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Assignment Booklet
B. Tech.
in
Aerospace Engineering
Programme
Fifth Semester
Course Code
ET 102
Course Title
Mathematics-III
BAS 014
Aircraft Structures
BAS 015
Aerodynamics - II
BAS 016
Propulsion - II
BAS 017
Flight Mechanics
(b)
(c)
Presentation
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BTAE
2
cos n x
4 ( 1)n
, x .
3
n 1
n2
Prove that x 2
Q.3 (a)
1
n2
2
.
6
1
1
1
m n
and 2 cos y
show that one of the values of x y m n
y
x y
x
2
cos
(
m
)
is
.
If 2 cos x
(b)
( n 2 1) n .
2a
1 a 2 b2
,
r
r
r r
Deduce that
Q.4 (a)
(b)
Q.5 (a)
(b)
Q.6 (a)
2u
r 2
1 u
1 2u
2
0.
r r
r 2
Find the bilinear transformation which maps the points z = 1, i, 1 into the points
w = 2, i, 2 respectively.
Expand f ( z )
1
in the region | z | > 2.
( z 1) ( z 2)
Determine the poles of the following functions and the residue at each pole :
z2 1
z 2 2z
dy
tan x cos y cos2 x .
dx
(b)
Q.7 (a)
(b)
Q.8 (a)
(b)
Solve ( mz ny ) p (nx lz ) q ly mx .
Solve
2 z
x 2
2 z
2z
2 2 x y.
x y
y
(b)
h2
Q.9 (a)
2u
x
u
for which u (0, t ) u (l , t ) 0 , u ( x, 0) sin
by
l
t
x
method of variables separation.
Find the solution of
1
12
1
22
1
32
1
42
...
2
.
12
Find the bilinear transformation which maps the points z = 0, 1, into the points
w = 1, 2 i, i.
Find the general solution of the partial differential equation
x 2 ( y z) p y 2 (z x ) q z2 ( x y )
Q.10 (a)
(b)
1
1
xm
yn
and 2 cos y , show that one of the values of n m is
y
x
y
x
2 cos ( m n ) .
If 2 cos x
2
6
14 3
2n 2 n 1
x x2
x ... n
x
. . .,
5
9
17
2 1
BTAE
Q1.
Q2.
Q3.
Q4
Monocoque structures
End fixidity of a column
Strain gauge
Shear centre
Beam column
(a)
(b)
Derive an expression for Eulers critical load of a column when its both
ends are fixed.
Differentiate short and long columns.
(a)
(b)
Explain the boundary conditions necessary for determining the slope and
deflection of a cantilever beam.
(a)
M
E
(b) Two aircrafts, one on mars and one on Earth, are performing level turns at identical bank
angle of 60 deg. How do their load factors, turn radii and rates of turn compare?
Q5
Q6.
(a)
(b)
Q7.
Derive Lames equation, giving hoop stress ( f x ) distribution and inner pressure Px in case
of a thick cylinder in the form:
b
b
f x 2 a and Px 2 a , where a and b are constants Px and fx are radial pressure and
x
x
hoop stress respectively.
5
Q8.
(a)
(b)
Locate the shear centre for the channel section shown below.
5 cm
1 cm
1 cm
3 cm
1 cm
Q9.
For the simply supported beam, with overhanging load of 10 kN at A, shown below determine
a. maximum deflection.
b. Slope at both supports B and E.
Take for the beam section, I = 18 x 108 mm4 and for the beam material, E = 200 kN/mm2
10 kN
7.5 kN /m
20 kN-m
A
2m
2m
2m
E
2m
BTAE
Q.1
Explain vortex flow over a finite wing. What is downwash and how does it result in induced
drag?
Q.2
(a)
What is Biot - Savart law for an inviscid, incompressible flow? Derive the term for
the velocity induced by a straight vortex filament of infinite length at a given point,
using the above law.
(b)
Explain the elliptical lift distribution. Show that the downwash is constant over the
span for an elliptical lift distribution.
Q.3
A flat plate of 0.6 m chord at zero incidence is in a uniform airstream of 45 m s-1. Estimate
(i) the displacement thickness at the trailing edge, and
(ii) the overall drag coefficient of the plate. Is it reasonable to assume that the boundary layer
is entirely laminar?
Q.4 With the help of a neat sketch, explain boundary layer flow over a flat plate. Show the various
regions of flow and also explain the phenomenon of separation.
Q.5 Derive the Navier Stokes equation for an unsteady, compressible, three dimensional viscous
flow.
Q.6 Derive the expression for the velocity of sound across a sound wave. Also give the energy
equation for steady one dimensional flow.
Q.7 A normal shock wave is standing in the test section of a supersonic wind tunnel. Upstream of
the wave, M1 = 3, P1 = 0.5 atm, and T1 = 200 K. Find M2, P2, T2 and u2 downstream of the
wave. Use Normal shock property table.
Q.8
Q.9
(a)
(b)
Q.10
A light aircraft has a tapered wing with root and tip chord-lengths of 2.2 m and 1.8 m
respectively and a wingspan of 16 m. Estimate the skin-friction drag of the wing when the
aircraft is traveling at 0.375 chord-length from the leading edge. The dynamic viscosity and
density of air may be taken as 1.8 x 10-5 kg s/m and 1.2 kg/m3 respectively.
BTAE
Q1.
Q2.
(a)
Air is expanded reversibly and adiabatically in a nozzle from 13 bar and 150oC to
a pressure of 6 bar. The inlet velocity of the nozzle is very small and the process
occurs under steady state flow conditions. Calculate the exit velocity of the nozzle.
(b)
Air enters a frictionless adiabatic converging nozzle at 10 bar 500 K with negligible
velocity. The nozzle discharges to a region at 2 bar. If the exit area of the nozzle is
2.5 cm2, find the flow rate of air through the nozzle. Assume for air cp = 1005 J / kg K
and cv = 718 J / kg K.
The exit velocity from a jet unit is 650 m/s for an air flow of 40 kg/s
through the unit. The aircraft is flying at 250 km/h. Calculate the thrust developed, the
thrust power and the propulsion efficiency. Neglect the effect of fuel.
(a)
(b)
Q3.
Q4.
(a)
A simple jet engine has compressor directly coupled to the turbine mounted in an
aircraft with forward facing intake and rearward convergent propelling nozzle.
Calculate the total thrust when the aircraft flies at true air speed of 300 m / s in the
ambient conditions of 10oC and 0.58 bar.
A turbojet engine inducts 51 kg of air per second and propels an aircraft
with an constant flight speed of 912 km/h. The isentropic velocity enthalpy change for
the nozzle is 200 kJ / kg and its velocity coefficient is 0.96. The fuel-air ratio is
0.0119, the combustion efficiency is 0.96 and the lower heating value of the fuel is
10500 kcal / kg. Assume CV = 42 MJ / kg. Calculate
(i)
the thermal efficiency of the engine,
(ii)
the fuel flow rate in kg/h and TSFC,
(iii)
the propulsion power in kW
(iv)
the thrust power and
(v)
the propulsive efficiency.
(b)
A turbo jet engine consumes air at the rate of 60.2 kg / s when flying at a speed of
1000 km / h. Calculate:
(i)
Exit velocity of the jet when the enthalpy change for the nozzle is 230 kJ / kg
and velocity co-efficient is 0.96.
(ii)
Fuel flow rate in kg /s when air-fuel ratio is 70:1
(iii)
Thrust specific fuel consumption
(c)
Thermal efficiency of the plant when the combustion efficiency is 92% and
calorific value of the fuel used is 42000 kJ/kg.
(d)
Propulsive power
(e)
Propulsive efficiency
(f)
Overall efficiency.
(a)
(b)
Q5.
(a)
(b)
Q6.
Calculate:
i. Absolute velocity of the jet
ii. Volume of air compressed per min.
iii.
Diameter of the jet
iv. Power output of the unit
v. Air-fuel ratio
In a jet propulsion unit air is drawn into the rotary compressor at 15oC and 1.01 bar
and delivered at 4.04 bar. The isentropic efficiency of compression is 82% and the
compression is inter-cooled. After delivery the air is heated at constant pressure until
the temperature reaches 750oC. The air then passes through a turbine unit which drives
the compressor only and has an isentropic efficiency of 78% before passing through
the nozzle and expanding to atmospheric pressure of 1.01 bar with an efficiency of
88%. Neglecting any mass increase due to the weight of the fuel and assuming that R
and are unchanged by combustion, determine :
(i)
The power required to drive the compressor.
(ii)
The air-fuel ratio if the fuel has a calorific value of 42000 kJ/kg.
(iii)
The pressure of the gases leaving the turbine.
(iv)
The thrust per kg of air per second.
Neglect any effect of the velocity of approach.
Assume for air: R = 0.287 kJ /kg K, = 1.4.
Find the required air-fuel ratio in a gas turbine whose turbine and
compressor efficiencies are 85% and 80 %, respectively. Maximum cycle temperature
is 875 oC. The working fluid can be taken as air c p 1.0 kJ/kgK , 1.4 which
enters the compressor at 1 bar and 27oC. The pressure ratio is 4. The fuel used has
calorific value of 42000 kJ / kg. There is a loss of 10% of calorific value in the
combustion chamber.
In an air-standard regenerative gas turbine cycle the pressure ratio is 5. Air enters the
compressor at 1 bar, 300 K and leaves at 490 K. The maximum temperature in the
cycle is 1000 K. Calculate the cycle efficiency, given that the efficiency of the
regenerator and the adiabatic efficiency of the turbine are each 80%. Assume for air,
the ratio of specific heats is 1.4. Also, show the cycle on a T-s diagram.
(a)
Considering equiangular blades and neglecting blade friction, calculate for a steam flow
of 0.6. kg/ s, the diagram power and the diagram efficiency.
Q7.
Q8.
(a)
A single stage steam turbine is supplied with steam at 5 bar, 200oC at the
rate of 50 kg / min. It expands into a condenser at a pressure of 0.2 bar. The blade
speed is 400 m/s. The nozzles are inclined at an angle of 20o to the plane of the wheel
and the outlet blade angle is 30o. Neglecting friction losses, determine the power
developed, blade efficiency, and stage efficiency.
(b)
A single impulse turbine has a mean blade speed of 200 m/ s. The nozzles are inclined
at 20o to the plane of rotation of the blades. The steam velocity from nozzles is
600 m/s. The turbine uses 3500 kg /h of steam. The absolute velocity at exit is along
the axis of the turbine. Determine:
(i)
The inlet and exit angle of the blades.
(ii)
The power output of the turbine.
(iii)
The diagram efficiency.
(iv)
The axial thrust (per kg steam per second)
Assume inlet and outlet angles to be equal.
(a)
A reaction turbine running at 360 rpm consumes 5 kg of steam per second. Tip leakage
is 10 %. Discharge blade tip angle for both moving and fixed blades is 20o . Axial
velocity of flow is 0.75 times blade velocity. The power developed by a certain pair is
4.8 kW where the pressure is 2 bar and dryness fraction is 0.95. Find the drum
diameter and blades height.
An axial flow compressor having eight stages and with 50% reaction design compress
air in the pressure ratio of 4 : 1. The air enters the compressor at 20oC and flows
through it with a constant speed of 90m/ s. The rotating blades of compressor rotate
with a mean speed of 180 m/s. isentropic efficiency of the compressor may be taken as
82%.
Calculate :
(i)
Work done by the machine
(ii)
Blades angles.
(b)
Q9
(a)
Q10.
(b)
A centrifugal compressor runs at 10,00 rpm and delivers 600 m3 / min of free air at a
pressure ratio of 4:1. The isentropic efficiency of compressor is 82%. The outer radius
of impeller (which has radial blades) is twice the inner one and the slip coefficient is
0.9. Assume that the ambient air conditions are 1 bar and 293 K. The axial velocity of
flow is 60 m/s and is constant throughout. Determine:
(i)
Power input to the compressor
(ii)
Impeller diameters at inlet and outlet and width at inlet
(iii)
Impeller and diffuser blade angles at inlet
(a)
A single stage reciprocating air compressor has a swept volume of 2000 cm3 and runs
at 800 rpm. It operates on a pressure ratio of 8, with a clearance of 5% of the swept
10
volume. Assume NTP room conditions and at inlet (p = 101.3 kPa, t = 15oC), and
polytropic compression and expansion with n = 1.25.
Calculate
(b)
BTAE
11
Q1.
An aircraft is flying in a steady level coordinated turn at a speed of 250 m/s at a bank angle of
60o. Calculate the turn rate, if the yaw rate is r and the pitch rate is q. The forces acting on the
aircraft are shown in fig.
Lift L
Radius of turn R
X
mv o
R
mg
Q2.
In the context of aircraft motion, what are the Euler angles? If the standard right handed
aircraft axis set is rotated through pitch and yaw angles only. Show that the initial
vector quantity ( x0 , y0, z0 ) is related to the transformed vector quantity x, y, z as follow : x cos sin
y sin
z sin cos
cos sin
cos
sin sin
sin
0
cos
x0
y
0
z0
Q3.
Define the span, gross area, aspect ratio and mean aerodynamic chord of an aircraft wing.
Q4.
Sketch a typical Cm plot and explain the condition for trim, the requirement for static
stability and the concept of stability margin. Why is too much stability as hazardous as too
little stability?
Q5.
Describe the longitudinal short period pitching oscillation. On what parameters do its
characteristics depend?
Q6.
(a)
V0
,
g
Q7.
(b)
State which aerodynamic parameters introduce damping into a phugoid, and discuss
how varying forward speed whilst on approach to landing may influence phugoid
characteristics.
(a)
(b)
Q8.
Distinguish between the centre of pressure and the aerodynamic centre of an airfoil. Explain
why the pitching moment about the quarter chord point of an air foil is normally constant in
subsonic flight.
Q9.
A tailless aircraft of 9072 kg mass has a delta wing with aspect ratio 1 and area 37m2. Show
b/2
c 2 dy
b/2
cdy
With the aid of a diagram showing a generalized set of aircraft body axes, define the
parameter notation used in the mathematical modeling of aircraft motion.
13