Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ID#:____10162___________
Date: 25/11/2015
Introduction:
We are about to test two plates with hole and different diameters also going to compare it with the
plate that we have been tasted and was without hole.
The most important point of this test is finding the value of k which is stress concentration and
making a table of values of k.
Background (Theory):
For comparing we are going to use the theory of the stress which is dividing the force over the net
area of the specimen but for testing value of k we are going to use from theory of book which is
dividing the maximum stress over the average stress. The maximum stress is in the areas near the
hole but the average stress is in the area without hole.
Materials Used in the Experiment:
We used from:
1: ruler for measurement of length
2: universal tensile testing machine for main part
3: a Vernier Caliper for measurement of diameter and some length.
4: two plates with holes for our test specimen.
Then we are going to guess the force at the yield point and ultimate point from our test graph of
plate one:
Pmax y 2490 kgf x 9.81 24426,9 N
Pmax u 2750 kgf x 9,81 26977,5 N
3
max y
Pmax y
max u
Pmax u
A
A
24426,9 N
387,73Mpa
63 x 10 6 m 2
26977,5 N
428,21Mpa
63 x 10 6 m 2
LB L0
x 100
L0
108,8mm 100mm
x 100 8,8%
100mm
1500 x 9,81N
233,57 Mpa
63 x 10 6 m 2
1mm
0,01
100mm
22,023Gpa
2 1
0,017 0,01
0,007
24426,9 N
387,73Mpa
63 x 10 6 m 2
1.7 mm
0.017
100mm
These calculations were for plate one with 8,5mm and now it is time for second plate
Plate two:
First of all net area is:
A thickness x width
A 2mm x ( 40mm 13mm) 54mm 2 54 x 10 6 m 2
max y
Pmax y
max u
Pmax u
A
A
20601N
381,5Mpa
54 x 10 6 m 2
22661,1N
419,65Mpa
54 x 10 6 m 2
LB L0
x 100
L0
106,3mm 100mm
x 100 6,3%
100mm
1400 x 9,81N
254,33Mpa
54 x 10 6 m 2
0,5mm
0,005
100mm
21,2Gpa
2 1
0,011 0,005
0,006
20601N
381,5Mpa
54 x 10 6 m 2
1.1mm
0.011
100mm
The K Value:
The procedure for finding k requires the average stress which we have already tested that in our
second laboratory and the data are as follow:
avg y
Pavg y
avg u
Pavg u
A
A
2450kgf x 9,81
24034,5 N
300,43Mpa
6
80 x 10
80 x 10 6 m 2
378,05Mpa
80 x 10 6
80 x 10 6 m 2
These two stresses that we found is important for finding because it is the average stress for all of
our plates that are with hole, here we are going to find the value of k for tree plate with different
diameters one of 8,5mm the other one for 11mm and the last one for 13mm and at the end we will
have a list of values and we can also compare them.
As we know that there are three plates we calculated two plates of them here and the third plate
which is 11mm diameter we have been tested that in the third laboratory and the calculation of
that is briefly here:
max y
2220kgf x 9,81
21778,2 N
375,5Mpa
6
58 x 10
58 x 10 6 m 2
max u
2600kgf x 9,81
25506 N
439,76 Mpa
6
58 x 10
58 x 10 6 m 2
These were the informations that were necessary for us now we can find the values of k for three
plate in two points of forces which are yield and ultimate points.
For 8,5mm we have the value of k:
ky
max y 387,73Mpa
1,291
avg y 300,43Mpa
ku
max u 428,21Mpa
1,133
avg u 378,05Mpa
max y
avg y
max u
avg u
375,5Mpa
1,25
300,43Mpa
439,76 Mpa
1,163
378,05Mpa
max y
avg y
max u
avg u
381,5Mpa
1,27
300,43Mpa
419,65Mpa
1,11
378,05Mpa
The photos of our plates just after the test are as follow:
13mm diameter
11mm diameter
8,5mm diameter
Conclusion:
In Over all my progression I compared the plates with hole with plate without hole and knew that
the plate with hole is weak than the plate without hole.
The strains of them have differences.
The percentage of elongation is also different in all plates.
There are more differences between them.
We will compare all of them by making a table of values for them so we can see that what
happens when there is a hole in the plate and then see the differences between a small and a large
hole in our plate.
We will then see the value of k for our plates from the textbook and will compare them with our
real experience.
The following tables are for comparing
Table of Values of stress
max y
avg u
NO
Dia
avg y
8,5mm
11mm
13mm
300,43Mpa
300,43Mpa
300,43Mpa
378,05Mpa
378,05Mpa
378,05Mpa
7
378,05Mpa
375,5Mpa
381,5Mpa
max u
428,21Mpa
439,76Mpa
419,65Mpa
K(text book)
2,49
2,4
2,34
Table of values of K
K(yield)
1,291
1,25
1,27
NO
1
2
3
Dia
8,5mm
11mm
13mm
NO
1
2
3
References:
K(ultimate)
1,133
1,163
1,11