INSTRUCTIONS:

1. PLEASECOPYTHEQUESTIONBEFORE
PUTTINGTHEANSWER

2. NOTIFYOTHERMEMBERSIFTHEREISANY
CORRECTION

3. BEANACTIVEMEMBERANDTRYTO
CONTRIBUTEASMUCHASPOSSIBLE

4. IFYOUTHINKTHEANSWERISWRONG,
PLEASEARGUEABOUTIT.

5. YANGSALAHTUBETULKANLAHYE

JAN15

SEPT14

climateconditionsurfacetemperature

JAN14

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

thethermodynamicallystablespeciesisFe3O4
thereforereinforcingbarispassive
afilmofFe3O4formsontheFemetal,renderingitpassive
Fe3O4isdenseoxidesocorrosionproceedsatslowrate
however,formationofanoxidedoesnotguaranteepassivity,iftheoxideproducedis
porous,damagedornotadherenttothemetal,corrosioncontinues.
6. asatareaabovetheh+/h2line,butbelowtheo2/h2oline,FeisoxidizedtoFe2+by
o2dissolvedinwater.ifthewaterdoesnotcontainanyoxygen,thesystemcannot
existinthisregionwithouttheapplicationofanexternalpotentialastherewouldnot
beacathodicreaction.
a. O2+4h++4e>2h2o

1.
2.

3.
4.
5.

Basedonthepourbaixdiagramat0.52VwhenpH=8,itfallsunderthecorrosion
region,therefore,Feundergocorrosion.
thecathodicreactionis:
a. 2H++2e>h2
b. O2+4H++4e>2H2O
Fe2+isthermodynamicallystableinthisregion,thereforecorrosionofFemetal
occurred
Fe2+ionsdissolvesintowater,sothemetaldegrades
asthisareaisbelowboththeH+/H2andO2/H2Olines,reductionofO2toH2Oor
H+toH2arethecathodicreactionthatconsumeelectronslostfromzincasit
oxidized.

Corrosionprevention:
1. cathodicprotection
a. sacrificialanode/impressedcurrent
Introduceanothermetalthatisanodictobothoftheoperationalmetal.this
metalwillcorrodeinsteadofrebar.

2. watertightconcreteandpropercover(design)
a. Thefirstdefenseagainstrebarcorrosionshouldbeathickcoveringofdense,
highlyimpermeableconcrete.Toproducethis,minimizethewatercement
ratioandconsolidateandcuretheconcretewell.
b. therefore,whenthereisnoelectrolyte,corrosioncannotoccur

1. surfacepreparationforcoating
a. surfacecleanliness
i.
removesurfacedebris
b. surfaceprofile(usuallynearwhite)
i.
definedastheaveragepeaktovalleydepththatiscreated
ii.
anchorpatternortoothgeneratedbyabrasiveblastcleaning.

2. paintapplicationforcoating
a. 3layerscoating
i.
primer(adhesiontothewall,anticorrosion,)
ii.
2ndlayer
iii.
3rdlayer(aestheticglossy,color,andUVprotection)

3. inspectionforcoating
a.BeforeCoating
ambientconditions
i.airtemperature
ii.relativehumidity(85C<)
iii.dewpoint(3C>DP)
iv.surfacetemperature

b.AfterCoat
i.wetfilmthickness
ii.dryfilmthickness
iii.pulloffadhesiontest
iv.porositytest

Potentialgalvaniccorrosionbetweenthecarbonsteelbottomplateandthestainlesssteel
shellplate.
1. galvaniccorrosioncanoccurbetweendifferentphasesinalloy.
2. thisisimportantespeciallywhenoneofthephasesismoreactiveasacathode.
3. whenthereisadefectonthecoating,itwillcreateaconditionwherethisdissimilar
metalbecominganode(carbonsteel)andcathode(stainlesssteel).
4. thereisdifferenceinpotentialbetweentheanodeandcathode
5. thisconditionwillpromotethegalvaniccorrosionforoccurring
6. inaddition,thereisarelativelysmallanodeandthewholestainlesssteelasthe
cathode.
7. thisarearatioconditionisnotfavorableasthecorrosionrateisveryhigh.

Preventionfortheriskofgalvaniccorrosion:
1. selectcombinationofmetalsasclosetogetheraspossibleinthegalvanicseries
2. avoidunfavourableareaeffectofasmallanodeandlargecathode
3. insulatedissimilarmetalswhereverapplicable.itisimportanttoinsulatecompletelyif
possible
4. applycoatingwithcaution
5. addinhibitor,todecreasetheaggressivenessoftheenvironment.
6. designfortheuseofreadilyreplaceableanodicpartsormakethemthickerforlonger
life
7. installathirdmetalthatisanodictobothmetalsinthegalvaniccontact.

function:
1. increasingtheanodicorcathodicpolarizationbehavior.
2. reducingthemovementordiffusionofionstometallicsurface.
3. increasingtheelectricalresistanceofthemetallicsurface.

possiblemechanism:
1. eliminationofachemicallyactivespeciesinthesolution.
2. attachmentofinhibitormoleculestothecorrodingsurfacesoastointerferewith
eithertheoxidationorreductionreaction.
3. theformationofaverythinandprotectivecoatingonthecorrodingsurface.


Cause:
1. corrosionoccurredduetowaterinsidetheconcrete.thewaterprotectioncaplocatedoverthe
concretewasnotsufficienttokeepthewaterout.aftertheincident,itwasverifiedthatthelegs
thicknesshadreductionofupto8mm,withpitholesupto10squarecentimeters.
2. watercapsoverthefireproofingconcreteofbaddesignlettingwaterpenetratebetweenthe
steelbeamsandtheconcrete.
3. verticalcracksontheconcretelettingwaterin.
4. repairshadbeendonetotheconcrete,butwithoutgoodworkmanship.thenewconcretehas
notadheredtotheoldconcrete,lettingwaterin.
5. delugesystemhadbeentestedwithsaltwater,increasingthepossibilityofcorrosion.

CorrosionPrevention:
1. watercapsshallbedesigned,fabricatedandinstalledtoensuretightnessandavoidinfiltration
thatwillcausecorrosion
2. fireprotectionshallbeinstalledcriteriontoreducethegapbetweenthelegbeamsandthe
concreteforaminimum
3. fireprotectionshallbeofgoodqualityandregularlyinspected
4. peepholesatthetopofthelegsshallbesealweldedbeforethewatercapisinstalled.
5. legsshallbeinspectedbyqualifiedcompaniesandinspectionreportsshallbeverifiedand
approved.


1. thestainlesssteelissaidtobesensitisedwhenexposedtohightemp.(500650C)
thisis:
a.duetothedepletionofchromiuminthegrainboundaryareasbytheformation
ofchromiumcarbide(Cr2C3)precipitation
b.resultinrelativelypoorcorrosionresistancealongthegrainboundaryareasof
thedepletedregion

2. sensitisationfrequentlyoccursintheheataffectedzoneduringwelding,andthe
resultantcorrosioniscalledwelddecay

1.
Usealowcarbongradeofstainlesssteel
a.
below0.03%sothattherewouldnotbeenoughcarbontouseupallthe
chromiumion.

2.
Useastabilisedgradeofsteel,whichincludesastrongcarbideforming
element
(Titanium,niobium(previouslyknownascolumbium),tantalum)tolockupthecarbon
byformingTitaniumCarbideorNiobiumCarbide.

3.
Forexistingcomponentsthathavebeensensitised,heattreattoredissolvethe
carbides(butthisisverydifficultinpractice)

4.
Hightempsolutiontreatment
a. quenchannealing
b. solutionquenching

JAN13

MAY12

1)

2&3)Nombor2takretisangat.

4&5)