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Circular Measure

Circumference
θ Segment
Minor sector

Chord
Major sector
Radius

Major arc Minor arc

Relations between Degrees and Radians

1. To convert degree to radian

3600 = 2π
2π
10 =
3600
π
=
1800
π
x0 = x0 ×
1800

2. To convert radian to degree

2π = 3600
3600
1r =
2π
1800
=
π
1800
xr = xr ×
π

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3. 10 = 60' therefore 60' = 10

0
' 1 
1 = 
 60 

Example:

Convert 0 '
1 = 60
a. 460 20' to radians. 0 60
b. 1.1917 to degrees. 0.2793 = × 0.2793
1
'
Solution: = 16.758

0
 20  180
a. 460 20' =  46  b. 1.1917 r = 1.1917 ×
 60  π
0
1 π = 68.2793
= 46 ×
3 180 = 68016'
139π
=
540
= 0.8087 rad
= 0.8087 r

Length of an Arc of a Sector

Circumference of a circle is an arc length.

Minor arc, s = rθ
r
θ Perimeter = 2r + s
= 2r + rθ

θ must be in the radians form.

r Major arc, S = r ( 2π − θ )
θ
Perimeter = 2r + S
= 2r + r ( 2π − θ )

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Example:

5cm
In the diagram given, find
a. the length of the minor arc,
θ 0.9 rad b. the length of the major arc,
c. the perimeter of minor sector.

Solution:

a. s = rθ
= 5 ( 0.9 )
= 4.5 cm Question gives minor angle in radian form. Angle
of a circle is 2π . Therefore angle of major arc is
2π − angle minor

b. angle of major sector, θ = 2π − 0.9

θ = 5.3832r θ must be in radians.

major arc, s = rθ
s = 5 × 5.3832
= 26.9159
= 26.92cm

b. angle of minor sector, θ = 0.9

major arc, s = rθ
s = 5 × 0.9
= 4.5 cm

Perimeter = 5 + 5 + 4.5
= 14.5 cm

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Perimeter of a Segment

A
r Perimeter of a segment = Chord AB + arc APB
O θ P θ
Perimeter = 2r sin + rs
2

opposite
A sin x =
θ
hypotenuse
Half of θ is
2 r θ x
x sin =
θ
2 r
2
θ
∴ x = r sin
x 2

B
Chord AB = 2 x
θ
= 2r sin
2

Example:

P
The diagram shows a sector with radius 5 cm. Find
5 cm
a. the arc of PRQ,
50
0
R b. the perimeter of the segment.
O

5 cm For sin/cos/tan angle,

1. if the angle is in radian, change your
Q
calculator into radian mode.
2. if the angle is in degree, change your
Solution: calculator into degree mode.

a. arc, s = rθ b. use the formula,

 π  θ
= 5  50 ×  Perimeter, P = 2r sin + rs
 180  2
0
= 5 ( 0.8727 )  50 
= 2 ( 5 ) sin   + ( 5 × 4.3633)
= 4.3633 cm  2 
= 10sin 250 + 21.8165
= 26.0427 cm

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Area of a Sector

Area of the sector,

O θ 1
A = r 2θ
2

Example:
P
4 cm From the diagram, find
0
a. the arc of major sector,
O 60 b. the area of the minor sector.
i. in the terms of π ,
Q
ii. without π .
Without sin/cos/tan,
Solution: angle has to be in
the radian form.
0
a. the angle of major sector, θ = ( 360 − 60 )
= 3000

Arc of major sector, s = rθ

 π 
= 4  60 × 
 180 
4
= π
3
= 4.1888 cm

1 2
b. Area of minor sector, A = rθ
2
1  π 
= ( 42 )  60 × 
2  180 
π
= 8×
3
8
= π
3

8
i. A = π cm 2 ii. A = 8.3776 cm 2
3

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Area of a Segment

Area of the segment,

1 1
O A = r 2θ − r 2 sin θ
2 2
1 2
= r (θ − sin θ )
2

Example:

A
4 cm The diagram shows a sector of a circle, with centre O
and radius 4cm. Find the area of shaded region.
O 1.2 rad C

Solution:

1 2
Area of sector OAB = rθ
2
1
= ( 4 2 ) (1.2 )
2
= 9.6 cm 2

1 2
Area of OAB = r sin θ
2
1
= ( 42 ) sin (1.2 )
2
= 7.4563 cm 2

1 2 1
Area of shaded region (Area of segment) = r θ − r 2 sin θ
2 2
= 9.6 − 7.4563
= 2.1437 cm 2

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