T.bt.A.

Co! redon @r.ride|Eorry

cdcium 3ilicare osonry utrils

rg8rcA.!. concrcrc mdonry uoits

ourelav.d &rarcd oa&ory uoirs

manufrctured slone Da$nry unirs

EN

r05r@

2t.0
nalu6l sbDs. s.e prEN 771,6
t|qll te!!]l1 porphrry r',,

20,0

EN r99l-l-t r0o2 (E)

AnDx

(infoEnative)
Tablcs for nominal deDsity ofcomihuolion m5triah, rl|d nominat
denstty ad .ngl$ of rcposc for saorcd rrlaterbts

Trbl. A.r - CoBarc{o. turrt tsotra.a..rd mrrar

o..rcL

(s.. EN 206)

h.a!,!ciai!

l2,0ro

,,tn.e.rcty

tXXrm'@

I'lncrca* bv IlN/h forunhardned concGrc

18,0

ENrso:2@2{E)
d)

m.su.r ritu.d b r.d@ ffi

in dBiar and

.xation of th. tulrE,

.) o&d m4urc. rcl.ritrg b th. lotlowirs orL.r d.sig! mdB

- th. bdic r.quim.n6 ;

md slIB

- tlE &As ofFbusbd (.dctual irEsrity) i

- dudtlility, ircluding rh. .hoi.G of rb. d.sisn worlng riL ;
.h. ercnt .nd qulity of Drclimitury iny.sris.tions of sil3 ed !@i6I. 6!ironrh. 8ftutuy of 6c m*h.niel mod.l3
'ed I
D cfficinr qeu.id,
s)

'd.quE

wirh qeurio! rbndrr* Ef.cd b it

nxperion ed mainl.m

@ordinA b pro.cdle3

sleifi.d h th. prcjer

m.mr b prcv..t pocntid el156 of fai,urc d/or redE rnen cm3.qEnc*

my, i. lpprcpri.G drM3kc6, b. inkndsed b a limited aE.r prcvided rh't m.
(6) Tn.

requird rcliability

l4c,s - tuirain d.

2J DellsE rorld.a ltt

(l) Th. d..i3n eorkins rife 31,@ld

r.E

be

2.r -

spei6.d.

Ebe!

d.*r ,on.. u..

R4bdlcfuld

utiltllt.d6dtb3rtusllBH36.do&
(r)sllll.l!]dots6of

rllclG

uDr d&nmrid ov.r ib d.aia! *orLina lif.

.hcturc b.low thlr inE.ded, havina d@ rcgard

asr.d t(h

do6 nd imp.ir rh. pefomanc. of

rhe

b iB.nvironmar.nd rh..nticip.i.d l*cl of m!inh.n.c.

*'
;1,

-.i(.)

.y-la
s
.- o o

>*.
o) -o./

",

Tabl 5.s: Minimuh dimonstonr.nd

-.a"

*,rr,

9o .3o a\o o
d.o
OO
(t{'

dis
-i"r"-.i ."J;;;;;;:;;;:*"

dlbn

,:3!^F{

r'rllEEtrePEe4!4iq4qg

cffbrMtihs ot .nd
av.lt6 eis
rs rh;lrdrh ot

$,hare a ts rh

drsralE .nd 4*.

ihe ,noese or

dls dEG;.frba,ie !o=-i6 sh6;;ba hora

grven in cotumn 4 tu an.reas6 of

EN

;..

<t
'.{

af,

a,

is rqlrred_

i992-i-1wlll.dtor

tc.cz

-t-z

L-,_,,,00,

EN 199?-r-r:2o0,t (A)

,.br.a.ti E:D6lm cL*e! Et.tcd

wlth

D.*ddon

EN
or

to

.nvtronm.ntar cordfiroE tn

206-l

rh.

,vrEnmnr

*co.d.nc.

d.dr.[ltrr..r{n..Ie..u..L.q

s!b.dd.dful*.1.|(p6!E.rc.pls'.!
uu.Irrha.In *, .bralo d ridr..r
Fd @d. lnh
d.ir!.rr&d
'.r.rbrdm.

I,od.!r*Ee{r6hIrM69
cdd.d..u..c4.urt d b rd'r-Lm w.{-

D!i@ tuns..!q.d bd.r d..t,

mr

r..d-.bdd.d,.|49th6kr'..0.'l
nbNr *c se.rbn, ftd
ddl, .!Edt
Hroh Erq $l(.tbn rfth dlrd^g .ad d
IrdNbnd..6fudD6.dto(,.{6.1.6,r.
Ctrfu &l'.. aFd io dkd ry4
cr-I&ndd*'g4.'t..dir$trt
sfEl:fioldmafu'ooodb
!!1,{rv. chiltc.t ..!io6.r
Eid.t .tgde. cf,n'.6t rM@m-t
sr4i0y

xdr.r r.4. en

d,n *e

x.dstrldcc,n[E

/a

BS EN 1992-1-l:2004
EN 1992-r-r:2004 (E)
where other stress tevels are used, the values obtained
using.Expression (7.16) should be
multi'plied by 310/o". lt will normally be conservative
to assume that:
310

o5

= 500 l(fyx A.1qlAr.p,or)

(7.17)

where:

03

is the tensile steel stress at mid-span (at support for cantilevbrs)

under the design
load al SLS
Ar.p,o, is the area of steet provided at this section
As.req is the area of steel required at this section for ultimate limit
state

For flanged sections where the ratio of the flange breadth to the
rib breadth exceeds 3, the
values of l/dgiven by Expression (7.16) should-be multiptied uv
o,g.For beams and slabs, other than flat slabs, with spans exceeding
7 m, which support partitions
liable to be damaged by excessive deflections, the value's ot ra
iiven'bt ilp;rion (7.16)
should be multiplied by 7 t l"r(Lrin metres, see S.3.2.2 (1)).
For flat slabs where lhe greater span exceeds 85 m, and which
support partitions liable to be
damaged bv excessive deflections, the vatues oi ra
uy
rxpressi.;ir.i6,
iiren
should be
multiplied by 8,5 I /.x (len in metres).

@Note:

Values of K for.use in a Country may be found in its National Annex.

Recommended values of Kare
given in Table 7'4N. values obtained using.Expression (7-16)
ror c"**on eases (c3ol37, o"= 31o Mpa,
different structurat syslems and reinforcement ratiosp= a,Syo'inip=
f y"iiid"UoiiJen.
,s

Tabte

7'4N:

Basic ratios of span/effectfua depth for reinforced

concrete members without axlal
compression

Simply supported beam. one- or

two-way spanning simply

supported slab

End span ofcontinuous beam or

one-way continuous slab or two_

way spanning slab continuous over

one long side

1,3

lnterior span of beam or one-way

or two-way spanning slab

1,5

Slab supported on columns wilhout

beams (flat slab) (based on longer
span)

1,2

Cantilever

o,4

$XTfi"i["'^'#1tr"fl1"*
ffi:::;"ff:';ffiJrTrXTX]rfii:tX *""L""*

shourd be canred out on rhe basrs or the shorter

span. For

Note 3: The limits given for flat slabs coirespono

to a less severe limitation than a mld-span deflection
of
span/2{0 relative to the corumns. Experingthas
stroyn thrs ro be sarisfacroru
The values given by Expression
o-16) and Table 7.4N have been derived from results of a parametric study
made for a series of beams or stius simply supported
with ieaangular cross seclion, ,sing me genenal

128

BS EN 1992-1-l:2O04
EN 1992-1-l:2004 (E)
Hote: The composition of lhe concrete affecls both the prolection of the reinforcement and the
resistance of the
concrete to attack' Annex E gives indicative strength classes for the particular environmentil
exposure classes.

Thismayleadtothe,choiceofhigherstrength-cta-ssesthanrequiredforthe"truil;i;;"d;

ta

tnsuchcases

the value of f"* should be associated with the higher strength in the calculation of minimum
reinforcement and
crack width control (eee 7.3.2 -7.3.4)-

4.3

Ftequirements for durability

(1)f. . ln :ld"l |o ach.iev.e the. required design working life of the structure, adequate measures

shall be taken to protect each structural element against the relevant environmental actions.

ftv

atr

(2)P The requirements for durability shall be included when considering the following:
Structural conception,
Material seleclion,
Construction details,
Execution,
Quality Control,
lnspecilon,
Verifications,
special rneasures (e.9. use of stainless steel, coatings, cathodic protection).

4.4

l,flsthods r:f .rerification

4.4.1 Concret-: cover

t

4.4.1.1General
ers

(1)P The concrete cover is the distance between the surface of

the reinforcement ctosest to the
nearest concrete surface (including links and stirrups and surface reinforcement
where
relevant) and the nearest concrete surface.
(2)P The nominal cover shall be specified on the drawings.
lt ib defined as a minimum cover,
c,n;n (see 4-4.1 .2), plus an ailowance in
design for deviatiJn, ac6sy (see 4.4.1.3):
.Qrnr= Gmh & ACoev
(4.1)
4.4.1.2 Minimum Gover, c611

s
d
,lts

(1)P Minimum concrete cover, cr,;n, shall

be provided in order to ensure:
the safe transmission of bond forces (see also sections 7 and B)
the protection of the steer agbinst coriosion (durabirity)

an adequate fire resistance (see EN 1gg2_1-2)

(2)P The greater value for

conditions shail be used.

cmin

satisfuing the requirements for both bond and environmental

(4.2)

where:
Crnin,b

Crnindur
Ac,1ur,'r

Actlur,st
Acdur.aaa

minimum cover due to bo,nd requ,irement, see 4.4.X.2 (3)

minimum covar due to environrnentar conditionsn see i.i.t.z
1si
additive safety element, see 4.4.1.2 (6)
reduction of minimum cover for use of'stainless steel, see 4-4.1 (7)
.2
reduction of minimum cover for use of additional protection, see
4.4.1.2 (B)
49

1992-l-l:2004
-r:2004 (E)

(3) ln order to transmit bond forces safely and to ensure adequate

compaction of the concrete,

the minimum cover shourd not be ress than cr6,6givn
in tabre 4.2.

Table 4.2: Minimum cover,

cmtn,b,

requirements with regard to bond

diameter(A)(see 8.9.1

Note: The values of c,6.6 for post-tersioned. circ;ula.and rectangular

ducts for bonded terdons, and prein a

ffii:ffi: :"*ffiJ:'use

country mav be found in ir"

H"ri"iriann"*. rn"i""orr"io"o

varues for post-

diameter

circular ducls:
i.;
reclangular ducts: greater of the smaller dimension or
hall the greater dimension
There is no requirement for more than 80 mm r*
i""tangurar ducts.
The recommended vatues for pre-tensioned tendon:
1,5 x diameter of slrand oi plain wire
2,5 x diameler ol indented wire.

"iu,"i;r;;;:;;

(4) For prestressing tendons, the minimum cover of the

anchorage should be provided
ccorda nce with
the appropriate European Technicai epfrwar.

in

(5) The minimum cover valu'es for reinforcement

and piestressing tendons in normal weight
concrete taking account of the exposure ctasses
tiru rtrrctural classes is given by crin,or,.
Note: structural classification and values of Gmh,rtur for "no
use in a country_may be found

in its National Annex.

G;;; y.grt,no rir" o1d[Jii-,irulr s+ r,i,'nu l"J,.Juiiru-"on"r"re
given in Annex E and the t""o,..uniJfiooincatJns
srrengrhs

The recommended slructural class

recommended minimum Structural Class is

S1.

Iltdt"''"ended

tufrc

vilues of c-6.6,, are

tott"

"ir-t

class is given in Table 4.3N. The

gryen inTable 4.4N (reinforcing

steeD and Table 4.5!rl (prestressing

4.3N: Recommended slructural classification

Class lgcording to Table

Design WorktngTifeii
1OO veare
> c45/55
reduce class by
1

geometry
(posillon of reinforcemenl
not affecled by construciion

Notes to Table 4.3N

1' The strength dass and wc ratlo are considered
to be rehred values. A special composlion (type
cement' uc value, fine lillers)
of
ut"l"iuniro-proou""

2'

50

The limit mav be retlucedly

",itt

il il;;;il'iiss

ir

ror permeabitity may be considered.

ai' enririnment oiiroru than4%6 appried-

,-

BS EN r992-1-1:2004
EN 1992-1-1:2004 (E)
Trble ,t-4N: values of minimum cover, Gmhdwr requirements with regard to durability for
relnforcement steel in accordance with EN ,OOBO.
:ri';iro nine ntal Ilr-'quirement for
E;posure Class accordinq to Table 4,1
citlr;,1
x0
xc1
xc2, xc3
Class
xG4
3 lrL;

S1

10

t0

S2

10

10

10
15

ca

10

10

20

s.l

1C

15

JJ

15

S,i

20

20
25

25
30

15

20
25
30
35
40

35

xDl rxsl
20
25
30
35

40
45

xD2 / XSz
25

xD3 / XS3
30
35

30

35
40
45

40
45
50
55

50

Talle 4.5)l: Values of mlnlmum cover, cmt.du, requlrements with regard to durability for
pr,:stressing steel

lnyito;: rii,,-n tal ii eoulrement

.itntcluri.rI
Efposure Ctass
..1---

t6,

accor

fqlle a.t

v.0
c4

xc1

xc2 / xc3

xc4

10

15

20

30

S2

l0

15

i:,J

10

10

40
45
50

.)1)

20

20
25
30
35

35

S4
S5

25
30
35

25
30

15

40

40

45
50

45

xD1 /XS1 aXDt/

35

55

The concrete cotrer should be increased by the-ddditive safety

ltote: The value of Aca,,.rfor

0 mm.

xs7l

xD3 / XS3

35
40

40
45

45

50
55
60

50
55
60

65

elemenilc6rrr.

use in a Country may be found in its Nationat Anqex. The recommended value is

ffi

Srhere staintess steel is used or where other special measures have been taken,
the
cover may be reduced by Ac6ur,s1. For such situations the effects on all relevant
**aterial properties should be considered, ineluding bond.
xdnim.um

Hote: The value of aq6"d for use in a Counlry may be found in its National
Annex. The recommended vatue,
without further specificat'ron, is 0 mm.

{:sf For concrete witlr additional protection (e.g. coating) the minimum cover
may be reducecl by
&iuf.add.

N-oje:
.lhe value of i\q6",66 for use in a
v;iihout further specifrcalion, is 0 mm.

countf

may be found in its Narionar Annex. The recommended value,

'$I \Mrere in-situ concrete-is placed against otherconcrete elements (precast or in-situ) the
tn"lnt"r-r*u may be reduced to a value
c*rresponrling

minintunt concrete cover of the

reinforiem"nt io

to the requirement

(see (3) above) provided that:

- (ne sirengtir class of concreteforisbond
at least C2S/3O,
- the r;;1p65ttre time of the concrete surface to an outdoor environment
- the inierface has been roughened-

is short (< 28 days),

l"t rrnboncecl tandons the cover should be provided in accordance with the European
echniqrl
Ap6.iro.ral.

lt^o-l
t

{I l) For uneven surfaces (e.g. exposed

aggregate) the minimum cover should be increased by
al least S inm.

51

L**x,l-Jd?i$i
1121 W"nGiirit""."/thaw or chemical attack on concrete (Classes.XF and XA) is expected
special attention should be given to the concrete composition (see EN 206-1 'section
6). Cover
in accordance with 4.4 wiil normally be sufficient for such situations.

(13) For concrete abrasion specialattention should be given on the aggregate according to EN

206-1- optionally concrete abrasion may be altowed for by increasinglfie joncrete

cover
(sacrificial layer). ln that case the minimum cover crin should be increased by kr forAbrasion
Class XM1, by k2 forXM2 and by k3 forXM3.

:fi
:

&
ffi

il
i$ta

Note: Abrasion Class XM1 means a moderate abrasion like for members of indirstriat sites frequented
by
vehicles with air tyres. Abrasion Class XM2 means a heavy abrasion like {or memuers J indusidal
sites'
frequented by fork lifts with air or solid rubber tyres. Abrasion Ctass XM3 means an o<tieme
abrasion like for
members industrial sites frequented by fork tifls wilh elaslomer or steeltyres or track r"nUU".
The values of kv k2 and k3 for use in a Counlry may be found in its Nationa{Ann"r,.
recommended values
are 5 mm, 10 mm and 15 mm_
"

it

4.4.1.3 Allowance in deslgn for

deviation

'

(1)P To calculate the nominal cover, cnom, a.n addition to the minimum cover shall be made
in
design to allow for.the deviation (Aco",). The required minimum cover shall be increased
by the
absolute value of the accepted negative deviation.
Note: The value of 4c6., for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The
recommended value is
10
mm.

(2) For Buildings, EN\/ 13670-1 gives the acceptabte deviation. This is normally also sufficient
for other types of structures. lt shoutd.be considered when choosing tne viiue
of nominal cover
for design- The nominal value of cover for design should be used in-the calculations
and stated
on the drawings, unless a value other than the nominal cover is specified

i;.;. ;i;ir;; ffi;j

(3) ln certain situations, the accepted deviation and hence allowance,

acdur, may be reduced.

Note: The reduction in Aco", in such circwnstances for use in a Counrry

may be found in its Ndtonal Annex.
The recommended values are:
- where labricalion is subjected to a quality assurance system, in whlch the moniloring includes
measurements of the concrele cover, the allowance in design for deviation

..

rm(a)

10mmlAc6".,>5mm

Ac6gy

mi!

be reduced:

,1 .

(4'3N)

where it can be assured lhat a very accurate measurement device is

used for monitoring and non
conforming members are reiected (e.9. precast elernents), the
allorance in design for deviation Ac6",
may be reduced:

lOmm>Ac4",>0mm
-

irs

iqq,i

(4.4N)

For concrete cast against uneven surfaces, the nominal cover

should generally be @
increased by allowing larger deviations in design. ih" in"r""se
should
@difference caused by the unevenness, but tie nominal cover should"orfry with the
oe-at least k1 mm for@I
concrete cast against prepared ground (including blinding)
and R2mm toiconcrete cast direcfly
against soil' The cover to the reinforcement for iny surface
feature, such as ribbed finishes or
exposed aggregate, should also be increased to ta-ke account
of the uneven surface (see
4.4.1.2 (11)).
Note: The values of k1 and k2 for use in a Country may be found
in its Na6onal Annex. The recommended
values are 40 mm and 75 mm.

dTl

ryd

.ktr]
.il.r-

?:F

Desrgn tor

2.2.6

l-

Llerure |

Design Procedure for Rectangular Section

The steps to be followed in the design of rectangular beam can be summarized as follows. Supposed
ihe design bending moment is ,\zd beam section is b x d, concrete strength isf,i and steel strength is{r,
to determjne the area of reinforcement, proceed as follows.

1.

\v{

Calculate

bd' J,*
0.363(d- 0.44)

Calculate

Kbui

wirere 5 :

redistribution
rr]DffEn at section before redistribution

tf K.

compression reinforcerient is not required, and

Koo,

rrrf,

IrEn

1.134)

-r{/

0.87

if K > Ks", .

1.0

f"uz

colltpression reinforcement

z : d\O.5+J(O."5 -I<b.il
-l

iii

<

lUl

t_

'^s

(d

lt.

16(6-0.4q2

at s ection after

/
_\
ct\o.s+J(o.?s

Z:

0.1

and

is

/7

z)/0.a

Check d /x

(K - Ko^,V"rbct'

iV

O.8f fy
k(d

l,
where

,ls

if

cl')

(r{ - Ku,,,)f"rbd'
f,"(d - d')

i":

100(r

d'lx < 0.38

tf Clx >

or'

0.38

d'tx)

K b,tf .kbcl?

0.87fro:

.f,, i
, ,(
l"[0.871rk,]

,1

-rample 2.5
. rectangular reinforced concrete beam is subject to an ultimate

clesign moment

of 350 kNm after

- -i% reduction due to mornent redisn-ibutron. The characteristic r:iaterial strengths are f"y: 30 l{/mm2
-:i f,r: 500 Nimm2- Detemrine the area of reinforcement required if the beam dimension is 225 x 60A
::r (b x d) and the depth to compression reinlorcement is 45 mm_

37

,-

Cross.Secfional Area of Reinforcement

Table

l:

cross sectionar Area (mm1 according to size

and Numbers of Bar

Bar

Pcrimeter

Numberofbar

Sizc

(ryt) t r
6)e.i
6 25.3 S0.o
8 s0.3 101 lsl zot 2sr 302 352 4A2
10 78.6 r:,s.t 236 314
3g3 47t 550 629

(mm)
1'.*'
18.9

25.t

3t.4

12 Il3 226 339 4s3 566 679 7yz 9QS 37-7

16 201 402 603 805 1006
tzw 1408 1609 50.3
20 314 629 943 1257 t57t 1886
22oA 2st4 62.9
25
49t 982 l47t 1964 2455 2946 3438 3929 't8.6
32

805

40

1257 25t4 377t

1609

24t4

3218
5029

4023
6286

4827 s632 6437

7543 8800 10057

r00.6
125.7

Table 2: cross sectional Area (rrm2) for

every meter width at distance between bar
Distance between Bar (mm)

Bar
Size

50
s66

l0

75

100

125

283

1006

377
670

503

15?t

lM8

786

226
4$2
629

150

t7s

itr m

200

ls0
l3

335

zrt

l4l

524

449

251
393

3t4

300
94

201.. I68

2A

t2 2263 1509 il31 905 ?s4 &7 566 4s3

t6 4023 2682 20u
1609 134t ll49 100; 805 377
20 6286 4te0 3t43 2st4 2oes t7s6 isii 1257 670
1048
2s 982t 6s48. 4s, 3s2g 327i 2806 2455 tg&
32 1609r 10728 8046 643? 5364 4598 4023 3218 1637

2682

BS EN 1992-l-1:2004
EN 1992-1-1:200a (E)

SECTION

9.1

DETAILING OF MEMBERS AND PARTICULAR RULES

General

(1)P The requirements forsafety, serviceability and durability are satisfied by following
the
rules given in this section in addition to the general rules given elsewhere.

(2) The detailing of members should be consistent with the design modets adopted.

(3) Minimum areas of reinforcement are given in order to prevent a britile failure, wide cracks
and also to resist forces arising from restrained actions.
Note: The rules given

in this section are mainly applicable to reinforced concrete buildings.

9.2.1 Longitudinal reinforcement

9.2.1"1 Minimum and maximum reinforcement areas
(1

The area of longitudinal tension reinforcement should not be taken as less

than
Note 1: See also 7 .3lor area of longitudinal tension reinforcement to control
cracking.

As,,nin.

Note 2: The value of A"..;n for beams for use in a Country riiay be found in its National
Annex. The
recommehded value is given in the following:
A"..,n

O,26ffb!

but not tess than

0,0013b,d

(9.1N)

Where:

b,

denotes the mean width of the tension zone; for a T-beam with the flange
in compression, only the
width of the web is taken into account in carcurating the varue of b,.

f.r-

should be determined with respect to the relevant strength class according

to Table 3.1.

Alternatively, for secondary elements, where some risk of britfle failure

may be accepted,
as 1,2 times the area required in ULS verification.

(2) Sections containing

(see Section 12).

A5.6;n

rl3!

be taken

less reinforcement than Ar,,nin should be considered as unreinforced

(3) The cross-sectional area of tension or compression reinforcement

should not exceed Ar,r.*
outside lap locations.
Nste: The value of Ar..o for beams for use in a Country may be found
in its National Annex, The
recommended value is 0,044"-

(4)

For menlbers prestressed with permanently unbonded

tendons or with external prestressing
cables, it should be verified that the ultimate bending capacity
is larger than the flexural
cracklng moment- A capacity of 1,15 times the crac[ing moment
is sufficient.

9.2.1.2 Other detailing arrangements

(1) ln moilolithic construction, even when simple supports have been

assumed in design, the
section at supports should be designed for a bending'moment arising
from partial fixity of at
ieast p of the maximum bending moment in the,pan.
152

I
$trength classes for concrctc
f.x (lvlPa)

12

16

?0

25

30

35

40

45

Analytical relatiorr
/ Explanation

50

60

70

80

90
0r'
(I

f",.,cub"

15

20

25

(l/Pa)

f.,

20

24

28

30

at

37
38

45

r43

50
48

55

53

60

67

5e.

63

85

95

105

6E

78

88

s8

(lvlPu)

f.rt

(g

ta

f*

1,6

o,os

1,9

2,2

?,6

2,9

3,2

3,5

3,8

4,1

4,2

4,4

1,1

1,3

1,5

1,8

2,0

2,2

2r5

2,7

2,9

3,0

3,1

(MPa)
fcrh4gs

4,6

4,8

3,2

.3,4

5,0

(cPa

2,0

2,5

2,9'

3,3

3,8

4,2

4,6

4,9

5,3

5,5

5,7

6,0

6,3

4rr

30

31:'

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

41

42'

44

1,9

1,9

2,0

2,1

2,2

2,25

2,3

2,4

?,45

2,5

2,6

2,7

2,8

.2,8

(%o)

3,5

3,2

3'0

2,9

2,8

2,8

(Yoo)

2,0

2,2

2,3

2,4

2,5

0l

t!:

o
o

E*= 22[(/-)/lO]o'r
(/* in MPa)

AI

see Figure 3.2

o..

1.0/-lto 7 t-oel <)

see Figuro 3.2

br t* t 50 Mpa

- .Ft--l=c o.t7roo,
Q2

o
o
=

fac-tile

fsp.6 * 1,3x/n6
95% factile

6,6

29

!,
o.
o.

fq&035 e O,7xfctr

3,5

27

(o

=0, 3Oxfa(h) 3c5o/60

l&t4,121n(1+(f.J1O))
> c50/60

(eh)

ar

U)

'16

5cr6

(MPa)
E
bcm

= /*+g114ps;

(MPa)
fo*

(.,

2,8

e(81

.D

3.

\rian/

ree Figure 3.3

/* 150 Mpa

2,6

for

:,('/-)=2.0+o.oB5(/.-5o)o,t'

6*2 (!oo)
n

ee

$.)

3,5

2,0
1,75

3,1

1,75
1,9

2,9

1,6

1,9

2,7

1,45
2,0

2,6

1,4

2,2

2,6

1,4

see Figure 3.3

for /nr l50 Mpa
*..,Ct".)o2 6+Sqllon-/,1/r

torfui

N
(o

3,5

3,1

2,9

2,7

2,6

50 Mpa

see Figure 3,4

+re/oo)= 1,

+ug(%o)

rnt'

nE1,4+23,4(9G /*y100r

2,3

forl.r:50 Mpe
75+0,55((for5oy40l

see Figure 3,4

2,6

for f4l5OMpa
65

!t
o

f ir1=2, o+3s J19o-fcd/1 @lr

o
o
6
o
I
o
o
=
o

A
fZa

Htu
rEE

Ez
t'9 Fr
lr^
l-.
tv

,r =tg
I
tg l-.
9.r-l
-H

ir
|5t9
A

Av

ht'l O
vL-

BS EN 19ll-14:200s+A1:2010
EN
n-4:200s+A1 :2010 (E)

l!fi

.turrlor
(1) Tho w d ad m on brdgc de*. aid $., sppdl,is s.G s,rord
3.,t.1 Wnd dl..rro.. .nd c6i9n

(2)

S.psL erordiffi

M.Mim dE6

rhf,

.lerd b. md. r-

-iG
6 hotdnrar
of sind

D6

t*idr

cror.ted by ddtryins
dsion

siu.riN

dbng

by

du,i^q

m. dk

asmiEtyoIFnd.dh66ech.blMl

&b,dbFed'.'dbn.hd6lh
Gbilen@seENrsern4
r.,r.2 wnd.f'..lr

on

Ftr

sflo

drE!.

pr.E

(1) w id .ir.cE on p 6re shourd ba er@ ar6d by

For ovoEn b.d! rh6 o.oui3 oB or cra

@ NorE, tu M

!d

6ins

rh6

o.EEr r.hal d

Aid @qk od!6ro, di 6e d,lltrft drtudlftd

6igntrbjisbotdefuBfutfu
d or.dd.bd6 tu(-712(r)) @
ma

9r

BS EN 1992-L-l:2004
EN 1992-1-t:2eauE\
all of the deflection but any upward deflection incorporated in the formwork should not generally
exceed span/250.

(5) Deflec{ions that could damage adiacent parts of the stucture shoutd be lirnited. For the
deflection after construction, span/500 is normally an appropriate limit for quasi-permanent
loads. Other limits nray be considered, depending on the sensitivity of adjacent parts.

l4)

(6) The lfrnit staie of deformation

may be checked by either:

by limiting ihe span/depth ratio, according lo 7.4.2 or
by comparing a calculated deflection, according to 7.4.3, with a limit value

Note: The

acl.ual delormatlons may differ from the estimaled values, particularly if lhe values of applied

momenls are close lo the cracking momenl. The differenceq will depend on lhe d'spersion of lhe material
properties, cn lha environmental condilions, on the load history on the
lhe reslraints at the supports,
supports. grotrnd

l5)

conditions,

etc.

..

7.4.2 Cases where calculations may be omitted

(1)P Generally, it is not necessary

to calculate the deflections explicitly as simple rules, for

examl:le limits io span/depth ratio may be formulated, which will be adequate for avoiding
deflection problems in normal circumstances. More dgorous checks are necessary for members
whictr lie outsicle suclr limits, or where deflection limits other than those implicit in simptified
methods are appropriate.

pt
1'
,1

(2) ProvidecJ that reinforced concrete beams or slabs in buildings are dimensioned so that they
comply lvith the limits of span to deptr ratio given in this clause, their deflections hay be
considered as not exceeding the limits set out in 7.4.1 (4) and (5). The limiting span/depth ratio
may be estimated using Expressions (7.16.a) and (7.16.b) and muttiplying thil by correction
factors to allow for the type of reinforcement used and other variables. N6 allowance has been

* = +1+\sJru

''.

*=,{1

b*,2,t41-

fl

t+1sg*-!2.*6,,H]

ir

p<

(7.16:a)

*ir

p>

(7.16.b)

where:

yd is the limit span/depth

K is the facicr to take into account the different structurat systems

@Po
p

is the reference reinforcement ratio =

10-3./f* @

is the required tension reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the moment due to
the design loads (at support for cantilevers)
p' is the required compression reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the moment due
to design loads (at support for cantilevers)
fct is in LrlPa units

Expressions (7.16.a) and (7.16.b) have been derived on the assumption thatthe steelstress,
under the apprcpriate design load at SLS at a cracked section at the mid-span of a beam or
slab or at the support of a cantilever, is 310 MPa, (corresponding roughty to fyr 50O Mpa)=
127

:
'l

BS EN lgg2-t-t:2004
EN I992-1-t:2004 (E)

Frp

rd7.

atere

z=O

a)

Eidu

[]

- levet of steel centroid

- effective tension oreo, A6,s6

Tr

Beam
az= 0

77777-/---.arrrrT
?,, r- e. .o r.
7

.77

E]

b) Slab

, tt.r-lt,

"tf""tive

tension ?roa,

As,s6

Tr

zD.rl ztzrr)

rr/77rrn77r/-777r

c) Member in tension
Figure 7.1: Effective tension ,r"u

Tle

1*yp,"at cases)

7.3.3 Control of cracking without direct catculation

(1) For reinforced or prestressed slabs j1,9{oi1gs

subjected to bending without significant

axial tension, specific measures to control crackiig
necessary where the overa, depth
does not"ax@@1"{-ryqpnd the provisions
of g.5 nave ieen apptied.
(2) The rules given i?.,!'3'! may be presented
in a tabutar form by restricting the bar diameter
or spacing as a simplification_

ilil

Note: where the minimum reinforcement given

by 7.3.2is provided, crack widths are unlikely
to be excessive

for cracking caused dominantly by reshaint,lhe-bar

sizes given in Table 7.2N are not exceeded where
the
steel stress is the value obtainedimmediately
o, in Expression (7.1)).
for cracks caus:.d mainly uy loading, eiiher
provisi,ons-o"f iable 7.2N or the provisions
the"tt"i"ra"Nn-g'(i.e.
of rable 7.3N are
stiess shoijrd oe calcuiateo
tn"'ua'i. ora cra"i"a !"biiJn unoer the rerevant

::il[[".l,Xjt :ffi#::,
122

nr

Bnd

^:,

Tnd

l+=

*rere

f'

h
h"

Uf.Et

Eirh

BS EN 1992-1-1:2004
EN L992-L-1:2004 (E)
For pre-tensioned concrete, where crack control is mainly provided by tendons with direct bond,
Tables 7.2N
and 7.3N may be used with a stress equal to the total streis minus piestress- For post-tensioned
concrete,
where crack control is provided mainly by ordinary reinforcement, the tables may be used with the
stress in this
reinfcrcernent calculaied with the effect of prestressing forces included.

Table 7.2il1 Lrlaximum bar diameters

StEel stressz
itulPal

/"

wk= 0,4 mm

160
200

tor crack controlr

Maximum bar size [mm]

2'{0
230

25

16
12

12

10

5
4

12
10

400
450

W*= 0,2 mm

32
25

16

320
360

mm

W1= 0,3

40
32
20

16
B

Notes: 'l -

The varues in the tabre are based on the foilowing assumptions:

=O,1i;kr = 0,8; k2=0,5;& = 0,4;
& = 0,4 and ko= 1,0 @l
2. Under the relevant combinations of actions

[D c= !5mm; fa."n = 2,9MP?iho=O,shi(h-d)

faile

k=

1,0;

z.SN Maxirnum bar spacing for crack controll

Steel stress'
I!t4Pal
160

200

wk=0,4
300
300

240

250

28O

?00

320
360

150
100

Maximum bar spacing [mm]

Wr=0,3
wr=0.2 mm

mm

mm

300

250
200
150
100
50

200
150
100
50

For Notes see Table 7.2N

The maximum bar diameter should be modified as follows:
Bending (at least part of section in compression):

Q"=

t'f"t"n12,9)

k.0",

2(h-d)

Tension (uniform axial

Q,

"(f

6,"n1 ?, 9)

(7.6N)

tension) '

r*/(S (h-d))

(7.7N)

r^rhere:

d"
i',
h
h.,
d

is the adjusted maximum bar diameter

is the maximum bar size given in the Table 7.2N
is the overall depth of the section
is the depth of the tensile zone immediately prior to cracking, considering
the characteristic values
of presiress and axial forces under the quaii-permanent coribination of Jdons
is th'e effective depth to the centroid of ine oiter layer of reinforcement ,

Where all the s':ciion is under tension h - d is the minimum distance from the centroid
of the layer of
reinforcement to the face of the concrete (consider each face where the bar is not pl"*o
rv*iretrically).

123