Conditioning For Soccer: Scientific Basis

Conditioning for Soccer:
Scientific Basis
Adriano Vretaros
Strength and Conditioning Coach
2017
So Paulo BRAZIL
avretaros@gmail.com
Conditioning for Soccer

Game Characteristics - I
Open Motor Skills
Collective and Individual Motor Actions
Tactical Game System

Game Characteristics - II
Intermittent Character of Efforts

Distance Traveled (~10,4 Km - raging: 8-13
Km)
HR (~80% HRmax)
Various Eccentric Contractions (jumps,
abrupt stops, change of direction)
(Reilly et al, 1988)

Motor Skills
Pass
Dribble
Kick
Heading (offensive or defensive)
Ball Control
Disarm

Tactical Systems - I
4-4-2
4-1-3-2
4-3-3
4-2-3-1
5-3-2
4-3-2-1
4-5-1
4-1-4-1
3-5-2
And Other
Marking: Individual, Area, and\or Mixed

Tactical Systems - II
Defensive Zone
Offensive Zone
DZ
Construction Zone
(Melo, 2000)
CZ
OZ

Tactical Systems - III
Teaching Styles of the Tactical Systems

DIRECT
INDIRECT
What \ To \ When
Freedom to the Athlete
Efficient, Objective
Explore and Experience
Few Interpretation Failures
Try, Make Mistakes, Question
Group Control
Takes Time
Little Individuality
Initial Phase of Teaching
Little Creativity
Challenges
(Adapted from Luguetti, Tsukamoto & Dantas, 2011)

Total Distance Traveled
Mildfielders: ~10,9Km
Defenders: ~9,8Km
Offensive: ~10,4Km
Goalkeepers: ~4Km
(Gallo et al, 2010 ; Bloomfield et al, 2007)

Type of Movement
Stationary
Walking 5Km\h
Slow Running 11Km\h
Mean Running 15Km\h
Accelerate Running 18Km\h
Sprint 24Km\h
Sprint Max 27Km\h
Back Running 3-21km\h
Side Running 0-21Km\h

(D'Ortavio & Tranquilli, 1993)

Distances Covered (First and Second Half)
SPEED
FIRST HALF
(m)
SECOND HALF
(m)
SIGNIFICANCE
0-11 Km\h
3496+\-148
3535+\-302
P<0,05
11,1-14 Km\h
851+\-188
803+\-187
P<0,0001
14,1-19 Km\h
894+\-251
865+\-255
P<0,05
19,1-23 Km\h
304+\-118
301+\-110
NS
>23 Km\h
165+\-95
172+\-94
NS
With the Ball
104+\-62
109+\-61
NS
TOTAL
5709+\-485
5684+\-663
NS
(Adapted from Di Salvo et al, 2007)

Distances Covered (Work Intensities)
Positions
0-11
Km\h
11,1-14
Km\h
14,1-19
Km\h
19,1-23
Km\h
>23
Km\h
Central
Defender
7080+\420
1380+\232*
1257+\244*
397+\114*
215+\100*
External
Defender
7012+\377
1590+\257*
1730+\262*
652+\179*
402+\165*
Central
Midfield
7061+\272
1965+\288*
2116+\369**
627+\184*
248+\116*
External
Midfield
6960+\601
1743+\309*
1987+\412**
738+\174*
446+\161**
Forward
6958+\438
1562+\295*
1683+\413*
621+\161*
404+\140**
(Adapted from Di Salvo et al, 2007)

Bioenergetic
POSITIONS
ATP-CP
Anaerobic
Lactic
Aerobic
Midfielder
60%
20%
20%
Winger
80%
20%
0%
Attacker
80%
20%
0%
Goalkeeper
80%
20%
0%
(Adapted from Bompa & Haff, 2012)

Anthropometric Profile - I
U15 U17 U-20 (range 12-19 years old)
Variables
GK
ED
CD
CM
EM
Weight
(Kg)
67,48+\11,57*
58,81+\9,19
70,03+\9,81*
62,13+\10,27
58,04+\10,76
61,18+\12,08
Height
(cm)
172,49+\8,43*
167,32+\8,35
175,07+\7,27*
168,25+\8,39
166,04+\9,52
168,41+\9,68
BMI
(Kg.m)
22,53+\2,44*
20,87+\1,78
22,76+\2,16*
21,79+\2,18
20,87+\2,41
21,33+\2,36
Endo
2,91+\0,70*
2,52+\0,63
2,92+\0,92*
2,65+\0,66
2,36+\0,63
2,38+\0,64
Meso
4,11+\0,99
3,72+\0,90
4,01+\1,12
3,93+\0,96
3,75+\0,86
4,03+\1,29
Ecto
2,58+\0,98
3,01+\0,80
2,61+\0,89*
2,64+\0,95
2,98+\1,08
2,90+\0,90
(Adapted from Lago-Peas et al, 2011)

Anthropometric Profile - II
First Division (n=57)

VARIABLES
GK
Forward
Midfield
Defender
Age
(years)
25,2
22,7
23,4
23,3
--
--
Playing
Experience (y)
14,9
13,8
12,1
13,1
--
--
Body Mass
(Kg)
80,1*
76,8
76,1
79,1
0,6008
0,6189
Body Height
(cm)
182,1*
179,2
179,6
182,2
0,4477
0,7205
Fat Tissue (%)
20,2*
15,0
14,4
13,9
5,1292
0,0049
(Adapted from Matkovic et al, 2003)

Biomotor Capabilities
Endurance
Strength
Speed
Agility
Coordination
Flexibility
(Campeiz & Maria, 2013)

Endurance - I
ATP-CP (Resynthesis of Phosphocreatine Via)
Anaerobic Lactic (Lactate: ~3-12 mmol\L)
Aerobic (~70-75% VO2max)
(Bangsbo, 1994 ; Silva Neto, 2013 ; Stolen et al, 2005)

Endurance - II
Acyclic and Complex Characteristics

Requirements of Technical Parameters, Tactical
and Psychological
Anaerobic Power Alactic and Lactica
Distances: 5-30m
Reduced Games
(Toledo, 2013)

Endurance - III
DIFFERENCES: playing position and playing style

CATEGORY
VO2max (ml\Kg\min)
U-17
56,95+\-3,60
U-20
58,13+\-3,21
Firts Division
56,58+\-5,03
Goalkeepers
~50-55
(Adapted from Stolen et al, 2005 ; Da Silva, Bloomfield & Marins, 2008)

Endurance - IV
Youth Soccer Players

TESTS
Defender
(n=20)
Midfielder
(n=25)
Forward
(n=15)
1548+\-695
1932+\-740
2283+\-780
1971+\-935
NS
VO2max
(ml\Kg\min)
55,1+\-8,5
53,2+\-6,8
57,9+\-5,1
56,5+\-4,9
NS
HRmax
(bpm)
198+\-6
197+\-8
201+\-7
204+\-7
NS
Running
Time (s)
577+\-56
585+\-79
627+\-80
593+\-71
NS
Body Mass
(Kg)
54,6+\-7,3
56,2+\-6,2
52,2+\-9,6
43,9+\-9,5
0,001**
YYIER
(m)
Goalkeeper
(n=10)
(Adapted from Wong et al, 2009)

Endurance - V
Interval Training
WORKING PERIOD
GOAL
Average Duration
(~4min)
Increase Distance Traveled

Increase Number of Sprints
Increase Engagement with the Ball
Short Duration
(~30s)
Increase Anaerobic Power

Increase VO2max
Ultra Short Duration

(<10s)
Increase Speed
Increase Endurance Speed
(Adapted from Moreira et al, 2011)

Endurance - VI
Game Based Conditioning Drills

REDUCED GAMES
RAST Test
(pre-post)
GROUP 01:
886,27+\-228,79 Watts
1:1, 2:2, 3:3 and 4:4
850,82+\-145,02 Watts
GROUP 02:
877,69+\-240,09 Watts
5:5, 6:6, 7:7 and 8:8
791,39+\-141,42 Watts
(Adapted from Fernandes & Navarro, 2014)

Strength - I
Anatomical
Adaptation
METABOLIC
Adaptations
Hypertrophy
Maximum Force
Power
NEURAL
Adaptations

Strength - II
TYPE OF STRENGTH
CHARACTERISTICS
RELATIVE Strength
Carrying Bodyweight
Acceleration
Deceleration
ABSOLUTE Strength
Moving an External Force

(Opponent and \ or Ball)
(Adapted from Stolen et al, 2005)

Strength - III
Tactical Function
Strength Manifestations
Attackers
Explosive, Acceleration, Deceleration,

Fast Force Endurance, Jumping Force,
Sprints Force
Midfielders
Acceleration, Deceleration, Fast Force

Endurance, Jumping Force, Sprints
Force, Stroke Force
Defenders
Explosive, Acceleration, Deceleration,

Fast Force Endurance, Jumping Force,
Sprints Force, Stroke Force
Goalkeepers
Reactive Force, Fast Force Endurance,

Explosive Force
(Adapted from Bompa, 2001 ; Pombo, 1998)

Strength - IV
Muscle Biopsies (MHC) Youth Soccer Players
GROUP
AGE
(years)
11,2+\0,4
13,1+\0,5
15,2+\0,6
Years of
Training
3,7+\1,5
6,6+\1,6
8,0+\1,1
Fibers
Type I
__
__
21,3%*
Fibers
Type IIA
+18,1%
+18,4%
__
CSA
__
**
**
NMF
Satellite
Cells
p<0,01* 482+\
-182
80+\40
508+\
-203
97+\40
0,05**
527+\
<p<0,00 -312
1
87+\40
___
(Adapted from Metaxas et al, 2014)

Strength - V
Maximum Strength 2 years Youth Players Part 1

Cohort
GROUP
T1 Front Squat
(Kg)
T2 Front Squat
(Kg)
Changes T1-T2
(%)
A (U-19)
STG
53,8+\-6,8
106,2+\-10
101,6+\-43*
CG
54,5+\-6,9
65+\-10
20,9+\-22,9
STG
46,2+\-7,4
97,8+\-13,3
115,1+\-34,4*
CG
35,6+\-7,5
51,5+\-10,1
49,8+\-39,6
STG
21,4+\-8,5
81,4+\-14,4
CG
25,7+\-13,3
36,1+\-6,6
312,5+\118,6*
62,3+\-53,8
B (U-17)
C (U-15)
(Adapted from Sander et al, 2012)

Strength - VI
Maximum Strength 2 years Youth Players - Part 2

Cohort
GROUP
T1 Back Squat
(Kg)
T2 Back Squat
(Kg)
Changes T1-T2
(%)
A (U-19)
STG
61,2+\-10
120,4+\-11,4
101,6+\-37*
CG
69,5+\-12,9
87,7+\-10,1
29,2+\-22,7
STG
52+\-10,7
113+\-15,2
123+\-38,5*
CG
41,7+\-11,6
65+\-11,2
67+\-51,4
STG
25+\-9,6
90+\-13,5
CG
32,9+\-16,1
46,8+\-10,9
290,9+\107,8*
59,7+\-43,4
B (U-17)
C (U-15)
(Adapted from Sander et al, 2012)

Strength - VII
Two Teams (n=29) - Norwegian Elite Division

TESTS
(Average Results)
ABSOLUTE
Strength
RELATIVE
Strength
1RM Squat
(Kg)
150 (17,2)
8,0 (0,9) Kg.mb
1RM Bench Press

(Kg)
79,9 (13,6)
4,4 (0,8) Kg.mb
Vertical Jump
(cm)
54,9 (5,3)
____
(Adapted from Wisloff et al, 1998)

Strength - VIII
1RM Back Squats (2s\w 6 weeks) Youth Players

TYPE OF
STRENGTH
BEFORE
AFTER
Effect Size (d)
ABSOLUTE
(Kg)
125,4+\-13,78
149,3+\-16,62*
0,62
RELATIVE
(Kg.Kg.-1)
1,66+\-0,24
1,96+\-0,29*
0,45
*p<0,001
(Adapted from Styles et al, 2015)

Strength - IX
TESTS
First
Division
Second
Division
Amateur
F
Ratio
SJ
(cm)
38,48
(3,80)
33,86
(7,47)
39,83
(5,15)
9,71
P<0,001
CMJ
(cm)
41,56
(4,18)
39,71
(5,17)
43,93
(5,65)
5,59
P<0,01
Ball Speed
(Km\h)
106,37
(12,89)
106,94
(7,52)
107,77
(5,71)
0,19
0,83
(Adapted from Cometti et al, 2001)

Strength - X
Youth Soccer Players (n=70) - U-14
TESTS
Goalkeeper
(n=10)
Vertical
Jump
(cm)
Ball
Shooting
(Km\h)
Body
Mass
(Kg)
52,5+\5,7
Defender
(n=20)
54,3+\7,7
Midfielder
(n=25)
53,2+\12,9
Forward
(n=15)
53,9+\6,1
73,4+\13,3
73,1+\12,1
76,3+\8,9
67,9+\13,3
NS
54,6+\7,3
56,2+\6,2
52,2+\9,6
43,9+\9,5
0,001**
P
NS

Strength - XI
Isocinetic Evaluation of Lower Limb Muscle Power

GROUP
60 degrees \ second
Extension \ Flexion
300 degrees \ second

Extension \ Flexion
Defender
Center Forward
225+\-26,9 \
132+\-22,7 Nm*
181,2+\-181 \
155,3+\-22,7 Nm
Midfielder
221,8+\-47,12 \
139+\-29,3 Nm*
185,6+\-76,5 \
147+\-33,1 Nm
Full Back
Winger
214+\-19,72 \
134+\-21,9 Nm
197,7+\-31,7 \
66,8+\-19,1 Nm*
(Adapted from Rinaldi et al, no date)

Speed - I
Perception
Anticipation
Reaction
Movement
Acceleration
Displacement
SPEED
Endurance

Speed - II
TESTS
First
Division
Second
Division
Amateur
F
Ratio
10m
(s)
1,804
(0,063)
1,818
(0,058)
1,859
(0,075)
5,20
P<0,01
30m
(s)
4,223
(0,192)
4,249
(0,147)
4,294
(0,141)
1,30
0,28
(Adapted from Cometti et al, 2001)

Speed - III
Youth Soccer Players (n=70) - U-14

TESTS
Goalkeeper
(n=10)
Defender
(n=20)
Midfielder
(n=25)
Forward
(n=15)
10m sprint
(s)
2,06+\0,12
2,09+\0,23
2,05+\0,14
2,07+\0,15
NS
30m sprint
(s)
4,92+\0,32
4,81+\0,36
4,82+\0,31
4,96+\0,40
NS
Body
Mass
(Kg)
54,6+\7,3
56,2+\6,2
52,2+\9,6
43,9+\9,5
0,001**

Speed - IV
1 RM BS+RD+NL in Short Sprints (2s\w per 6 weeks)

TESTS
BEFORE
AFTER
Effect Size (d)
5-m sprint (s)
1,11+\-0,04
1,05+\-0,03*
0,55
10-m sprint (s)
1,83+\-0,05
1,78+\-0,05*
0,45
20-m sprint (s)
3,09+\-0,07
3,05+\-0,05*
0,31
*p<0,001
(Adapted from Styles et al, 2015)

Speed - V
Normative Values Sprint Performance (U-10 to U15)

Category
20m sprint
0-10m split
10-20m split
U-10
4,82
4,33
5,46
U-11
4,85
4,22
5,62
U-12
5,14
4,59
5,88
U-13
5,24
4,44
6,25
U-14
5,71
4,98
6,80
U-15
5,80
5,03
6,94
(Adapted from Nikolaidis et al, 2016)

Speed - VI
Normative Values Sprint Performance (U-16 to U-21)

Category
20m sprint
0-10m split
10-20m split
U-16
5,99
5,15
7,35
U-17
6,33
5,43
7,52
U-18
6,21
5,38
7,63
U-19
6,47
5,46
7,87
U-20
6,43
5,59
7,75
U-21
6,25
5,38
7,81

Speed - VII
Normative Values Sprint Performance (U-25 to U-35)
Category
20m sprint
0-10m split
10-20m split
U-25
6,43
5,46
7,81
U-30
6,23
5,35
7,63
U-35
6,29
5,35
7,58

Speed - VIII
Anaerobic Speed Endurance Training (2 s\w 4 weeks)

TRAINING
YYIR-2
RST
Speed Endurance
Production (SEP)
+50,0+\-8,0%*
+2,1+\-0,3%
<0,001
Speed Endurance
Maintenance (SEM)
+26,0+\-5,0%
+1,3+\-0,4%
0,03*
TRAINING
RST Fatigue
Index
Peak and
Average Speed
___
Speed Endurance
Production (SEP)
-4,4+\-0,8 to
3,4+\-0,5%**
24,5+\-0,3 vs
19,2+\-0,3 Km\h-1
<0,04**
Speed Endurance
Maintenance (SEM)
___
15,5+\-0,1 vs
9,4+\-0,1 Km\h-1
___
(Adapted from Mohr & Krustrup, 2016)

Speed - IX
Correlation of the Explosive Force of the Soccer Players

Lower Limbs with Sprint Speeds:
a) 10m (r=-0,74)
b) 20m (r=-0,73)
c) 30m (r=-0,81)
d) 40m (r=-0,88)
(Pasquarelli et al, 2010)

Agility - I
Multi-directional Nature:
a) Physiological Capacities
b) Biomechanical Abilities
c) Advanced Cognitive Strategies
(Wheeler, 2009)

Agility - II
TYPES
CHARACTERISTICS
SIMPLE
Planned Movement
Planned Enviroment
TEMPORAL
Planned Movement
Unplanned Enviroment
SPATIAL
Unplanned Movement
Planned Enviroment
UNIVERSAL
Unplanned Movement
Unplanned Enviroment
(Wheeler, 2009)

Agility - III
Multi-directional Sprints Movements:

a) Stability
b) Balance
Sport-specific Movements:
1) Dynamic State (Deceleration)
2) Static State (Stopping to Change Direction)
3) Dynamic State (Reacceleration)
(Lockie et al, 2016)

Agility - IV
POSITIONS
0-10m
0-20m
0-40m
T-test
CODAT
Anterolateral
0,157
0,149
0,446
0,502*
0,804**
Lateral
0,103
0,181
0,394
0,679**
0,547*
Posterolateral
0,232
-0,131
0,050
0,218
0,597*
Posteromedial
0,682**
0,319
0,429
0,379
0,594*
Medial
0,065
0,000
0,135
-0,109
0,176
Anteromedial
0,201
0,171
0,233
0,313
0,112
P<0,05*
P<0,01**
(Adapted from Lockie et al, 2016)

Coordination
Eye-foot
Eye-hand
Orientation spatiotemporal
Laterality
Precision
Anticipatory Timing

Flexibility
Mobility
Elasticity
a) Plastic Components
b) Elastic Components
(Dantas, 1999 ; Boyle, 2015)

Physical Conditioning
General Physical Preparation
Physical Preparation Specific:

a) Individualized Tactic by Function
b) Team Style of Play

Training Types
Technical
Physical
Technical-tactical
Technical-physical
Technical-tactical-physical

Physical Assessment - I
1) FIELD TESTING
Endurance (VO2max, Yo-Yo test, etc)

Strength (SJ, CMJ, HJ, DJ, SBJ, BPT, 1RM Squat, Bench Press,
Deadlift, etc)
Agility (10m shuttle run, Zig-zag agility, T-test, Pro-agility, etc)
Speed (5, 10, 15, 20, 30m sprint, etc)
Position-specific drills
FMS + Y-Balance Test + Global Postural Analysis

2) LABORATORY TESTING
Isokinetic evaluation, Wingate test, Medical Injury Evaluation,

Biochemical Tests, Endocrine Tests, Dental evaluation, etc

Physical Assessment - II
Biochemical Tests
Hemoglobin
Erythrocytes
Iron
Glucose
Ferritin
Parasitological Stool
Transferrin
Urinalysis
Hematocrit
Biological Markers
(Santos Silva et al, 1999)

Physical Assessment - III
Periodicity
Forms of Analysis
Structural Resources
Staff Resources
QUESTIONS:
a) What to do?
b) How to make?
c) Why do?
d) It is efficient?

Types of Fatigue - I
Periferic Fatigue **
a) Neuromuscular ***
b) Cardiovascular *
c) Metabolic **
Central Fatigue
(Noakes, 2000 ; Mohr et al, 2005 ; Bangsbo et al, 2007)

Types of Fatigue - II
VISIBLE
Fatigue
HIDDEN
Fatigue
Acute
Chronic
Nonresidual
Residual
Compensatory
Risk of
Overreaching
Non-functional
Noncompensatory
Risk of
Overtraining
(Adapted from Platonov apud Vretaros, 2015)

Types of Fatigue - III
SYMPTOMS:
1) Physiological
2) Biochemists
3) Immunological
4) Psychological
(Checchi, 2013)

Types of Fatigue - IV
MEASURING the Physiological Stress of Fatigue:

a) Ck
b) Testosterone\Cortisol Ratio
c) LDH
d) Neuromuscular Tests
e) Scales of Subjective Perception

Types of Fatigue - V
Glycogen
Dehydration
Proprioception

Types of Fatigue - VI
GLYCOGEN:
a) Fast twitch fibers
b) Slow-twitch fibers
(287,4+\-41,2 mmol\glucose)
(182,2+\-34,5 mmol\glucose)
(Nicholas et al, 1999)

Types of Fatigue - VII
DEHYDRATION:
(n=156) Professional Soccer Players

a) 0,6% Hydrated
b) 9,0% Minimal Dehydration
c) 76,9% Significant Dehydration
d) 13,5% Serious Dehydration
(Castro-Seplveda et al, 2015)

Types of Fatigue - VIII
DEHYDRATION:
a) CMJ (-2,6%)
b) 3 sets of sprints of 30 m (-8,2%)
(Mohr et al, 2010)

Types of Fatigue - IX
DEHYDRATION \ HYDRATION:
a) Pre, during and post Game
b) Water, Carbohydrate and Electrolytes
c) Hyperhydration
d) Acclimatization
e) Clothing
f) Body Weight Control
g) Urine Control
(Vretaros, 1998 ; Monteiro et al, 2003)

Types of Fatigue - X
PROPRIOCEPTION:
Muscle Responses in Extremely Fast Conditions

a) Joint Stability
b) Muscle Stability
c) Proprioceptive Feedback
d) INJURIES
(Ergen & Ulkar, 2008 ; Santos Silva et al, 2006)

Types of Fatigue - XI
SPRINTS ABILITY
MUSCLE FACTORS
Muscle Excitability,
Limitations on Energy Supply,
Accumulation of Metabolites
NEURAL FACTORS
Neural Unit,
Muscle Recruitment Strategies
OTHERS
Regulation of Muscle Stiffness,

Environmental Disturbances
(Adapted from Girard et al, 2011)

Biomechanics of the Kick - I
Kinesiological Analysis: Sagittal Plane and Frontal Axis

a) Knee (sudden and rapid extension)
b) Hip Flexion
c) Contraction of the Core
d) Ankle (plantar flexion)
1) Dominant Leg
2) Non-dominant Leg
(Adapted from Machado et al, 2014)

Biomechanics of the Kick - II
Consecutive Soccer Instep Kicks Part 1
VARIABLES
K-1
K-2
K-3
K-4
K-5
LAV
40,26+\0,43
40,06+\0,53
39,87+\0,50
39,50+\0,51
32,28+\0,46*
TAV
18,83+\
-0,29
18,80+\0,25
18,74+\0,23
18,60+\0,21
18,51+\0,21
LM
92,13+\0,98
91,66+\1,21
91,23+\1,14
89,78+\1,16*
89,26+\1,05*
TM
20,58+\0,32
20,54+\0,27
20,48+\0,26
20,22+\0,23
20,12+\0,23
(Adapted from Amiri-Khorasani et al, 2011)

Biomechanics of the Kick - III
Consecutive Soccer Instep Kicks Part 2
VARIABLES
K-6
K-7
K-8
K-9
K-10
LAV
39,04+\0,35*
39,02+\0,29*
38,81+\0,31*
38,09+\0,19*
37,67+\0,41*
TAV
18,23+\0,19*
18,17+\0,34*
18,09+\0,21*
17,87+\0,08*
17,67+\0,18*
LM
88,74+\0,79*
88,68+\0,65*
86,82+\0,69*
85,21+\0,43*
84,27+\0,92*
TM
19,82+\0,21*
19,65+\0,37*
19,56+\0,22*
19,32+\0,08*
19,11+\0,19*
(Adapted from Amiri-Khorasani et al, 2011)

Injuries - I
EXTRINSIC Factors
INTRINSIC Factors
Environment,
Playing Field,
Equipment,
Game Rules,
etc
Muscle Weakness,
Instability,
Fatigue,
Lack of Flexibility
( Marujo, 2014)

Injuries - II
In Training (54,54%)
In Matches (45,45%)
(Nascimento et al, 2015)

Injuries - III
Most Injuries in the Lower Limbs:

a) Knee
b) Thigh
c) Ankle
d) Fatigue Injuries
(Costa, 2011)

Injuries - IV
SLIGHT Injury
1 to 3 days of absence
MILD Injury
MODERATE Injury
SERIOUS Injury
Above 28 days of absence
(Checchi, 2013)

Injuries - V
Severity of Injury \ Duration of Absence Period:

1) Trauma Severity
2) Nature of Injured Tissue
3) Intensity Cure
4) Age of Athlete
5) Treatment and Rehabilitation Particularities
6) Character the Training Activity
(Platonov, 2008)

Injuries - VI
LINE PLAYERS
Incidence Pattern
AUTHOR
2,42 per 1000 hours
Pedrinelli et al, 2013
7,2 per 1000 hours
Dias, 2011

Injuries - VII
GOALKEEPERS
Incidence Pattern
ENVIRONMENT
27,9 per 1000 hours
In Matches
23,6 per 1000 hours
In Training
(Strand et al, 2011)

Injuries - VIII
Female Soccer Players

Ankle (16)
Leg (02)
Shoulder (04)
Ligament (10)
Hand (01)
Fracture (04)
Finger (01)
Dislocation (01)
Lumbar (01)
Muscle (02)
Pelvis \ Sacro (01)
Sprain (10)
Thigh (02)
Other (03)
Knee (06)
Without Diagnosis (04)
(Berredo & Malschik, 2010)

Injuries - IX
Professional Male Soccer Players - One Season

Ankle Sprains
Low Back Pain
(18.18%)
(18.18%)
Thigh Distension
(18.18%)
Tendonitis
(9.09%)
Knee Dislocation
(9.09%)
Direct Mechanical Contact

(36.36%)
Knee Sprains
(18.18%)
Repetitive Overload
(27.27%)
Contusion
(9,09%)
Midfielders
(44.44%)
(Nascimento et al, 2015)

Injuries - X
Male Amateur Soccer Players - 01 Championship

43% Minor Injuries
10% Knee
33% Moderate Injury
10% Leg
24% Serious Injuries
10% Upper Extremities
38% Thigh
5% Foot
24% Ankle
5% Trunk
(Adapted from Zanuto et al, 2010)

Knee Injuries
LCA in Soccer Players
EXTERNAL Factors
INTERNAL Factors
Level of Competition
Number of Matches in the
Season
Sports Shoes
Age, Sex
Anatomical Changes
Joint Stability
Strength, Agility, Coordination
History of Injuries
(Fernandes, 2007)

Ankle Injuries - I
Young Soccer Players (15-17 years old)
INCIDENCE
CAUSE
36%
Direct Trauma
43%
Field of Play
7%
14%
Obstacles (stepping on the

ball, on the foot, etc.)
Body Imbalance
86%
Inversion Sprains
14%
Eversion Sprains
(Beiro & Marques, 2008)

Ankle Injuries - II
FUNCTION
INCIDENCE
Defenders
21%
Left Lateral
7%
Midfielders
36%
Attackers
36%
(Beiro & Marques, 2008)

Hip Injuries - I
Pubalgia
MECHANISM
Hip Rotators
Hamstrings and\or Iliopsoas

Sacroiliac Joint
CAUSE
Compensatory Movements
(internal and\or external)
Shear
Shortening
Instability
Reduced Mobility
(Azevedo et al, 1999 ; Oliveira, 2011)

Hip Injuries - II
MUSCLES in PUBALGIA:
a) Rectus Abdominis
b) Long Adductor
c) Gluteus Medius
(Silva et al, 2011)

Hamstring Injuries - I
HAMSTRING:
a) Femoral Biceps
b) Semitendinous
c) Semimembranous
(Kamel, 2004)

Hamstring Injuries - II
Predominant Injury Mechanism: High-speed Running
Accelerations
Decelerations
Eccentric Actions:
a) Hip (flexion)
b) Knee (reduction of flexion)
(Duhig et al, 2016 ; Rodrigues et al, 2007 ; Carlson, 2008)

Hamstring Injuries - III
Balance of Musculature Index:

a) Quadriceps
b) Hamstring
Deficit of 10%
(Gonalves, 2000)

Hamstring Injuries - IV
Type of Evaluation Employed
Deficit of Eccentric Strength
Unilateral or Bilateral Deficit in quadriceps \ hamstring

ratio
Fatigue
Performance Level
(Navarro et al, 2015)

Loads versus Injuries
SOFT TISSUE INJURIES (non-contact):

1) Dose-response Relationship
2) > 10% - Week-to-week Change
3) ACUTE Training Load
4) CHRONIC Training Load
5) PEAK Loads
6) Adaptation to the Demands of Game
(Gabbett, 2015)

Injury Prevention - I
Injury Problems (number, incidence, time trends,

severity, consequences, impairments, disabilities and
costs)
Etiology, Risks Factors, and Mechanisms of Injuries
Preventive Measure or Programme
Assessing the Effectiveness and

Cost Effectiveness of the Preventive Action
(Adapted from Parkkari, Kujala & Kannus, 2001)

Injury Prevention - II
Injured
Soccer Player
Sports
Medicine Physician
Examinations,
Diagnostic Evaluation,
Treatment Indication
Sports
Physiotherapist
Rehabilitation,
Functional Reevaluation
of the Injured Limb
Physical
Preparation Coach
Muscle-functional
Adaptation for Sport,
Specific Physical Conditioning
(Adapted from Vretaros, 2002 ; Vretaros, 2015)

Injury Prevention - III
Anamnesis
Injury History
Mapping of the Most Common Injuries
Tests

Injury Prevention - IV
Inspection
Physical Exam
Diagnostic Testing
(De Francesco & Inesta, 2012)

Injury Prevention - V
FIFA 11+:
a) Strength Exercises
b) Plyometrics
c) Core
d) Stability
(Costa, 2012)

Injury Prevention - VI
Warm up
Movement
Learning
Proprioception
Mobility
CORE
Stability
Strength
Power

Injury Prevention - VII
ADDITIONAL THERAPIES:
a) Pilates
b) Yoga
c) Chiropractic
d) Global Posture Reeducation
e) Rolfing
f) And others

Periodization - I
MODELS
CHARACTERISTICS
Classic
Linear, Multifaceted, Long Periods

Undulatory Variations
PEAK: competitive period
Conjugated
Phase 1: Accumulation
Phase 2: Transmutation
Phase 3: Realization
Tactic
Technical and Tactical Situations

Transfer of Fractual Organization
Game Model: Ensure Complexity
(Pivetti, 2012 ; Borges, 2014 ; Haff & Haff, 2015)

Periodization - II
MACROCYCLE
MESOCYCLE
MICROCYCLE
TRAINING
UNIT

Periodization - III
MICROCYCLE:
~ 1 week Types:
a) Incorporation
b) Ordinary
c) Shock
d) Precompetitive
e) Competitive
f) Recuperative
g) Control
(Dantas, 2014)

Periodization - IV
LOAD CONTROL:
1) Volume
2) Intensity
3) Density
4) Complexity
(Bompa & Haff, 2012)

Periodization - V
Five Championships in the Season

ANNUAL SEASON
REGENERATIVE
TRAINING
PHYSICAL
TRAINING
Technical-TacticalTraining
1 game per week at

17 weeks
17 training units
17 training units
85 training units
2 games per week

at 25 weeks
50 training units
____
75 training units
TOTAL: 42 weeks
Mean of 67 games
Total: 67 training
units
Total: 17 training
units
Total: 160 training

units
(Carravetta, 2012)

Periodization - VI
Three Championships in the Season
ANNUAL SEASON
REGENERATIVE
TRAINING
PHYSICAL
TRAINING
Technical-TacticalTraining
1 game per week at

28 weeks
28 training units
56 training units
112 trainng units
2 games per week

at 14 weeks
28 training units
___
70 training units
TOTAL: 42 weeks
and 56 games
TOTAL: 56 training
units
TOTAL: 56 training
units
TOTAL: 182
training units
(Carravetta, 2012)

Periodization - VII
U-15 Traditional Periodization

P1
P2
P3
P4
PHYSICAL
54%
31%
43%
18%
TECHNIQUE
28%
37%
30%
38%
TACTIC
18%
32%
27%
44%
Total Hours
59,4
45,7
41,6
65,1
Number of
Microcycles
Mean Hours \
Microcycle
8,5
7,6
8,3
7,3
Mean Hours \
Session
1,7
1,5
1,7
1,5
(Alves et al, 2009)

Periodization - VIII
MONTHS
DURATION
(minutes)
Intensity % HR max
Training Sessions
January
3287
76,89
February
1829
80,05
March
1062
73.01
April
1761
82,26
May
2575
80,24
June
2100
80,98
July
1680
81,32
August
2175
78,04
September
1425
71,31
October
2085
79,86
November
1955
81,39
Mean
1994+\-586,15
79,40+\-2,62
Professional Soccer Players
(Oaks & Simali-Garcia, 2013)

Periodization - IX
Professional Soccer Players

Type of
Training
Session
Length
Weekly Frequency
T1 - T2
T2 - T3
WF Variation
T1-T2 to T2-T3
Recovery
30 min
-50%
Aerobic
60 min
-50%
Specific Soccer
30 min
+100%
Specific Speed
40 min
+100%
Tactical
30 min
+100%
Technique
40 min
+100%
Friendly Match
60 min
0%
Recreative
60 min
0%
(Ramos da Silva et al, 2006)

Periodization - X
PERIODIZATION
TACTIC
Game
Model
Tactical =
Central
Component
Physical +
Technique =
Subordinate
(Adapted from Pivetti, 2012 ; Silva et al, 2009)

Periodization - XI
PERIODIZATION TACTIC
FORMAL GAME
Open System
Dynamic
Complex
Not Linear
(Adapted from Pivetti, 2012)

Periodization - XII
GAME MODEL
+
Great Principles
Subprinciples
Sub-principles of Sub-principles
Morphocycle of Preparation
Structure + Function + Evolution
(Adapted from Martins, 2003 ; Pivetti, 2012)

Periodization - XIII
PERIODIZATION TACTIC
Organizational Pattern
Producing Diversity of Responses
Transfer Emergencies to Complex Units
Technique + Tactics + Physical +

Psychological
(Adapted from Scaglia, 2011 ; Silva et al, 2009)

Recovery & Regeneration - I
ACTIVE Recovery
PASSIVE Recovery

Recovery & Regeneration - II
Cryotherapy
Slowdown Active
Magnetotherapy
Acupuncture
Thermotherapy
Sleep
Compression Garment
Cupping Therapy
Hyperoxia Therapy
Nutrition
Electrostimulation
And Others
(Gill et al, 2006 ; Bompa & Haff, 2012 ; Vretaros, 2015)

Conditioning For Soccer: Scientific Basis

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Conditioning For Soccer: Scientific Basis

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Conditioning for Soccer:

Conditioning for Soccer

Open Motor Skills

Collective and Individual Motor Actions

Tactical Game System

Conditioning for Soccer

Intermittent Character of Efforts

(Reilly et al, 1988)

Conditioning for Soccer

Heading (offensive or defensive)

Conditioning for Soccer

Marking: Individual, Area, and\or Mixed

Conditioning for Soccer

Conditioning for Soccer

Teaching Styles of the Tactical Systems

Freedom to the Athlete

Explore and Experience

Few Interpretation Failures

Try, Make Mistakes, Question

Initial Phase of Teaching

(Adapted from Luguetti, Tsukamoto & Dantas, 2011)

Conditioning for Soccer

(Gallo et al, 2010 ; Bloomfield et al, 2007)

Conditioning for Soccer

Slow Running 11Km\h

Mean Running 15Km\h

Accelerate Running 18Km\h

Sprint Max 27Km\h

Back Running 3-21km\h

Side Running 0-21Km\h

Conditioning for Soccer

With the Ball

(Adapted from Di Salvo et al, 2007)

Conditioning for Soccer

(Adapted from Di Salvo et al, 2007)

Conditioning for Soccer

(Adapted from Bompa & Haff, 2012)

Conditioning for Soccer

U15 U17 U-20 (range 12-19 years old)

(Adapted from Lago-Peas et al, 2011)

Conditioning for Soccer

First Division (n=57)

Fat Tissue (%)

(Adapted from Matkovic et al, 2003)

Conditioning for Soccer

(Campeiz & Maria, 2013)

Conditioning for Soccer

ATP-CP (Resynthesis of Phosphocreatine Via)

Anaerobic Lactic (Lactate: ~3-12 mmol\L)

Aerobic (~70-75% VO2max)

(Bangsbo, 1994 ; Silva Neto, 2013 ; Stolen et al, 2005)

Conditioning for Soccer

Acyclic and Complex Characteristics

Anaerobic Power Alactic and Lactica

Conditioning for Soccer

DIFFERENCES: playing position and playing style

Conditioning for Soccer

Youth Soccer Players

(Adapted from Wong et al, 2009)

Conditioning for Soccer

Increase Distance Traveled

Increase Anaerobic Power

Ultra Short Duration