ANATOMY AND FISIOLOGY OF LIVER, DISEASE

AND TREATMENT OF LIVER

Disusun Oleh :
1. Kurniawati Amira Sandi
2. Nurhidayatul Kasanah
3. Wahyu Dwi Setiawan

( 131210017 )
( 131210024 )
( 131210038 )

PROGRAM STUDI DIPLOMA III KEPERAWATAN

SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU KESEHATAN
INSAN CENDEKIA MEDIKA
JOMBANG

ANATOMY AND FISIOLOGY OF LIVER, DISEASE AND TREATMENT OF LIVER

A. Anatomy of Liver:
The liver is the largest gland in the human body. Liver in humans is located on the top
of the cavum abdominis, under the diaphragm, on either side of the upper quadrant,
which are mostly found on the right. Weighing 1200 - 1600 grams. The upper surface
is in contact below the diaphragm, the lower surface is in contact over the abdominal
organs.
B. Fisiology of Liver:
There are some fung liver are:
1) Liver function as carbohydrate metabolism
2) The function of the liver as fat metabolism
3) Liver function as protein metabolism
4)
5)
6)
7)

Liver function with respect to blood clots

Liver function as vitamin metabolism
Liver function as detoksikasi
Liver function as phagocytosis and immunity
Hemodynamic function

Because the liver comes in close contact with many harmful substances, it is protected
against disease in two main ways.
1. it can regenerate itself by repairing or replacing injured tissue.
2. the liver has many cell units responsible for the same task
Therefore, if one area is injured, other cells will perform the functions of the injured section
indefinitely or until the damage has been repaired.

C. Various Disease of Liver:

Different types of liver disorders include hepatitis and cirrhosis.
1. Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver that can be caused by a virus, by inherited
disorders, and sometimes by certain medications or toxins such as alcohol and drugs.
Hepatitis four type is:
a. Hepatitis A : the most common and the most infectious, spreading easily from
person to person like most other viruses. Hepatitis A is waterborne and spread
mainly via sewage and contaminated food and water. It affects millions around
the world and is responsible for more than 2 million deaths a year.
b. Hepatitis B : acquired through exposure to infected blood, vaginal fluids, or
semen. Hepatitis B is transmitted by contact with infected semen, blood, or
vaginal secretions, and from mother to newborn. Hepatitis B is most commonly
spread by unprotected sex and by sharing of infected needles (including those
used for tattooing, acupuncture, and ear piercing). It's estimated that about 0.5%
to 1% of Canadians have hepatitis B.
c. Hepatitis C: spreads via direct blood-to-blood contact. affects about 3.5 million
North Americans. About 15% of those with hepatitis C may have been exposed to
infected blood products before widespread blood testing began.
d. Hepatitis D is unique because it can only affect those that already have hepatitis
B. Hepatitis D is spread by infected needles and blood transfusions.
2. Liver Cirrhosis is a permanent deterioration of liver function characterized by
histopathological changes. Histopathological changes that occur cause elevation of
blood pressure in the vessels of the portal venous system . As a result of the elevation
of portal vein pressure, occurs when the rupture of esophageal varices and vomiting
black blood ( hematemesis ) .
The main cause of cirrhosis is chronic infection with the hepatitis C virus. Other
causes include:
a. long-term, excessive alcohol consumption
b. chronic infection with hepatitis B virus
c. inherited disorders of iron and copper metabolism
d. severe reactions to certain medications
e. infections from bacteria and parasites usually found in the tropics
f. repeated episodes of heart failure with liver congestion and bile-duct obstruction
With cirrhosis, the liver tissue is irreversibly and progressively destroyed as a result of
infection, poison, or some other disease. Normal liver tissue is replaced by scars and areas of
regenerating liver cells.

Signs and symptoms of cirrhosis include:

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.

abdominal pain
general fatigue
intestinal bleeding
itching
jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
loss of interest in sex
nausea and vomiting
small red, spider-like blood vessels under the skin or easy bruising
swelling in the abdomen and legs caused by fluid accumulation
weakness
weight loss.

D. Symptoms and Complications of Liver Disorders

Hepatitis and cirrhosis show few warning signs. In the acute phase of most forms
of hepatitis, there are flu-like symptoms such as tiredness, fever, nausea, loss of appetite, and
pain (usually under the ribs on the right side of the abdomen). There may also be some
jaundice (yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes.)
Following the acute stage, hepatitis A will be cleared from the body and lifelong
immunity develops. In hepatitis B and C, viral particles may linger in the body producing a
chronic infection that lasts for years. This can eventually lead to liver cirrhosis.
E. Alternative Care.
Because many chronic liver disorders have no cure, many people have been turning
to alternative health care. Herbal supplements are widely used by many people with chronic
liver disease[citation needed]. None of these herbs have ever been tested in randomized
clinical trials and no one knows whether they work. So if you decide to use herbs for your
chronic liver disease, read about the herb, know your disorder and talk to your physician.
Some common herbs known to be potentially harmful in liver disease include black cohosh,
ma huang, chaparral, comfrey, germander, greater celandine, kava, mistletoe, pennyroyal,
skull cap and valerian. With liver disease, you only get one chance at life and that balance can
easily be overturned by a toxic herb.

F. Prevention.

Some chronic liver diseases cannot be prevented but one can reduce the risk by adopting the
following measures:
1. Do not drink excessive alcohol.
2. Avoid high risk behavior. If you do use intravenous drugs, do not share needles or
syringes. Never have sex without a condom with a stranger and avoid multiple sex
partners. If you plan to have tattoos or have your body pierced, choose a place which
has a reputation for cleanliness and safety.
3. Get vaccinated against hepatitis A and B. It is highly recommended that one get
vaccinated against hepatitis B. This chronic infection is highly contagious and one of
the complications is liver cancer.
4. Do not use multiple medications or illicit drugs unwisely. Never mix alcohol with
medications. Always talk to your physician about your medications and get your liver
enzymes checked to make sure that the liver is functioning fine.
5. If you have any member of the family of friend who is sick, avoid contact with blood
or bodily fluids. Many infections can be transferred through body fluids include HIV,
hepatitis and even herpes. Do not make it a habit of sharing personal care products
with anyone, even household members.
6. If you work in an environment where there are chemicals, wear a mask. Take
protective measures when spraying weed killers, insecticides or using other toxic
chemicals. If you work with hazardous chemicals, change clothes before you go
home. If you work in the garden and use chemicals, wear long sleeve shirts, gloves
and a hat.
7. Eat healthy exercise and keep your weight down. Obesity is a well known cause of
chronic fatty liver disease.
G. Treatment.
The treatment of chronic liver disease depends on the cause. While some
conditions may be treated with medications, others may require surgery or a transplant.
Transplant is required when the liver fails and there is no other alternative.
But for you people with liver disease does not hurt to try pengobata herbal cure for
liver disease or liver with herbal remedies made from natural materials such as leather
nutritious mangosteen , soursop leaves black rosella flowers and honey as a natural
preservative

REFERENTION

Background Causes Symptoms Possible Complications Diagnosis Treatment Treatment of

Complications Liver Transplantation Resources References News & Features Expert Q & A
Questions for Your Doctor Clinical Trials 5 Things to Know
Review Date: 11/16/2012

Reviewed By: George F. Longstreth, MD, Department of Gastroenterology, Kaiser

Permanente Medical Care Program, San Diego, California. Also reviewed by A.D.A.M.
Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc., Editorial Team: David Zieve, MD, MHA, David R. Eltz,
Stephanie Slon, and Nissi Wang.