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2012
CHAPTER 1 (C01-P03)
METHOD OF VIRTUAL WORK
Learning Outcome
At the end of this chapter, students should:
1) Able to determine deformation for statically determinate beams by using Unit Load Method.
2) Able to determine deformation for statically determinate frames by using Unit Load Method.
3) Able to determine deformation for statically determinate trusses by using Unit Load Method.
Method of Virtual Work / Unit Load Method (ULM) for Beams and Frames
Method of virtual work, which was introduced by John Bernoulli in 1717, provides a powerful analytical
tool for many problems of structural mechanics.
The method of virtual work, or sometimes referred to as the unit-load method, is one of the several
techniques available that can be used to solve for displacements and rotations at any point on a structure.
The method of virtual work can also be applied to deflection problems involving beam and frames.
However, the analysis is will only consider bending effect since strains due to bending are the primary
cause of beam or frame deflections.
The formula for the method of virtual work for beam and frame deflections is as follows.
Where
1
external virtual unit load acting on the beam or frame in the direction of .
external displacement of the point caused by the real loads acting on the beam or
frame.
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In a similar manner, the formula for the method of virtual work for beam and frame rotation is as follows
where is the rotation or slope angle in unit rad at a point on the beam or frame.
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150 kN
100 kN
25 kN/m
10 m
D
10 m
5m
Figure 1.1
Solution:
(a) n = r 3m = 3 3 = 0
Tips: The beam is statically determinate when the difference between reactions and no. of equilibrium
equation is zero.
(b) Unit Load Method (ULM) is a method to determine displacement of determinate beam by dividing
the beam into two systems call Real system/beam and Virtual System. Real system is the system
when the beam is subjected to the real loads whereas the virtual system is the system when the beam
is subjected to the virtual load.
Tips: Students should be able to solve for the reactions and write the moment equation for both
systems before applying into the formula of deflection.
100 kN
150 kN
25 kN/m
Ay
Ay
10 m
10 m
Cy
Solve the reactions for the real beam/system using Equilibrium Equation.
MA = 0,
25(20)(20/2) + 100(10) + 150(25) Cy(20)
Cy
487.50 kN
Ay
262.50 kN
Ax
0 kN
Fy = 0,
Fx = 0,
5m
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Using the reactions value calculated, student should be able to write the moment equation for each
segment /member.
Member AB (origin A) 0 x 10 m
Tips:
1.
x always starts at the origin that has been chosen. Identification of limit of x is determined from A to
B. At origin, x is always 0.
2. Always draw the free-body diagram (FBD) for each member/segment as shown. The FBD should
always reflect the condition as above i.e. Member AB (origin A) 0 x 10 m.
3. In writing the moment equations, always apply M at the cutting point of the member/segment using
beam sign convention as below. Note that the figure below happened at the cutting point. So, take
anticlockwise moment as positive moment.
+ ve
25 kN/m
M
M +262.5(x) 25(x)(x/2) = 0
M
262.5x-12.5x2
x
262.5
Member BC (origin A) 10 x 20 m
Tips:
1. Joint A is chosen as origin and x always starts at the origin that has been chosen. At A, x = 0 m, at B,
x = 10 m and at C, x = 20 m. So, x for member BC is located between 10 m and 20 m i.e. member BC
(origin A) 10 x 20 m.
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25 kN/m
M
B
( x 10) m
10 m
262.5
M = 0,
Member CD (origin D) 0 x 5 m
Tips:
1. x always starts at the origin that has been chosen. Identification of limit of x is determined from C to
D. At origin, x is always 0.
2. By using the beam sign convention as below, take clockwise moment as positive moment.
+ ve
150 kN
M = 0,
M + 100(x)
-100x
M
M
D
x
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Tips:
Vertical displacement has been determined at point D. So, we need to put a virtual load (unit load) at
point D in the desired displacement. Then, calculate reactions and write the moment equation for the
virtual system.
1 kN
Ay
B
Ay
10 m
10 m
Cy
Solve the reactions for the real beam/system using Equilibrium Equation.
MA = 0,
1(25) Cy (20)
0.8 kN
Ay
0.2 kN
Ax
0 kN
Cy
Fy = 0,
Ay + Cy 1
Fx = 0,
5m
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Using the reactions value calculated, student should be able to write the moment equation for each
segment /member.
Member AB (origin A) 0 x 10 m
Tips:
Students must use the same condition of member, origin and limit as uses in the real system.
0.2x
x
0.2
Member BC (origin A) 10 x 20 m
Free-body diagram (FBD)
A
x
0.2
M = 0,
m + 0.2x
0.2x
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Member CD (origin D) 0 x 5 m
Free-body diagram (FBD)
1 kN
M = 0,
m + 1(x)
0
-x
D
x
Then, when finishing in writing the moment equation for both real system and virtual system,
summarized the result in a table as shown below.
Member
AB
BC
CD
Origin
A
A
D
Limit
0 - 10
10 20
0-5
1.D
1.D
=
+
+
1.D
M (Real System)
262.5x-12.5x2
262.5x 12.5x2 100x + 1000
-100x
m (Virtual System)
0.2x
0.2x
-x
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Self-Learning Exercise
Question 1
Below is a cantilever beam ABCD subjected uniformly distributed load of 25 kN/m along member ABC
whereas joint B and D are subjected to a point load of 100 kN and 150 kN, respectively. The total length
of the beam is 25 m. By taking E is 200 GPa and I is 500 x 106 mm4.
a) Using Unit Load Method (ULM), determine vertical displacement at joint D.
b) Draw shear force diagram (SFD) for the beam.
150 kN
100 kN
25 kN/m
10 m
B
10 m
Figure 1.2
10
C
5m
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Question 2
Below is a cantilever beam ABCD subjected uniformly distributed load of 25 kN/m along member ABC
whereas joint B and D are subjected to a point load of 100 kN and 150 kN, respectively. The total length
of the beam is 25 m.
a) Using Unit Load Method (ULM), determine vertical displacement at joint D in terms of EI.
b) Draw bending moment diagram (BMD) for the beam.
150 kN
100 kN
25 kN/m
2EI
2EI
EI
A
10 m
10 m
Figure 1.3
11
5m
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Question 3
Below is a cantilever beam ABCD subjected uniformly distributed load of 25 kN/m along member ABC
whereas joint B and D are subjected to a point load of 100 kN and 150 kN, respectively. By taking E is
200 GPa and I is 500 x 106 mm4.
c) Determine vertical displacement at joint D by using Unit Load Method (ULM) in terms of .
d) If is varies from 1 m to 10 m, explain the relationship between displacement at joint D and .
150 kN
100 kN
25 kN/m
10 m
C
10 m
Figure 1.4
12
D
m
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Question 4
Below is a simply supported beam ABCD subjected uniformly distributed load of 25 kN/m along member
ABC whereas joint B and D are subjected to a point load of 100 kN and 150 kN, respectively. The total
length of the beam is 25 m.
a) Using Unit Load Method (ULM), determine rotational displacement at joint D in terms of EI if EI is
constant for all members.
b) If the rotational displacement at joint B is given as 0.05 rad counterclockwise, determine the flexural
rigidities, EI value by using Method of Virtual Work.
150 kN
100 kN
25 kN/m
10 m
D
10 m
Figure 1.5
13
5m
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EI
4m
2EI
200 kN
B
4m
2EI
A
8m
Figure 1.6
Solution
a) n = r 3m = 6 6 = 0
Tips: The beam is statically determinate when the difference between reactions and no. of equilibrium
equation is zero.
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From the equation, we find that the information needed is moment equations for both real frame and
virtual frame. In order to write the moment equation, we need to determine reaction at the support A and
D first.
General Procedure for analysis of structures
Real frame/system
Draw the free-body diagram (FBD) of the real frame.
50 kN/m
D
C
EI
4m
2EI
Dy
200 kN
B
4m
2EI
Ax
A
8m
Ay
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Dy
300 kN
Fy = 0,
Ay + Dy 50(8)
Ay + 300 - 400 =
Ay
100 kN
200 - Ax
0 kN
Ax
200 kN
Fx = 0,
EI
4m
2EI
300 kN
200 kN
B
4m
2EI
200 kN
A
8m
100 kN
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Member AB (origin A) 0 x 4 m
Free-body diagram (FBD)
M
M = 0,
M +200(x)
M
200 kN
200x
100 kN
Member BC (origin A) 4 x 8 m
Free-body diagram (FBD)
200 kN
M = 0,
M +200(x) 200(x-4)
M
200 kN
100 kN
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800
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Member CD (origin D) 0 x 8 m
Free-body diagram (FBD)
M = 0,
M +50(x)(x/2) 300(x)
M
300x 25x
50 kN/m
D
300 kN
Virtual frame/system
1 kN
D
C
EI
4m
2EI
Dy
B
4m
2EI
Ax
A
8m
Ay
22
1 kN
Ay + Dy
Ay + 1
Ay
- 1 kN
1 - Ax
0 kN
1 kN
Dy
Fy = 0,
Fx = 0,
Ax
1 kN
D
C
EI
2EI
1 kN
B
2EI
1 kN
1 kN
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Member AB (origin A) 0 x 4 m
Free-body diagram (FBD)
m
M = 0,
m +1(x)
m
1 kN
1 kN
Member BC (origin A) 4 x 8 m
Free-body diagram (FBD)
M = 0,
m +1(x)
m
1 kN
1 kN
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Member CD (origin D) 0 x 8 m
Free-body diagram (FBD)
M = 0,
m 1(x)
m
m
D
x
1 kN
Member
AB
BC
CD
Origin
A
A
D
1.D
1.D
=
+
+
25
1.D
Limit
04
48
0-8
M (Real System)
200x
800
300x 25x2
M (Virtual System)
x
x
x
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50 kN/m
D
C
EI
4m
2EI
200 kN
B
4m
2EI
A
8m
Figure 1.7
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Question 6
Figure shows a rigid-jointed plane frame pinned to the foundation at A and supported on roller at D. A
uniformly distributed load of 50 kN/m is shown acting on member BC. A concentrated load of 150 kN
and a point moment of 30 kNm is acting at B and C, respectively. The flexural rigidity of the frame
member AB, BC and CD are 2E, E and 2E, respectively. Using Unit Load Method, calculate
horizontal deflection of joint C in terms of EI.
150 kN
50 kN/m
30 kNm
3
4
(E)
5m
(2E)
3m
Figure 1.8
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5m
(2E)
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Where
1
external virtual unit load acting on the truss joint in the stated direction of .
internal virtual normal force in a truss member caused by the external virtual unit load.
length of a member
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200 kN
150 kN
4m
B
6m
E
5m
Figure 1.9
Solution:
(a)
=
=
=
m + r -2j
7 + 3 2(5)
0
(b)
To determine displacement using unit load method (ULM), we must divide the truss/system into
two systems i.e. Real system and Virtual System.
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200 kN
150 kN
4m
B
6m
Ax
E
5m
Ey
Ay
MA = 0,
200(10) + 150(5) - Ey(5)
550 kN
Ay + 550 - 150 =
Ay
- 400 kN
200 - Ax
0 kN
Ax
200 kN
Ey
Fy = 0,
Ay + Ey 150
Fx = 0,
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Determine member forces for each member of the truss for the real system using either Method of Joint/
Method of Section.
200 kN
160
-256.12
150 kN
D
0
160
200 kN
-550
E
0
400 kN
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312.41
550 kN
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1 kN
4m
B
6m
Ax
E
5m
Ey
Ay
MA = 0,
1(10) - Ey(5)
2 kN
Ay + Ey
Ay
- 2 kN
1 - Ax
0 kN
1 kN
Ey
Fy = 0,
Fx = 0,
Ax
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Determine member forces for each member of the truss for the virtual system using either Method of
Joint/ Method of Section.
1 kN
0.8
-1.28
D
0
0.8
1.56
1 kN
-2
E
0
2 kN
2 kN
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L (m)
6
4
6.4
6
5
7.8
5
N (kN)
160
160
-256.12
-550
0
312.41
0
n (kN)
0.8
0.8
-1.28
-2
0
1.56
0
nNL
768
512
2098.14
6600
0
3801.40
0
13779.54
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50 kN
150 kN
3m
D
4m
6m
Figure 1.10
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