

in a f-lrmace anallzes 30ozo VCM, |le/o FC, l1o/a

ash, So/o M, L6% N ald l.ioto s with a GCV
of g0. i MJ/
kg.-leJUse analysis shows 30% FC, iS%s VCM, 4oolo ash
Air supptieri is sarurated at 2S"C, Z4O rnm
Td-Tf.-HrO.
tvtotl
ralio
of Cq t-o CO is S:t and FI, to CO ," i,r
!S
The stackgas leaves ai 900"C a:rrd.Z65 *ro'Ug.
CJ""r"t.,
a) ors_at anaJ5rsis of ttre stack gas
Y:9Z:,_9.A,. i.E9o/6, CO, J.Egozo Hz, tt.!bo/o b,,

CHAPTER

SULFUR AND ITS

CO'MPOUNDS

ZZ-69a/oN2)

b) ms stack gaslm3 atr (Lg6)

5.I SULFUR COMPOUNDS

' One of the most imporlant an<i basjc raw rnateria-ls jn the
chemical process industrjes is SuUur. It e<ists in nature both in
the free state as Rau; Suli-r and combjned jn ores such as pgrites.
Before conversion intO its other eompounds Raw Sulfur or pyrites
are bumed to give S4 or_-SOr. The operations are simllar in
prlnciple to the corflE?StffiFb-f carbon compounds, aJthough
special furnaces have to be empioyed. Among the most jmportant
applicatioirs of sulfur is in the manufacture cif Sulfuric Acid- Olgn1.

5.2 BURI\IING OF RA\v SULFUR

. Raw suifur js a combinaUon of pure S and inert materials.
When srrifur is bumed, the foilowjng reaetlons Lake place;
Main Reaclion:

S+Or-SO,
SiCe Reacuon:

S+3/2Or=SO"
I

8l

T
,' ', ir

)11

ill(lME1liv

::

Solution: tsasis: i00

O, calculations rnay be based on

any of the above
11,,,;111,",r.,
'l'l rerr
O, (S conversicn to SOr)
At S
l'lrr, o, (S con'ersion to Soji = Total aJ
=
x s,/z

i;;

h l,;xcess O, (S conversion

O, Irom air -

rireo O, (S ro
rl

theo

ttreo

;i

Eap Sr.:tfur Anatysis (case

e I

g*j:,
l','lIi::,:::,'l:'in #ua

L' ttot included

Itt
lll ll]e rcqrrlfc

*;;;;

"l!',

Cinder
10% s
inerls

9Oo/r:

Total at S = 95/32 = 2"96875

Theo O, (S to SOr) = 2.96875
O, from ai1 = (1.65){2.96875} = 4"898
N, from ai1 = 4.898 {79/21) = 18.427
Tlreo O, (S to SOu) = 2"96875 x 312 = 4.453

rJ

,n};. ffi;",iI11, i,, *. o

:.":.:* -::{,
i,li?pffirH] ffi::
;i:u"::T
.:: T.:::: ci rn n ur ;;;
il T".;
,' :,, ,*]o :",1 : *. s " " ;;rffi
y
;i
;:
3
:1,
I**:
:H: ?.:;s il"' ?: :::l

\\

95%o S
5olo inerts

%F ro so3) x 100

Ii

BURNER

Raw S

-o= tai n s
: -con
a,sena.a,." l"
11

,?

III

x 100

o, (s to sol

,,lt,""y::"=,,r:::

a)

%o

qru .iii,
#'ffi
Lrrus
#as water
;X#

*.

excess O, (S
ANS

to SOr) = t(4.8g8 '4.453)14.a531 -r

At 30"c log\P

'VP

= 7.96681
=

1668.2t1t228 + 3A)

31.7 mm Hg

^a *.

t.lt).(

l: Raw Su.ifur

anal_r-z:ng g5gtr

S and

)s

30"c,
7.40 mm He ;,;"do#^":
"2?!':I:ess
::llil:: ollf the
cjnder shcr.r,s jC.:j'S ,", .:L

1^

-^

Ur,u

SO)'

i))

It

ilt 3arr

tlr.,,!]

illo :,,,,,

i-,1

h:

aCr!

(q.ssa

I /

6)(3i7)

0615

76r) 2'/ i " '.t)

.
. 18 4'27 = Lt.6L5l ,'224, _.^ , :.:..
10t)

=61127,ANS

.i.
;t1., , L'..1 ..... ..,.. .l
:r

c) eortrJ,j,:ie ariaj_vsis of iJle bunter

74A.- |

"1

ineris
Ls is
JS

.A:-raiysis

inens. 8B0,/o of tilc li gasiieO

i.,;,:.. t"
ic SOr. Calculate:
a) 9/o excess aj:iS tr., Qr\
:,

5
5olo, rrtct

ai(s r,: so,) Ar

3,Y::1,*i?

r00

100z6

Moles H,O from ai1= {4.898 + 18.427)

l')turnple

i;l r' B.i

.r *^,, , C.
laf,w J

Fuel

ir l,l-xcess O, (S conver.sion
to SO.)

O, from air -

Sorl-

i.

Staek Gas

SOr)

rireo O" (S tro so2

Pi-.i. i N

300c
740 mm Hg
65 7o X'ss

60%RH
to

tq

AIR

'l'lrr detemlnaUon
of the Excess
*9 7o Excess O, shouJd
l(lly whether the ca-icr-tlations are ?,
oased on t"l:e conversion
of
lltrr to SO, or SO..
'l

1-

UI-i'UIr,tj'it, ll'S aofti

gas

14,,,slolc;-rlcMEll.ry

sul-FliR.A-NU i.is 6'e1'4;1r''r

Ineri bal: 0.9 x Vlt crndei- =

Wt cinder = 5.5b5

Soiuti,crr-- Basis

At S gasified = 2.96gZE - (.t .x 5.555)/32 2.951

=
At S convertecl.to SO, = 0.gB x 2.gil 2.SG-"^
=
At S converted to SO, O.l2 x 2.g5I 0.385
I\{oles O" i-isec.i

-Ib-trred

g;;"s

9.7970 SO,
9.169/r, O,

81.057o i't,

BURNER

l2olo inerls

o/o

2"596

10.93

1.771

7.45

18.427
0.355
0.615

77.54
r.49

O- from 2i1 = 8I'05 x l2l/79) - 21"54

o' fo, SO^ = 21.5:4 - (9.79 + 9.16) = 2'59
fuflf** So. fon-ned = 259 x (2/3\ = l'727
= at S convet'Led to SOu

,EO

Total at-S = at S converted to S0,

'
Theo

'ir,r".

tne

inea

during combustion. The O, frorn *re

determined from the
\ ln the bumer- gas since
comes from a:r.

ExamlsLe

760 mm Hg

s5

88olo S

Calculations Based on Analysls of Bumer

Gas (Case ID
In the orsat araiysis of the bumergas, SO.
is noi included.
To find the moles.of SO.. a comparison
of rje oxyqeri-ln

Wut",ipp,ru."om

Hg

'/

Fuel
kaw S

L,t I I

23.764

bl

l.OU t-

drv

gr_{o., SO, = O, for S0.

"p = 2.596
+ ol:ssti/2) = s..tzz

Free O, = O, from air - O, used up 4.ggg _.3.t22

=
=
Complete Analysis ANS
GAS
SO,
a2
N,
SO,
HrO

Burner
-^.^O^ Gas

A.IR

oro^
745 mm

I00 moies dry SO, free }3u;-rter

r'l''

orvgffi

Jr .L

a)

U.

aI of ttrese

2:. Ilaw sul{ur andpirrg gB% S an', l2o/oineris

when
bumed::ndl.:: a gas wirtr an orcat;al,=t"
of
9.79o/o:O,
a,nd 8i,05 N;nry,Jt,
,ci,jrr[, is
^?r_6yoq
suppliec ai 25,c
and zoo nrm lig.
A) 9rr, r;:ii ..s Zri:. {S tO ,qC.,J
b) 96 excess air (S to SO,)
c) nt3 j-,r,r_.-.,..-. gas/rn3 e,,i;

b)

o,

at S converted to SO'

=1.727+9'79=1i'517

to SOr) = 11?11 ,,. .;

ol is to sorl = 11'517 x (3r2) = L7"28
(S

7o Excess Pir (S
= 87.030/o ANS
%o

"+

Excess

= 24.65%

Air

(S

to SOr) = l(21'54: 11"517)

to SOr) = [(21

'54

'

I 1l'il"71x I00

17'281/ 1728)x

L{]0

A-1{S

, ,nt Burnei
c)
m'alr

(roo * tz2z)

Cas

xzz4,

(zi.s+ + 81.05),
=

I706

,{NS

l:* "?7:;#9
'.2'i3

224'

760
/4)

='

''2it

- zt-)
;;'-

'I
I,

i,,

ji_'.i

jil

)i,,,,

j:1'5r'

S,iil,rri.)'(,r\Iln ITS COMP()1-1lii,)S

Ir

:1777 L.3136 .2s8g

F'ree

Solulioru Basis: 100 i;roles SO, iree BumEr Gas

.9d-5.4

AIR

O, = O, nct usecl jn ttre ;-eactions

= 3.1165 -.5986 - 1.3i36 = t.2O41

Burner Gas
8.150/o S0,
8.460/o O,

)rsat Analysis ANS.

GAS
so,
o,
N2
Vapor pressure

II,(J fi-oin air

83.38% N,

n
0.355.i
7.2A41
11.723
I3.BB:5
at, 2E

BURNER

O,/-

6.89
6.ti /
84.,44

= {3.1163

11.723)

Fuel

Cinder

Flrites

3.06% SO3

62% FeS,
I8o/o gangue

C = 25.61 mm Hg

SO, in Burner Gas = O.3tg2Z

d)
E'

89

l,he ieaciion:

4 FeS, + Il O" = 2 Fe,O. + E SO^

23'61x.8
= 0.388
74O _ 23.61( 8)

.0255 = O.2.g3TZ

O, from ajr = 83.38 x {21179) = 22"164

SO, ir, lhe burner gas = 8"15

In the reaclion:

I
^.
uurrrer
Cas _ rl3 8825 + o.388 + O29377) x 22 1 ^A- , ?ry::'79
75o' 27;)
=----r rr.*
lo0
, = 554 ANS

4FeS,+I1 O,= 2FerO,+ ISO,

4"075 I 1.206 2.A375- 8" I5

;n3

O,

.or

SO. = 22.164

11.206

- 8.46 = 2"498

Ih the reaction:
4 FeS, + 15 O, = 2 FerO, +

.666

tlxcLmple

4:

Drv p_vnte fines contai n)ng B2o/o FeS, and

)g%
gangue are bu;ned jn a Herreshoff Burner. -lhe
cinder produced contains 3.0670 SO, and no
unburned FeSr. Orsal arla1_vsos of the du.r., gu..,
shov.,ed g.ts9/o sor. g 46% C- a-nd ss.:gt =r,
ClJcr:l;ie:
aj g.i, o{ the ieS, chil_.ged coirvei_ied Lo
-- SC-

b) Zo c.rcess airl.-ts, io SO,i

c) (_.rr;tirlet. il.tit_],-. , . ,;-- , ;ic -l;L: it.ra,r

--2

,qaS

Cinder Analvsis:
Fe.O. = Q.0375+.3'33) ]60
Gangr,re = {4.075+,666)( i 20Xi 8i82)

SCu

1.3325

\ rl

lll

Wt%

e7O
QQ
J LA

tl+.6Cr

-/

OI

ar)
\1'l i)l -)ll

.'".-

2.498 333

i
I

9694

306

cirider = t379.2t+.i2.+ 88) x (.0306r.3694) = l3 9

,l
.

rr',t_

,",

l , ,lCHlulnETR':

SC2- W.A75

rllr ["'e-q2 Cha-rged converied

(+.O75+.866)j

I'lrer'l O, iFeS, to SCr) = @.A75 +.666)

rl'ir

"

c-xctss a:r(FeS,

to SOr) =l(22.164 -

x(lI/4) = 13.038

13.038)

13.0381

('ornpleie

of Bumer Gas ANS

iJforl".a

';=;";';"
bY t}re reacLion'

uor r H,o = H,sor

1O0

\.6

o2

8.46

Q D'7

N2

t1J.JO

82.45
1.12

o/o

8.06

r.3325
1 0 1.13325

l.+ pnopucrtoN oF suLFURlc AclD

AND

OLEI"'M

r[u ric Acid has hjstorjca]ly heen produced by two melhods,

(lonracf
Process and the Ch,anber Process. Both of these
llrr
Ittrtlrr:rcls involve the formaUo4 of SO, irr abunterusingeitherRaw
f3 ur lyrite; foliowed by cortversicn of Lhe SOr-to SOr; ard
nlr';orljon of SO, in water lo give Sullurjc AclO of Oieum.
I ir

C.rndtct Process
'lhe contact process involves the calaivtic oxidalion of SO,
to SOo usirrEi Vanadjutn Pentoxde or Platinum dispersed in
irsbestos or sihca gel as cataJ-vst unde;- appropriate condjtions
irr an equip:rrent kno'*,n as a Conuefler. The reaction is:
qnl

r.il t:

rj

Sc'co;-iitl;irr/ -{ ii

I
-i""'od

sM#{|,''= t"t"f'"'#
ap'ent to procluce

absorhing
to bL the most efficient
otnt*se known.as
,ut]g'.
grades of
""ff""t
produet utttt to give

'"*"Jo:"::ilffJ1:l';al
.at"i

Rllnose= -1".^tn'=
if
used *' ub'n'u''S a;!ents'

concentralions o[

*HF*so

book'

i'l:'r-u

1ig 5rr pp

in series. a'lrd extra air

i

-.J

11.

dirrerent

nav !:, f "-?-:f.';.

r-t
.,333iJ:: 3
;qi'li::
"f3l
i"9,^-t'
q
ior
s
e.
tn
or
n
* ;",
o
xi d a'
in the corr'er1e r 8? J,T::H;:#
o,
the
;";;;;this,
gases'
the O, ln the wastes
illustrated
for the Conlacl Process is
rl:e

The flow ciia$ram

lt

below':
l----

BURNER

?nmaeY Atr

'fir'"ile

Sulluric Acid
Soi'n

'

a) Dilule a'cid

Seconcary Arr

CAJALYTIC
CONVERTER

tr) Conc 'Atrd

GAs
I

ABScRSERI

*_J

1,/2 O" = !SC.

-fV'o o;-more convei-t.ers ina.v be

;

(,,.1:' :' , i)

tt'e
o=i"u*Water is added io

SO,

So.

.- r ,;.,1
'.

?"titta

(ciow'nwa'r-d)

= 1.332 - (15.9/80) = 1.3325

n
B. r5

GAS

.J..!'

70% ANS

Moles SO. in'the bumer Sas

Hl

r'.-

gtt!'-t' the conver"lers,l:r3l:iT:,ertt:l

The SO., irom rhe
the gases [uprfo*t'=
Sirlfunc Acrcj
.orrni.r.roerrt passage of
houid

r, 100 = 85.95% ANS

,t, ; I CNlrl /'''id

Co.wllea aias

ir

{.-1lD

'-

('( rlVi\'llllli)::l i 'ri

SIJI-FiiIi Airi; lllS

lr)

Clzanber Process
Aside from the bumer, Lhe pi:ocess involves the use of a
GloverT'ower, and the Chari-,bers and Gay Lussac's J'ower. The
hotgases frcm ttre burner passes up tlrough the GloverTower
wheie SO, is converled to H-SO,. This comprlses ai:out 157o
of the total HrSO, product-ion. The baiance of the conversion
takes place in the chambers. The chamber process produces
a weak sulfurjc acid (70o/o H-SO4).
Since the contact process is the more pooular methoti for
Sufuric Acid production, it shall be the only oae considereci
in the computational analysis of this book"
Exompie 5: Raw Sulur, 967o pure js burned in dry exbess air
producing a g?s wjth an orsat anaJysis of 18 7o
SO2, 0.50% O, ald 81.5070 Nr. The bumer gases
are fed to a calalyLic converler together wit}:, 20o/o
excess secondaqr air resulting in the oxidatjon of
SO' The gases fr-om th9
. 60% of the SO, to
converler enier an absolber to produce the acic.
Assuming no fi:rt-ire: oxidatjon of the SC, taicng
place in tJ-e absorbE:r, citjcr-rlate.
a) Compleie .urir'':;is i.,-f ihe bumer gas
b) Complete a.t:eji':li; of ihe converler gas
c) Wt of an 6592o ccncer:traled LI-SO* sc;luuon per
kg raw S charger, if the absorbirig acid is 400/o
FlrSOo:

d) wi ;f a 570 oieurri forrned per kg ra"w S charged

if the absorbinq acjci js ai 9096 H,SO4 solution.

Ge's
moies SO" free Bur;'rer
Soir-dioi r-- tsasis: 100
Br.;r RNER

AlrllJ-YSI

x Q1/79i = 21 66
Primarl' O, fi"om air = 81.5
O, unaccounted for = ir"oo-18-o'5=3'16

x t2/$ = 2'10
S converred to SO"
'"" = 3.16
in BG
= *ot"" S9'ioy'*d
(B:2) (l/"s6) = 670
Toial wL of Raw sl= ti.iitll6's1

a)

ComPleLe

'-sis'of Burner Gas ANS

Praly
o/s

.GASN

s0,
02
N;

18

o'5
B1'5

sbu *2J
102. r

CO I,TIIERIER AN'AIYSI

r.7.63

0.49
79.82
2"06

S:

of SO, to SOu
Theo Q, for comPlete, conversion
- ttnl." free Orln Bunier Gas
= 172 x Moles SO,

=l/2x18-O'5=LI

8'5 x (1"21-= 10'2

37
Secondary 0, Irom air =
=ia"z*zgl';-! = 38
g.s6nflary N, from #'=

'tii"-l'$fzt)

SO, converted to SO. = 0.6

18

10'8

+ 1/2 O, = S0,
The Reacbon is: SO,
10.8
5*
10.8
Sulfuric Acid
Sol'n

Secondary A,lr(20% r'ss)

a)40% Aciu
b) 90% Acid

CATALYTIC

CONVERTER

GAS

ABSCRBE

72
SO, unreacted =- ,3 - 19.3rA =r) - l: A
+ 1L/,1
= 5.3
'i:
O, iJter reactjon = tl.J
'38.37
ti9E7
+
=
N, after reac[lon ; 81.5
12 s
8
10
+
=
2'1
;b;;.;leacti'rn =

tlt5,z s r-,ric t{l{i^.1ii'I-r'r'

SUl,iLi R :\ND iTS COiv'l](']lrj'iDS

5.:, HOAsfiruG 0F

lEtOhi P-fHlTEs

Iron pr,rlres reler to rhe sullide ore n:ost commoniy burrred

for SO, rnarufacture. It consists primarill, cf jro! Sulllde (feSrl
sma1l amounts of meLa-llic sulfides and appreciable antounrs 01
totaliy jncombuslibie mateials. These inconnbustjble materja-ls
ue reported as GA.N'GLE in the a-r:alysis.
The following reacUons take piace ir the combustjon of

*filiZt,^

+ 11 o, = 2 Fe,'o,+ B so, y'

.Reacijon:4
+
Fe.S,
15 O, = 2FerO, + 8 -sO./
SiAe
fl
Reacuon: 4 FeS,

Solu.&on: Basis: 100 kg Pynte

s)

ca]c

a)

o/o

la{ e:

excess air(Fe-1,

t-.] o,l

lc

SO-)

cf lltc I'eS. ;:zr=.ei iu.Sl ir', -ilrt ,:jr:rl::ic) C:-s:iL an.,ai-lvsis r-,i' iiit b,:;;ier .3.as
d) mt cl l;'.:me;- gas at 3511 f-: a,t,-l lfii tr:;':: l-j:'./
1.<. ir-.i.rr:-

3500c

740 mm Hg
BO% RH
17 33% x'ss

750 mm Hq
B U RhIER

t cinder

t---------

Fuel

1 L .1

Raw S
150/o $a;r$ue

N4c,ies FeS,

10lo FeS,

66.630/o FerO,
2.670/o SA.

85%o FeS,

19.6% gangue

= 85/t2a = 0'70833

to qO,) = 919!?l x (\t/4) = 1.948

.;-r.,o^ n' fFes to so;) = 0 70833 x (15/a) - 7- h,5b
ij"#o# ;'";' il Tllli " 2 656 -- 3 I i63
t r't o,-,-, air = 3 llill x Qg/21 = 17'723

Tkrec O, (FeS,

a) o/oexcess

O, (FeS, to SO, = [(3'1163

- l'948) I

1'948]

lO0

= 59.97% ANS
Carngue Ba.l: 0'196 x Wt of 3inisl = 15
tVt oI cinder = 76.53
Wt of FeS, in cinder = 0'tiiIi76 53l = 8'503

Catculations Based on P1'rite Ana-lysis

Example.3: $rrite Fine s conLarning E50/o FeS, and 15% g2ngue

are charged to a bumer. An arralysis of *re c;lnder
shows I 1. 1 1plo FeS,, 66.6302'o FerO., 2.620/o SO. and
19.670 gangue. Air js supplied lT.Z3a/o in excess
.
(FeS, to SO") ar 25"C. 740 nrm FJg md S0?e Rli.
Il 8o/a of IJre SO-, fcrmed js absorbed in Lhe cjnder,

Burner Gas

AIR

^,-o^
lcw

As in the bumji:g of raw S, the tJ:reorelica-i O, and.o% excess

ajr have to be defined as Lo wheLher based on conversion of FeS,
to SOz or SO.
.,.,)r'
'Iheo O, (FeS, to -qC,,) = Tctal rr:c;les FeS- x ),7/4
Theo O, {FeS, to SO.) = Total moles FeS, x I5/4

Dr:ring buming, the gangr-:e a;:d lhe ircn oxide goes to the
cirrder. Unbur:red FeS^ rnay alsc be :;resefrt aiTFcsbibiy a smajl
arnount of the ciiva-leai oxide n:a-v a-lso be formed" The latter is
small enough and mav be neglectrri ilr a ri,eli cperated'furnaceThus t}e rnain Sulfur cornpout-lcis in the cinder are SO" which
is absorbed on rhe cinder by rJre tnaFffi
F.Sr_

/ 87

b)

FeS, lost in the cinder = (E'503185J x 10tl

Moles iSO, fo,med = 0 0255/'08 = 0'319"27

Yo

ln the reacuon:
'1 FeS^ - ]5 u:
.

r.:

iv'Jrrles

F'Z?:-- 6 SO,

-? .0796
i596 o.sgso

-'31s2'v

FeS. cotivill'cl Lo SO, = :".'::= f).t,77'7

.".S0

+t.'ffia.,

i0ozb ANS

Comolele Anaiysis of

C,--;nVe:-Ler Cais AJiJS

GA.S

ft

SO,

71

119.87
'l? a

I\i2

So.

1At

aa

ihe i:bso;"i:ers a:rarirze J.950zir S,i)r, 7"820;,b 0. iurd

9l.2301; N, Calcuiate:
a") Cermpiete analysis of tlre brrmer gas
b) (% conversion of SO, to $0, in fi:e coriverler

o,/o

/j..
":)"

Yfr

b3

,J Wi of

a 6C9/o H"SO. neecled tr: p;:orlirce a

cor:centated 9002b I{?Se4 solution /irr
d) Wt of an 88% H,SO4 aciri needed to produce

82.51

8.88

120lo

Oieum/tr

r\II.SORBER ANALySIS:

[-ct y = wt of 85% HrSOo solution formed

j, - I2.g(80) = y I tC32 = wL ai 4Oo/o H"SO* useC

Waste
Prirnary

+1032{9Sl80)=0.85y
y= 1892 kg/i00 motes Se free BG

r')

i ^,.^.,_* |.9Y':i9{
- | BURilER ls a,r.

1032)

ra*

Wt of 8596 Actd/kg ra* S = tB92/620 2.g23 ANS

=
I,et z = wt of 596 oleurn fonnerl
z - 1032 = wt of g0%o H-SO. ar:id useC

'l)

Example

6:

l00O

/kg

raw S = 30.t 4.83/ 6Z0 = 4.5 AN,S

l/1r $rntes arLalyzirrg

gangue js bumed in t:xcess

g*_*lf

gl9.o FeS,

and lgo/o
at to produci a burner

orsar anaiysis af b-.84% SOr. 9.22o/o O,

N,. Analysis of the cin'rjer: shows
B.2go,c,unbumei FeS, L:d : af ra SO, t"l. g_r.,
from ttre bumer entei a catal-l,tic conierter _he..
SO. js oxidized to SO.. parlial orsat arra_11_s;s of
lhe
conl,erter gas shorvs 7"87i/, so,. l,rc acldjrjctc
:r3ccrda;r. ?-:r- iS s..rpj,rlierl ;;, ihi coi:i.et1ei. .j-he
conve rt:rga.rse S at_e dtet: sent lo ar: absorber w.here
.li:1rcl w';,.t l::-;, i;,-1,:s pllc:. Tii.l.r.i.r:_.-.ie ga: L,cn,

and

Sol'n
a) 60% Acid

.al

84.44010

-*^.-"1

b) 88% Acid

tnrrr^JX' I cor.rvrnlrn
-I' Bo ooo," *, '----|'
|
cind.,
'
Pyriie
B.Z9 % FeS2
l_ _ 1CC0 kg,hr
3 81 % S03
converter cas
s

81%

Fe52

19% gangue

SO, Balarice:
\q\a
0.9 (z - 1032) lsoigS) * :0gz = .c5 z + 95 z (80/98)
z = 3014.83 kgl100 moies f::O, fi.ee BG

M't of 57o Oleurn

Sulfuric Acid

91.2;!,6 lr2

H,SO4 Ba-la:rce:

Oa$ -

G:s

0.95% SO2
7 Eza/, A2

Ar

a) 90% uonc. Acid

b) 12

96

Oleum

.B'{utbsoz

Solulion: Basis: 100 moles dry,S{}r-{+ee Br:mer Cas

BURNER AI.IAIYSIS.
O, from atr = 84"44

x (2t/79r =.22.446

For the RedcLon:

. 4 FeS, + 11 O, = 2 FerO., + 8 SO,
2.92 8.03 1.46 s.84

O,

icr conversion oftseS,

tO SO.

2.2

44,

E.iJ3 - ii.72 = 4 696

For the Reacl.ion:

4 FeS, +- 15 Or'.= 2FerO, + 8 SO,

t.2522 4"696

0.6261

Cinder ,A"na]vsisi
FeS, - (',v rlroies) 12C
FerO- =, {1 .a6+.52611(}60j

2.5045
\1ry'

bti,

t 2(i.v
:137 "i 7b

a.l i

!1i

"'{?*

96

srorcritoMETRi'

G -a:rgu

e = (2.92+ I .2522+w)t1

so. = a motes
Tota-l

S $dd dsd*l
2Ol i I I /8 I ) \ tt +y' * 2S ) 4,{w I
.

y"

/.u

SIiLI'-Lln AJ'jD

b)

%o

con'r,ersion of SO, to SO. = (4.0846/5 84)

NRSORBEF- ANALYSIS:

SO, in BG = 2.5045 - .25 = 2.2548

n
5.84
9.72

N2

SO,

88

Vo

84.M
2.2545

9"51

,rr'fr=
tO.

GAS
n
SO, 5.84-b
a2
9.72 - .5b
N2
r i00 . 1.5b
forSo^: 584-b =org7
' i00 - i.5b
b = 4.0846

ah

l.B7oto

84 ++

SO.

.88'

lrt y = wt of 6070 H2SO4 acid charge

82.58
2.2

y + 7 .21g i^(80) = y + 577

-528 =

-- ^^ formed
wi of 9Oo/a FI?-SO{

_t

SO, Balance:

(80/98)
,156/98) (.6) + 577.528 = (y + 577.528)
Y = 625.655

CON\DRTER ANALYSIS:
I.el b = moles SO, converted to SO. in converter

The reacuon. is: SO,

I/2 02 .44

SO, avaiiable for absorplion = 6.339i + '88 = 7'2tgt

5.71

02.2545

O, in waste $as = (84.44/.9123) x 'OZB2 = 7'238

O, reacling = 7.i77V - 7.238 = 0'44

For tlre reactiotl: SO, +

Complete AnaJysis of BG

ci.s

100 = 70 ANS

= ###

w=0.36268a=0.25

'fu*,07,
Wt of Pfrite/1O0 moles SO, free
BC
= (2.92+1.2522+.3G268XI20) / .81 = 6Zt.S4

SO,
o2

n
Converter Gas
t'7554'
SO, = 5.84 - 4.0846
Or'=O.ZZ = i"5(4.0846) 7'6777
84'44
N, =
sb, = 2.2545 + 4.o846

Wt of cinder = 451.216 + 148"l4g w + g0 a

SoMng simultaneously:

n)

IlS COitl;'C;UivnS '/ 97

c)

('9)

Wt of dilute 600/o acjd/ hr.= (625 655/671"834)

x 1000 = 931.26 FJ'JS
i$^st:)
6yu,,\ o(1ro1

L1i"old Ylh(

l-et z = wt of 88% acid

z + 577.528 = wt of l2o/o oleum
H^SO. Balance:
olAA ) + 577.528{98,180) =
+ 0.88(z+577.528)

(0. 12Xz+577 .528){98

I 80)

1';'7 QOr,
-l_-ttt.aJJ
-

o}i{tof88%acid/hI=|777895/67].834]-x1000=1]57.87ANS

!., '

I
/

.utro-'

'-

$J

ito

SLJi,rLiR .4"ND i'T:

tJre gases f::om the

sur-rurbumer
ere passeci thror-rgh a coorer, an entrajnment separator ald
t].en
llrl() ax absoqption tower. It the tower, it is made to corile.mto
rtact with MiIk aJ Dme or sld<ed- L,ne (lime mixed with
l,'rrr form the bisuifite. Lime is essenliary a mixture of cao,ivater),
Mgo
errrl inerts. The foUowjng reactions take place:

F,euylf<
/-'

only O, and N,. Assunring nci furtlrer oxidalicrn of

S0, to SO, and forn:aUon of HrSC* in tl:e lower,

I a-^i"-

calculat

r[o\

r tte tl')-

.n

lrarT
J

Cy'\

, FI

MgO+H,O=Mg(OHi,

e:

a) Wt of Lhe bisulfite iiquo;:

b) Lime consumptron/hr
c) Wt of water used for slaking/hr

'

su'1

7-+';,is"
-{
baL
"t

.Soluhon-' Frorn

SL.{HER: CaO + FI,O = Ca(OHJ,

8x.6, Eas;s. 100 ir:oles SO, fi-ee Burner Ga:;

ABSORPTION TO\,VER:

Main Reacrions:

+ 2 SO, = Cq(HSOr),
Ms(OH)", + 2 SO, =
_C_"!9y],

_C_"f.9p,

+ SO. =

7.820A

SLAKERI
-jr--

02

91.23% N2

82'k ceo
x6% Mso
?o/" Inens

CaSOn + H,O

Se1ou1 I so, = Mgsoo + Fi,o

yzO*SOr=HrSO,
SC" + I/2 02 - SO,

i--i__
Cinder
8:29 % FeS2
3.81 % SO3

To determi,e i.f oxida'cn of SO" to SO, takes place in the

,lls.rber', the waste ge.ses are compi;ed wii]- tlie coored burner
fiitses. If the o" in the waste gases js less t_l-ra_n t-i\e o" in the cooled
,lrrr_rler gas, oxidatjon took pffi-.-----.The rnixture of caEd Nag nisurfires, ca ancr Mg sulfates,
ll?SO' inerts and watermake up the Bisulfite liquor. T)-ie anaJysis
,l' t].e bisulfite liqucr is usuaJl-v reported in terms of the 9/oSo,
lI contains, boLh 'free" ard present as bisu]fiLes; e.g. A bisuulte
llqrror contains i0% so, ofi,hich Bo/o is 'free'and the rest are
Example 7.. Using Lhe pvrjtes and Bume.r Gas in L.xzrmpie
6,
the burrier gases are cooled ard made to cbme jnto
contacL with Mjtk of Lime jn ar absorplion Lcrr,,er.
.
Tlre doloinitic lime rrsed is 32!i Cr,O, 150/c }1sO
a;rrj 21'o jner-Ls.'ihe it:suJire llq.,:or l,r"oraiC
ccriain_< 7.Clo/o toral SO, of wh;ch i.rSyo l. -fr..ar:d lhe resi 5.9clzo belrg i;;-es::i :r: l-;isr:llirrs ,1:::
r-'.il-l:e f_i:-g *'as1.e .!l:tS tl.i(:r;,.,:.: il.t:,.

jt

.t.a.iii.,

jil.S

Bisulfite

Liquor

7 05?; SO2

1.15%free SO2

( //
\ 5 9olo as Brsulfrtes
r*

\t{L pynLe/ 100 moles SO, free BG = 671

Bumer Gas: 5.84 moles SO,

9.72 moles O,
84.44 moles N,
2.2545 moles SO, from exarnple

J)resent as bisulfites.

.,--t]11.,1-.;5:;gr

rLime
lc

',Vaste Gbs
0,959t SO2

YglY_s_ct,l

Side Reactjons:

(-l()l'lPOlli{llS. i !}9

, ,rv{q

I5,5 BI5I-'LFITE LiCIUO,? PRODUCT'*r*

l. bisuifite liquor produci:Ion,

.'

lrry'?

Let

834

iLa
r-i

y - wt of tie bisulfite lir;uor

i:jsr:ifi te I)q'Lr orlhr

789.i.17 A]\s

53()l 5{i ; ll(r()a,/C7 t

,.,
MaO <---

). = S:Ot 56 kg

iig

a{

srr-tr

3oz

't

SCl, Ba]ance: 0 0705 .v = 5.64 (6it

al

oxida,h't'-n

Surbtrr

ttiert+ks

,rf

.ifl

x F"q$

l0c / silrcHIoMETRY
Moles Cao & MgO converted [o Bisulfites
= (5301.56)(.059)/64 x 1/2
= 2.444
Moles Cao & MgO converted to Suifates
= Moles SOs
= 2.2545

anrd

, Wt of lime/hr = 252.6 x
OMB in the Ahsorber

(100A/67I.834) = 375.986 ANS

Wt Br-rrner Gas + Wt Lime + WL HrO for slaking

= Wt waste Gas + Wt Bisuifite"Liquor
SO, + SO, + O,

.' N, + lime + HrO for slaking

/ i0l

X n^* Sulfur which is 75% pure is burne.d iR e'tccss alr

' suppiied at Lhe rale of 4.7 13 m3 /kg erf raw' Srrlfur at 25"C,

745 mm Hg wit.h B0% RH. lf 87o/a of the suilbr charged

bums to S0, and the rest lo SOr, cdculate"
a) Vo excess air{S to SO,) (65o/d
b) Vo excess air(S to SOr) (l0y0l
c) 'Cornplete analysis iif tle bu*ret gas
2"
( I0" 88% 5A
u, 2 .32r:to O r, 77 .62a/o Nr. I 63Yo S0r, 560/o

MgO= 82/56 + L6/4O.i)

=.I.86

Wt lime/100 moles Bumergas = (J 00/1.86) x 4.6985 = 252"6

SUi,FLjR A.N-I) l'l-s i:or": x;i.it'lDS

PROBLEMS

Ioial Moies CaO & MgO supplied = 2.444 + 2.2545 = 4.6985

Fcr lOC \g linic: ivioies Cao

;l

"

Hr())

/,

The burrter gas from a sulfur burner analv-zes I20lo $Q,

7.l3ak O, a:rd 83.67o/a Nr. The raw Sulfur: cirarged contains
82a/o pure Sulfur and andysis of t1e einder shaws 2090
unburned sulfur" Ca-lculate:

a) olo excess ai(S to SOr) (60or'0)

b) o/o excess'air{S to SO.) (6.670l,rl
c) msof saturated air(28"C" 750 torrs)/kgraw 'S {5.076)
d) mn of trumer gas (300"C, 730 torrslllg mw S (E.75)

78olo FeS, and 22a/a gargue is hurned at

kg/hr. Anaiysis of Lhe ctr:der shows 7 22o/o
S as unbur-ned.FeS, and SO, ahsortred hy FerC.. Alr
supplied is 70% in excess based on conoerbion of FeSr'to
SOr. The ratio of SO, to SO, in the br.rrner gas is 3.48:1.
Ca]culate:
a) o/o excess air(FeS, to SO.J t24.67%1
b\ a/o of the FeS, oharged lost in ljre cinder (l?9/o)
c) Complete anaJysis o"f the trurner ga-s
(6.260/o SOr" 9,570lo C)r, 82.35a/a Nr, I 820/c SO")

S ffrite ar:aJyzing
Lhe rate of 1000

O, and N, in bumer gas = O, ald N, in waste.gas

'+
5.84(64) + 2.2545(B(t) + 252"6 H,O for S]'aking = 5301.56
Water for Slaking = 4494.84

c)

Wt water for slaking/hr = 4494.84 x (1000/671.3a)

= 6695.32 ANS
,-.,

Fuo
llJ

C,

/ /n
-=*

i-.

w@ttcw
Sur'furc

4 Irr the burning of pynle coritaining 92ak FeS, and B0lo

. gargue, i30/a of the FeS, charged js losl in ihe cjnder.'fheA
p-anjal anall:sj5 oI lhe cinder also show.s 5.31% S0,,.
orsai tural1,sjs of the bumer qa.ses sirows 6"75910 SO,,
6.880,/0 O, a:ro 86.3804 N, AIr supplied is at 23''C" 74ll; rnnt
i-Ig iLnd SB0Z RII. C;rl:uialt
a) 7o excess air (!-eS", to -!Or) (40q4,)
bi % ercess air (FeS, to SO^i 12.676o/oi

SUl.,Fi.jll. Al.ll-r

()2 // S'1CIC;IIOMETRI'

c) m3 air / kg pyr:te (3.58)

d) m, bumer gas(25O"C, 750 mrn

c) k of a;r

Hglii plTrte {b.9261

Raw Suifur containing 83%o pure S is burned together.r

8Ao/o excess air (S to SOr). a51 analysis of tne .iriJ.i

dth

"fro*u
unbumed sulfur and 800/o tnerts. Air is supplied
saturated at 30.C and 750 rnm Hg. The gases fi-orn the
br,rrner enier a converter where cataly'tic o*ldatirrr of SO,
to SO3 tales piace. A partial orsat anaJysis of the converter
2096

gas shows 7.37a/o S0r. The gases from the converter enter
arr absorber where aiter absorpUon in acld,soluUon forrns
awaste ga$ analyzlngO.55o/o SO2, Il.9go/o O, and 82.460/o

Nr. Calculate per 1O0 hg raw sulfuri

a) Complete ar:alysis of the bumer gas (9.59% SO2,
9.O3oh Or, 76.070/o N2, 1.07% SOr, 4.25o/o H2CJ
b) % of u:e SO, enlering the converter that is conve:rted
to SO, (B8.3olo)
c) Welght of a 60% dilufe H2SO4 needecl ro produce an

B7o/o HrSO4 Q48.C4)

d) If the absorbing a:id is is g49lo Ii2SO4,- what wejght of
a l4o/o oleum js formed (587.6i)
;

,^*.

(XD
ern," containi;.rg 807o FeS, aytcl20o/o gangue js burned jn
\'Js .lxcess
,-r.ir to produce a gas with a complete ana,rysis of
7.78o/o SO2, i .39o/a Oy Bi.OAolo Nr, 4 g29lo SO. md-S.gSq.
i-lrO. AnaJysjs.of the cinder shows a.tolal sullur content
of 6.46rlo due to the presence of unburned FeS, and SO.
absorbed by FerO.. tur supplied is at 27"C, Z4S mm Hg
and satr-rrated wjth vapor.f'l-he burnergases then enter a
converter Logether wjth. 30% excess secondirry air (
supplied at the same condjlions as primary ajr) based on
the comclete conversion of all SO, [o -sO" Z5o/o of t]re SO.
acti.rally bums to SO,.f fn. .orrr.*.r'gur.r .;;-#
absorber ald absorbed in acid solution. The u.aste gases
fom:ed h.as a partlal orsat aralvsjs of 0.7010 SO.. Ca,lcr:lale
per: i oi pynie
a) ',r e)^ccss air (S to SO,j il\.l7)
Lr) CorrrricLe analysis of the con\.crlrj- ri,. il 7ltar, JCs.
I .5:?,r1.; C, L?,.'i]\it it,. J.!;5Vo.iir"),, .i.q2,7. 1-j. i-)

BCto.,ir

HzSCo acjci formed 'from

charged (i"84)

d) kg of a

jI'S rI(),\,i),t)tII'lD:-r / i[)::

75o/o H2SO4 needed

lo Prociuce

'400'zo ac:ci

ltlo./o oleurn

(0.662)

The buming of rav; S consisting of 95% S and 50/o i:rerts

produces a gas whose orsat analysis shows 1t'39%o SO'
7 .zA'/, O, arra 80.840/o Nr. Ten %o of the total strlfi-rr charged
is lost io tf.. crnder. fhe burner ga$es are eooled 'dr:ld
absorbed in milk nf linre c'bra-ined by slaking a"Jime
consisUng of 580/o CaA, 32o/o MgO and ]0010 inerts witlt
wa'"er, Tiie bisuifite hquor formed contains LZVo SA, of
which 2o/o'is free and"the rest present as tris'-rffites' Orsat
alalysis of the wastc gas shows thal jt contajns V '39o/o O,
and 92.610/o N, Calculate:
a) KS bisuifite liquor/kg'raw sulfur (9'65)
b) G hme consrjmeel/kg raw sulfur t0.BB32)
t G of water used for siaking/k raw sulfur (6.92)

The roersliirg of pyrites axalyzing 8570 FeS, and 1502

gangue utlhzes 4001e excess air (FeS, to SOr)suPglie! 1t
tne iate of 35Q m3lhr at 23"C, ff3 mm Hg ard BB% RI-l'
A partial 'aneiiysis of the cinder showed 25,920/o FeS,
andt7.839/o gangue 9llly 95% 0{ @
r:onverted to so^ and the rest tcr so". The bumer gases
are cooleE arldTnar$edTo-a conve fter togetJ:er with slalied
lime from a dolomiUc iime contain ing?S1/o CaO, 250lo MgO'

liquor are produced u'ith nc

oxjdation of SO, to SO" taking place" Assume all SO"
converled lo bisulfite, Calculate:
a) kg/hr of lime t33.-i24)
bl k/hr of rvater for slaftjrrg 1704.7'7
c) Comp)eLe aratysis of t-he' bumer gas (5.35olo SO,
' 8.83a/o O,. 81.06?6 l\rr, 2.15o/a S0, a-r:d ?-.61a/o TI"O)

If 850 kg/hr of bjsullit.e

PROI}UC}i']OI'J U}T ]-,IME

CFiAPTER

FRCI}UCTICN
OF Lrh4E

,'

iLiS

Ca-icuiaUon Anal1'sis depend on whether tle ftrel (:onlaj:rs

ncgllgible or considerabie Nr. .U the N, in tlle fuei r9 negiigjbf :. the

G, \e,r

fuel G related with the kiln gas us@

tf the N, in the fuei js considerable, the

nA-sEbsGnce js the sr- qf V N, Jrom the fueI and N, for

subgtance;
theoretica)

@ w,ri

Or"

- Another solution aside from the tie substance iuralysis is to

u.se the aigebraic mettrod and the materjals are r:elated by a
Czubon, O, ancl N, ba"larrce.
\

6r.? CALCUIATIONS BASED ON NEGUGIBLE

N2 rN THE FUEL ICASE U
Exarnple

Lime 'can be formed frr:m the C.rilcination

of Limestone.
.lElruaitv a rmxtu;-e of caco.,, Mgco" and jnerts.
@s-tq
Ca-lcjnation tatesltaG-in .Ei, *nEF]Lffi
from the combuslcn of a fuet. The fot-towing ..;;,r.";il.:

l: ftre buming of fimestone containing 65% CaCO,

25olo MgCO, and 100/o inerts, using a gas mD<ture
ma d e up of i}o/o eth ane ancS, 25o/o propan e produ c es

a bur:ner gas containing

3"A20/o

'

a) Fuel"Ratip by wt
b) o/o excess air

:i.T::

22.A7o/o COr, 0.9% CC,

A, and 74o/o Nr" Calculate:

650/o CaCO^

*d EgdS co[ect to form rhe liqs..In some

94 @ may
^^^3.calcrilaton
L;ases'
not be coniprete so the uncieffimec urne
_may contain small amounlis ot"."O,_@
rep?fed in rerms of irs eO; conGnf
The kirn gases Enntd-mer combuslion and

ca-icination
contain aside 1iom the products of combusUo",
Lh; CO, f..* U*
ca-Icinalion of lime; likeu.jse jf u,et limestone
is introduce d, waier
from It may vaporize ard go wjth the kiln gas. ffius
from ca-icinarion rnu st be ieparateo lrom *il .;;,; CO, urO UrO
;;' #oar. rc
u,hen detennL,rg tl. i".t consumpuon and
rirne
:l^"3-T_!:=tir],1
producLicn.This:aiic.5rr,ihea:.niunl"i-*uf"l"irJJ;;.;;;rr;

of ffuel
vr
uL/ useu
,,""
uscu r5
is ca:l:i
c3jia3 ir.---T:Zal.---=..
l,qLci .;ic:lc. : oFr. r,6Q

6t

+
)

i.*--

l;M. !9n|^
' Qs

,ned
(r)" ++rA^.,..4
cacau
ssuo)

_,::-

-=-:-i it/t,

;;tu.,

25a/o

NlgCA,

]00lo inerts

Limestone

t<-fu,L

cc

3.02910 tO.:
744/o N,

Air
BURNER
{r{irtt',,
'rq1

t7i;c2

cl1):'r l-;-Jz

\
i

t Lime

Fuel
25o/o ra
7Sc/r,

22.470/o CO,

Burner Gas 0.9%

I-1

CH

act(c\.\), I ".,
l.ta.) (rH) ,

";"3:,

! -.,a

r _i_-. z. S.; irl(:::iOtsiii.:fli,

PII.{:)DUCTION OF. i,J}VJE,/

&luribn-. Easis: iCC moies riry

kln gas

For i00 moies oi

IVfe$rod 1:
O, from atr = 74 x (21/Zg) = Ig.67i
f-i:eo Oz = 19.671 - (3.02 - 0.9/2) = tZ.iot

Yk,rT)

25

For 100 moies of fuel:

crHn
crH*

n
75
25

Theo O, = 225 + 650/4 =

Tie Substarlce: Theo O,

atC
150
75
225

45A

200
650

x l7.t0l

O^

'

= 4.4]3

o-lo

Non-volatile Marter in hmesrone = ro0 Wt of lime = 1357.05 x .5772 = ZgJ.2g lq

z? -- !',/
^f r:wt Cr::I-iJr::.iOile

S.o

650

100

Ba-i:

in C6, of LT + O, from ajr = Oz in kiln gas

.4228L/4a + .211i + 22.A7 + -9/2 + 3.02 + 6'5/4)x

N, Birl: N, fr;:m air = Nz iri kilrr gas

O79Y = 74
42.28o/o

42.2g = 5z.T2o/o

FueI ratio = 7B3.2gS/(0.75 x 4.415 -x 30 + 0.25 x +.+lS

= 5.3 ANS

b) 9zo excess air = 113.62 - .g/Aii7.ro;1 x

2AA

At C Eai: At C from fuel + Ar C from I-T = At C in FJln Gas

2.25x + .42282/44 *- 22"07 + 0'9
Moies O,

Carin ijmestone = 65 x(44/tO0) + 25 xtaa/BO.a)

=
of limesrone = 13.04(M)/0.422E = 1357.05 tq

2;

nn

i* 'i^o

!_o
-il/t

I-et x = moles of fuel gas

Y = moles of air

150

arH
450

For 100 kg of Limestone:

oh CO2 = 42'28Vo
o/o
. N\M = 57.72o/o

atll

At C from tr,e f.,ei= ;

* 1.413= 9.93
At C from Limestone = 22.07 + .g - g.g3 = i3.04

Method

atC

3,87,5

Motes of Fuel:= (I0O/3gT.S)

a)

r l\n

X:
n
.75

crHu
c.Ho

1u17

Solving si:nr: ItaleousiY:

y = 93.67 moles air
x = 4.413 rrioles fuei
z = 1357.A5 kg limestone
See method

xq+)

= 15.03% ANS

for

artswers-

gxsrqLe 2: A vefi.ical shaft icilri is c'harged wiuf

-+-!o11tt-ryt
of lirnestone cor:Laining 54alo CaCO., 3B% MgCO'
)% SiOr, 1.202i, R,O, (iron oxide) and 3 8ozo flz-a' 125
kS of fuel oil conta'rning 86oz'oC' 10 59/oH' 24o/oO'
1%N a-nd 0" I9loS is charged per tonne of Lmesione'
1lne ljme product leaves t'i.e bott-om artd conLains

Air suppiied i-q at 25"C, 755 mm Hg ';:ld

saturaled rryilh u:ater. Pariial orsal arla]vsis of the
lci1n pas 5i.r"rrt'5 20.6101, CO, and ] 189/T CO'
2.3o/a CO.,

Caicr-rl;rle:

a) 4 of hme fonned/hr
b) o/o e-rcess ajr
c) complete alalvsis tf the kil;r

gas

'108

srotcHroMETRy

FIloDUCttoN

54o/o CaCO"
iierozo

(.)F

LIME

\Oq

Wt of li::re = 2153.94 kg/i"rr ANS

C bal:
C from CO, ln'LT + C from fuel
= (l jn lime + C ln dry kiin gas

ugco,

3olo SiO"
li2o/o \6,
3r8oh HrO

Lirnestone

(0.0a359x4 AOO)/44 + (0.86 x 500)/12

= (.023x21 53.94 / 4a+ .0.2 }79(moles DKG)

unner Gas
20.610/o CO,

r.18% CO

llry Kltr Gas = 341"14

Moles-CO, ln DKG = .20611341"i4) = 7O"309
Moies CCI:tn DKG = .01i8(341"14)"= 4"025

,i.4oles

Air

l*ty=XssO,

BURNER

Theo O, = ("BGx5OO)/12 + (.1.05x500)14' (.024x50O)/32

= 48"583

Fuel
(125

oil ltU"

kt/k*'l:E

860/o

O, floin a-tr'= y + 48.583

N, fiom air = I + 48.583) x79/21
Free O, in DKG = y + .01i8(341.14112

Lirn':e
n \o./^ (-.!'\

341.14 = 70.3C3 + 4.025 + y + 2.0J3 + (Y + 48.583)t79/21)

y = 17"226

C"

]0.50lo H
.o)

NI

o/o

= (17.226/48.583) x 100 = 35.460/o AJ{S

Sas = 17.226 + (4"025/2) = 19"2365
\ in kiln Sas = ('r7.226+a8.583) {79/21], = 247"567
HrO from limesione = .038(4000)/18 = 8.44
7o excess O,

Free O, in kiln

O.1olo S

Soiufron- Basis:

+ 2.01.)

Dry Kibt Gas Bel:

2.4o/o O

i.o%

=v

t hr

CQrin ]imestone = 54xQ4/!OO) + 38 x {44/84.3)

\?

at 25"C: 23.61 mm Hg

= 43.59%

i{,O from ajr'=

NW'I bal: NYM in Ume = I!"/]VI in liriesicne
0.977fr1.'t oi )ime) = r-4e. 1t4 \- 'l i-;f tnl

H"O lrom fuej

Tota-l

"vafe:

23

17.226 + 48.583

7s5

6l .--lntl
23 67

i05(500)/2 = 2t,"25

in kilu

gias = B

44

'

IO.i

I ', 2.G.25 = 59 !17

PRODUCI]OI{ OF. I-IME

r:)

Ccmpiete Anali:s;s cf
G,.qs

CO,
CO
o2

Hro

t[in

52 c/o CaO
2.tYo MgO

Gas.a-NS
a/o

II

70.309
4.425
t9.2385
247.567
_59.97
401.1095

35"89b, CO:}
1"00/6 CO
63.zvo tu,

0.33o/o S10,

1'7 trD

t..22o/o
o/o

A\O,
H28

1.00

1"2

4.80

Lirnbstone

61.72
14.95

/ ] 1I

Bunrer Gas

Air

6.3

BURNER

CAI.CUI.ATXOfiIS BASED

ON CONSIDERABLE
r{2 xr{ ThtE FUEL {CASE irl

In this case, it is more convenien; to reiate

the fuei with the
Iorn gas using the.surn
*,.
N;
;;;
rhe
fuet
arrrl the \ for
l.f
theoretica_l O" as tie substan"..'F.o.r,
,l-r.
fr.rl"uirl,r,
,n.
theore,cal O^-can he delemlrnea, lrr".,
IV, from fuel -r N, for theo
O, = \ frqr; fuel + rheg A, x (7.:) i2I)

Fuel Gas
?"7/o CA
I2o/o CO,

Erom the kiln gas an..ilysis. l-nc

cxcsss C, carr be ietennined.
'fhus: N" from

tuei +

Exampte

r,

N,"f;;';;""1;; = rc,ta_r - xss o,

\

lll:rjone
Diasr

js calcined jn a ro.rary

ll? ,"0

isa

lilo/oft.
O, and 63.20/o

ia_tn

fired wirJ.

S9/r,Cff,-r"J S+X
- u''2.

#i;;;;;;;;i;r;

[,. Calculate:
air ' *.

a) o/o excess
b) Fuel Rauo {irg/moteJ'

H,

5o/o CHn

54olo N,

ee br*i fr;;"I g*
2o/o ,

2o/o

AriaJysis cf tj:e
Cao, TT1.-.-8T
2.to/o Mga, t.zu u,o,, r 2,r;"ii"","6.rur^
"to". "iro_l SZoZ,

+s
co^
contains 27o/o Co, t2Vo b,Or,
gases tear.Ing ,rr"

Lime

Fuel

".

Soiulron-' Basis: I00 males dry klin gas

Xss O, = free O, = l
N, frori fuel + \ for theo O, = S,2
For l0O moles Blasl Furrrace

ntC

27

27

12

12

u5r

).

54

:_

44

1,+

i{,

Il79/21) = 59'4381

Gas

GAS
CG
co
- -2

Lro
, t2

at II

molee O,
13.5

l2
d.

20

o<a

I i ?,,' .9'1'616iti.lviE'l,.)'
Irq{)nLlCti.ir)},j i_ti. t..ttrlfr

,+ ..
Tlreo O, = 44 + 24/4 _ 2S.S 24.5
=
N, iionifuet +
\ tor rh.;;;, = 54 + 24.5{7g/2i) = )46"1,1
Moles etast FuTace Gas
= 0Oo/146.1V x59.43g1 = 4i1.1i6i"3,
Theo o,'= (24.5/t4e.rn xsb.iger
= 9.962

a) 1:.o:.:" O, = {r/9.062J x
. UU" tjal: C0" from

100

4:

ExampLe

flO.lrom Lr : 35.s - o.++tqa;dia = ,r.s,

()',
N\n4 in LT = 100 - 43 lS - 1.2 35.656/o
=

in kiJ,

A calcjnaiion p)anl ry;a;:t:faclr:txig I 0 tonnes ljme./

day ccxsisting of 83% CaO, 5% CaCO, and 12o/o

inefis. Ttre fuel used is cclai gas arlalloing

co,

'

5.9or"
0.70lo
O,
r::rd
4.1
Vo
CCr,
CIJ4,
53.2% 14r,29.fia10

6.5% N, entering at 25"C, 7"40 mm Flg with 800/0

RH. Orsala analysis of the kiln gas shows 10.630/o
COr, 0.6ffr'0 C(), 0.66% Hr, '"75010 O, zutd 81.llolo

to:g4olo ANS

LT + CO. from fuel = CO,

g;is

Nr. Calcu.late:
a) 1 of Urnestone charged/elaY
b) m' ol Coal gaslcjay
c) 7o r{rcess O,

Wt of Lime = tZ.gI(44) x (.5565/.4315)

= i016.32

b)

Frrel Ratjo = (10I6.32 /40.6ffin

=

Zi

Irg lime,/mole fuet ANS

Methorl 2:
kt x = moles of fuel

Lirnestone

Kiln Gas

83% CaO
57r: CaClO,

= rnoles air
z = weight :f limestone

For 100 n;oles Blast Frrrnace Gas(see Ivfethod

aL C = 44 at-H = 24'moles O, 25.5
=
.

\nerLs

I0.6370 {-'0,
0.66% C0
0"66% H,
6.750h A,
3i.2olo N,

12o/ct

Arralysis of LT: 43.l1o/o CO, l.Zoto FIrO

ald

--)
1J:

Air

55.650/o N\,J\4

BURNER

At C Eal: O.++x + O.43tSz/44 = 35.8

ir4oles^Or^B al:-.2SSx + 0.431 Sz/44
+
=,Jb6 + l +.2a.x/4

.2Iy

bzJ: 0 5a1+ .079y = 63"2

Solving Siniuitareously; x 40.66

=
.:2.207
-v =
z = tS:S.Ci+
See I, leril.ci

I fcr [rd

a;.:su.:ls

,r I J.i

Fuel

luel'^baS
5.9 % CO
l'1 o/^ (-i

L;
-a q ()/^
7U !1.
\)J.L

6 9/a CH.
6.5 o/o N,
4.7 atb O^

2?t

i 14 / s;otcjiiorv,ETi?y

{bltion:

PRaiii.j(11()N t)l'- l.lMf /

Basis: 1 day
Moles HrO frcm coa-l ges = (576"66)

Weight of lime = 10 tonnes or j.0000 1g

a)

Wr of limesrone-/day = .83(10000X100/56) + (.05)tOOO0)

+ .12(iO000) = 16521.43 ANS
Moies CO, from LT= Moles Cao .g3(I0000) (t
x
=

/56)= I48.2I

For 10O moles Dry lfiln Gas;

-.!ss O, = 6.75 - .66/n - .66/2 = 6.00
N, from fuel +
\ for theo O, = Bt.3 _ 6.09(79/21) = 56.39
For I00 moles Dry Coal Gas:
GAS

atC

Il

CO

5.9
53.2
29.6

rL
CH,
CO,

29.6'
,1
.1.

4.1

o"

o.7
6.5

N,

atfl

5.9

moleeO,
2.9

106.4
r

r8.4

.:

4.1

o.7

39.6

224.8

iru

fheo O, = 39.G + t224.8/4) _ Z.ZS = 88.O5

N, from fuel + N, for theo O, 6.5 + AA"CtitigtZt)
=
= 337.73,tj
I-et

= moles Dry ki.in Gas

moles dry coal gas

at C ba-iance: 0.396y

l4B.2I = (10.63r.66)/l0O x

Tie subslance: i337.736lt00) y (58.39/IOOJ

=
x
Soii,l ng S jmu jta-neo
??o( rl
.\* *- uuuJ,lf

slr,:

1<

, --: '.

Dr..

'-,'L)

--

m3 coal gas./day

1273+25)/273

i.y.:ii6t 1566.1? t /(22,g+21i

6i :nm ljs

2,1

--=15.1

74A -, CI.s(23.61)

= (576.66 + 15.1)(22.4iU6A/740)
14860'35 ANS

Theo Or'= (88.05/100) x 576"66 = 5A7^75

Xss Or-= (6.09/100) x 3335-41 '= 2Ai3"72
96 excess

O, = (20i' 12/507.75)

100 = 40% ANS

PROBLEMS

i. A pla.nt is buming limestone analyzn$

47o/o"eaCOr" 45o/o
tvtgCOr'ana B%o inerls. The lo1n is fired with producer gas
25.3o/o CO" I 3 290 "0 : 4oh CH4, 5 1'4olo AO r, 0'1Vo
"ont^ii'ri"g
o, and S{.zvo Nr. The kil" E,t ts sampiecl nd the average
analysis is foundto be2l.9Tlo COr" 3.54% CO and l2'A9f./o
If the fuel ralio is 20 kg of lime/mole of producer gas,
"

ca]culate:
aJ o/o excess

air

(44.557oi

Lr) Complete analysis of the BJln gas

{7.74o/o ()2, 61.44% N?)

,A high sujfur fuel oil eontaining 75.2o/oC' 9'59% S and

negilgible N is bumerl in excess air to suPp-iy -the heat
n*".r"ary lo calcine a stone consisting of 52"3% CaO,

2.5n/oMrgO, 43.1% CO, and 2" i7o moisture' The operauon

of ttre kilrt i*" such rhat the lime is incompletely bumed

arrd coniairs 6.2ola C0,. The average ana-tysis of the kilrl
gas shows 25.4ok CO2," 1.9% CO' 0.5% '50r, 5Vr O, a;rQ
07 2a/c N^. Ca-iculate:

Y = 576.66
At

vl

8(23 6 i)
x

a) Completi: ulriurate a,rra-lysis of the fuel

17 .77o/c H, 7 44ah A)
i;) i;r-itl raii,: (j.57 kg lirr;c,'kg oii)

lt

ll

tl

if;

i6 / srcicHi{l:.tr'iny

3.
.

A luei gas made up ,*'f a rnj-xture of r::rethane'and eLharre

is bui-ned ln lxcess air anci tjre heat grven off is used to
calcine ccmpietely a stone containing 950/o CaCO u And

5o/o

ineris. Compiete andysis of the kiln gas showJ 2|.4Toto

CC, , 5.54o/o O,, 62.54Vo N, and 10.50/o H,O. Calculate the
anaiysis of the fuei gas and t}.e fuel raLio. (TS.IG o/o CH,+
a:rrd 24.84o/o CrHr; I0.5 kg hme/kg fuel)

4.

A kiln is used to ca.lcine a timestone analyzingl2Vo CaCOt^,

30olo MgCO., 5o/o A\Ar, 470 il.icr"ts, 60lo SiO, and 3%
moisture. Coal is burned to supp$ heat of calcination.
A;ralysis of coal shows 13.89/o VCM, 8.60lo ash, Jo/a
moisture, L.Zo/o S, negUgible N \rlh a.caloi:ific vaiue of
32.95 MJ/lg,Ana-lysis oitlre kiln gas shows l8.SVo/o CO,
Io/o CO, 0.22c/olr 8.390uo O, and Zl.82o/o N,. Calculate:
a) i\g llmestone/kg coaj { 7.48)

b) Fuel ratio

419/o COrand 70io jnerts using coke that ana15.zes 90% C

arld I0olo ash. The lin:e prociuct obtajned contajns 3ozo CO,
and 1o/o unL,urned C. The top gas shows 22Vo COz, 1% CC

artd

APPENDIX T
TABI-E oF STANDARD HEAT
oF COMBUSTION ln4l/Kgmolf

(4.37)

5. A pia;rt js burnjng limestone whjch ana-lyzes 52o/o CaC,

Nr. Calcuiate:
a) kg limestone/\g coke (I.9)
br) Fuel RaUo (1.16)

6.

APPENNIX

Compound
AcetalrlehYde

*.,",,;-l**o;"
-1 193.15

cH3cHo

ACeTiC ACid

CH.COOH

AceLone

C H.O

"872.28

B7o/o

A p)arrt produces )ime analyz-ing 53% CaO, 35% MgO anti

12o/o inefls. Watergas ana-lyzing 38.30lo CO,52.8o/o , O.4o/o
CH^, 5.5010 CO2, 0.1o/o A, and 2.90/a N, is used as fuel.
Anaiysis of itie kiln gas shows 15.710/o COr, 3.3I?6 CO,
6.6}% , 9.Bl o/o O, assd 64.560/o Nr. Calcu)aie:
a) Vrreight of lirnestone/mc:,\e water gas (7.69)

b) %

dxcess

air

i40%J

Acetylene
Benzene

iT

'crH,

1300.50

ct
b

L,^11-

CH^

-3269"8I
-3303.72

6
t)

n-Rutane

il

ir
I

i
i

Isobutale

6
b

-2E50.92

-2870"63

I
I

ll
lt

il

tl.7

It
Ir

ti

il
Ir

I
i

"".I'p[NDi]

I
I

/ I l"

I
i

Forrnula

Compound

l-Butene
Carbon
Disulfide

Cilrbon
MonoXde

J:

."1075.88

CS,
UD,

-1103.3i

C,H,

n-Heptane

NLI

6
b

-14r eI
-*---"J
1

L4
73

-482a

-4856

n-Hexane

CuH,n

-4165.91

s).

Hydrogen

H2

t>

:286.03

m'

Metharre

CHu

56

-8E0.95

Methyi Alcohol

cHsoH
cH3oH

-72V"O4

d
t)

-764.47

li::

CO

cct4I
ccl4t

-283^ rB

-352.4
AA
*Ji5C.ZJ
^A/

d
b

c2H5cl

6
b

-t422.09

Cumene

c6H5cH(cH3)2

c6H;cH(cH.)'

-5218.93
-5264.11

pr

H--._

FI
tr:
i{

!(r
r-.

F
F

C.H,,

-3922.53

Nrf
,
"6, 12

*:

-3955.65

Mettryl
Chloride

cHscl

Methy!
Cyclohexane

CrHru

.-767.15

LI,
l

l.r

-4568:34
-4603.76

CuH,o

C-H
) tu

6
b

-3293.09
-3321.77

I\'letyhl-

cyclopentaxe

C.H,u

-3940.36

Ethar-te

C^H^

-1560.92

Nilrobenz-ene

C.H-NO-

-3094.04

Erhyi Acetale

cH3cooczH_

-2255.68

n-Pentane

C"H,,

-35 r i.89

CH
-5''12

-222.1"52

6
o

-2059.85

Cyclopentane

Erhyl AJcohol

etirl't

Berw-ene

367.83

crFIsOH

c2HsolI

l>

c6F{sc2H5

cH

6.

-4567.92
-46\0.21

-2732.26

b)i:

Ethr,l Etirer

I
I
I

l4,|t..

Chloroetha:re

Qyclohe>;ane

Ethylene

C-H. -

{.- :

lj
t,-

ffi

i
I

t.

t-

I{e

State

t!.

-2720.40

CnHu

Carborr

Tetrachloride

Formula

c^H-

rfll- lJr L2r ur=vv-r

-14i0.18

il
it
Itl __.._l

.-

Fropale
Propen.e

.CrH,
C^H^

:i-Prop-li
Al cohol

c^i-r

"11.)o. c

A-rl'|::ll;l.i

; I 2l

I{FFEIUDIX 2
}.IEAT CAP/\CITY OF INEAL GFSES

C.inlpi:und

kVkgmolK

r:-Pi'op;zI
Ben::sr-"e

-522r.74

Styrene

c6HscHCH,

-4441.78

t o1!._lene

c6HscH3

3912.56
-3950 58

Acetlziene

5.

r32

1"952

c6H4(cFI3)2

-39 ]2.'56

Air

c ?(6

0.575

c6H*[cH3)2

-4s97.6

-0.206

3s"064

c6H4{cH3)2
c6H4(cFI3)"

-4555.91
-4599.37

Car"bon Dioxide

5.457

1.045

-t.157

c6Ho(CFI3)2

-4 555. g

Carbon Moonoxide

J.J /O

0.557

-0.03

c6H4(cHe)2

-45Ft8.32
Chior-irre

4.442

0.08d

-4.344

Dinitogen oxicie

5.328

\.211+

a.928

m-Xylene

o-?ry]ne

Chemical
Species

H2CO

Diniirogen Telroxide

11.66

-2./c,/

t-\tr"7

Ethane

i.13

19.225

-5.56I

Ltnyiene

1.424

i4.394

-4.392

Hydrogen

a.

qao

a.422

Irrydrogen Sulficie

2Cl..t

1"49

Me&ane

l:742

9.08l

lriilric Cxide

4.982

1.195
I

0.593

,'). -1,6

s-iotr--H lr:rMi:t ri',

Chemical

Species
Oxygen

tr

3.639

ooo!

roooooo)

-4.2)7

0.506

REF-ERHNCES

1.
1

Ftopane

1.213

28.785

-o.oz+

Propylene

i..oJ /

22.7C6

-6.9r 5

.lr

j,',t

Sulfur-Dioxide

5.699

0.801

Sr'tlfur Trioxide

8.06

1.056

Toluene

0.29

47.052

Water

i'
j.:]',.'i
j ir.:',

,1.+

1 A.r.

1.015

l'.

Arrstin G.T., Shreve's Ciremical Process Indust:-ies" Mc

Hill Book Co", New York, 1984.

-t5.7)6

,
q.121

Grarn,

Bhatt B.l. and Vora S.M., Stoichjonret-ry, Tata Mc Graw Hill

Book Co., New Delhi, 1976
Fra;rcjs W. arrd Peters
Pergamnon Press, l9B0

M., Fuels ard Frrcl

Technolopy,

Hougen O., Watson K.M., and l{agatz RA., Chemical Process

priniiples. Part I, John Riley and Sons, 1966.

E
J.

l-ewis V/.K., Radash A.Il. iLncl Le'wis H.C , Industna]

Stoichiometry, 2nd Ed., Mc Graw Hiil Book Co., New Yorlr
]

966.

Perty R.H. ard Green D", Peny's Chernica1Er-tgineers'Haldl:ock

6th Ed., Mc Graw Hill Book Co", New York 1984.

Petcrs M., Elemen(ary Chenrical Llngineennq, Mc Graw l-lill

Book Co., New York, 1984.
a

Regel E.R. Inclustnal Chemjslrv. Iieirihold Pu.};lishut! Cc..

)943.

\\rilli:lns

E.'1. ar-rcl Johnson R. C., Stoichrorrretry for Chenticai

Engineers. Mc Grall, Hill Book-Co-; lJc1,,; Yorli-,i953.

lr)a
I -1- -)