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Inverters
Objectives
To examine operation of inverters as means of
producing variable-frequency, variable voltage AC
source from DC supply
To consider inverters which produce single-phase
and 3-phase AC outputs
To consider both voltage-sourced inverters which
operate from DC supply which approximates
constant voltage source and current-sourced
inverters which operate from DC supply which
approximates constant current source
To introduce pulse-width-modulated inverters
Introduction
Chopper circuits produce variable voltage DC
output from constant DC supply
Inverter circuits produce AC output from a DC
supply
AC output voltage will need to be controllable
Frequency will sometimes need to be controlled
also
Inverters can be classified according to whether
the DC supply is:
Constant voltage
or
Constant current
E742 Power Electronics - Applications
Voltage-sourced Inverters
Single-phase Voltage-sourced Inverter
Circuit diagram:
VRMS
2
2
=
V
s dt
T 0
= 2Vs
t
T
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
+Vs /2
Vn1
-Vs /2
Vn2
-Vs /2
Vs
R2
Vs Vs V s
Vn1 =
Vs + =
=
2
6
R 2+ R
2 3
Vs
R
Vs 2Vs Vs
Vn 2 =
Vs + =
=+
R 2+ R
3
2
6
2
Peak ripple = Vs/6 and peak-to-peak ripple = Vs/3
E742 Power Electronics - Applications
19
20
21
22
600
IL =
= 20 A
2 15
I L ,RMS
1
=
2
2 3
12
5 3
20 d + 20 d
12
20 + 20
=
= 16.33 A
2
23
Load power:
PL = 16.332 15 3 = 12kW
Thyristor RMS current:
I T , RMS =
20 2
= 11.5 A
3
24
25
15
Req = 15 +
= 22.5
2
Load current amplitudes:
Vs
600
Ia =
=
= 26.67 A
Req 22.5
Vs
Ib = Ic =
= 13.33 A
2 Req
26
I L ,RMS
1
=
2
2 3
12
13.33 d + 26.67 d + 13.33 d
2 3
4 3
4 3
12
2 13.33 + 26.67
=
= 18.85 A
2
Load power:
PL = 18.85 2 15 3 = 15.99kW
27
I T , RMS
1 26.67 2 + 2 13.332
=
= 13.332 = 13.33 A
6
28
Transformer-coupled inverter
Single-phase, transformer-coupled inverter:
29
30
31
Pulse-width-modulated inverters
Simplest form:
Supply voltage is switched many times within overall
output voltage period in order to produce required load
voltage waveform:
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
Current-sourced inverters
Inductance in series with DC supply keeps supply current
constant
Series inductance provides protection against misfiring of
devices and from short circuits and limits peak power rating
of individual devices
Current-sourced inverters using thyristors have advantage
that commutation circuitry is simpler than in voltagesourced inverter
40
41
42
43
44
Solution
Maximum permitted di/dt assumes full voltage and a
short circuit on the inverter side of the inductance
Hence
di
Vs = L
dt
Vs
160
L=
=
= 5H
di dt 32
45
Vs 160
Is =
=
= 8A
RL
20
E742 Power Electronics - Applications
46
di
I = toff = 32 50 10 6 = 1.6 mA
dt
This is negligible compared with the steady state current so
we can assume constant current conditions with linear
change in capacitor voltage; hence:
dVC
VC
IL = C
=C
dt
t
C=
I L toff
Vs
8 50 10 6
=
= 2.5 10 6 F = 2.5 F
160
47
48
49
50
51
Inverter performance
Losses in inverters particularly serious because
many inverters operate with very high switching
rates
Significant losses:
Load-dependent losses in switching devices
Other losses in switching devices
Losses in commutation circuit when forced-commutation
circuits are present
Losses in protection circuit e.g. snubber circuits used to
limit dv/dt
Typical efficiencies:
96% for quasi-square wave inverter (incl. AC/DC
converter & DC link)
E742 Power Electronics - Applications
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53
Summary
Have examined operation of inverters as means of
producing variable-frequency, variable voltage AC
source from DC supply
Considered inverters which produce single-phase and 3phase AC outputs
Considered voltage-sourced and current-sourced
inverters which operate from DC supplies which
approximate constant voltage source or constant current
source, respectively
Introduced pulse-width-modulated inverter
54