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Aim:
To evaluate the manufacturers claims against theoretical predictions.
Criteria for top speed normally it will be at maximum power.
Criteria for first gear start on 1 in 3 gradient with minimum clutch slip, torque at
engine tickover.
Specification detail
Top speed
5200 rpm
3600 rpm
11.4s
1475
990
Gear ratios:
1st:
2nd:
3rd:
4th:
5th:
Reverse:
Final drive:
3.727:1
2.048:1
1.393:1
1.029:1
0.821:1
3.546:1
4.214:1
Tyres:
175/60 R15
Assume:
Transmission Efficiency
Mass Equivalent (m eq )
95%
0.15mass = 0.15 x 990 = 148.5 kg
Starting resistance
( RCS )
0.025
Rolling resistance
R
( C)
0.012
80
140.00
120.00
Torque
100.00
80.00
60.00
40.00
sfc
20.00
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Engine Speed
(rev/min)
Engine Characteristics
Wheel speed =
Ne
5200
=
=1503 rev /min
ng nd 0.821 4.214
Vehicle speed =
1503 60 1.857
=167.5 kph
1000
171
=1.896 m
167.5
5200 60 1.896
=37.67 kph say 38 kph
3.727 4.214 1000
2nd
71.25 kph
Speed i =v i=
3rd
104.5 kph
4th
137.75 kph
5th
171 kph
Giving
ni=
140.38
vi
140.38
=3.727
37.67
2 nd=
140.38
=1.97
71.25
3 rd=
140.38
=1.343
104.5
4 th=
140.38
=1.019
137.75
5 th=
140.38
=0.821
171
Gear Ratio
Actual
Calculated
1st
3.727
3.727
2nd
2.048
1.97
3rd
1.393
1.343
4th
1.029
1.019
5th
0.821
0.821
ni +1
ni
2.048
=2857 rpm
3.727
1.393
=3537 rpm
2.048
1.029
=3841rpm
1.393
0.821
=4149 rpm
1.029
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Gear Ratio
3.727
2.048
1.393
1.029
0.821
Road speed (kph)
37.67
71.25
104.5
137.75 171
NU (rpm)
5200
5200
5200
5200
5200
NL (rpm)
1000
2857
3537
3841
4149
Middle engine speed (rpm)
3100
4029
4369
4520
4675
Torque (Nm)
129.6
124.4
123.1
125.2
122.5
Note: Torque figures extrapolated from torque figures in table rather than graph.
Plot these graphically as shown in Figure 1.
NL
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
140.00
NU
120.00
5t
4th
100.00
Torque
h
3r
2n
80.00
1s
t
60.00
40.00
Sfc/10
20.00
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Engine Speed
(rev/min)
Figure 2 - Graph showing torque, power and 0.1sfc against engine speed
Note engine speed range in each gear aggressive driving.
5
For Tractive Effort in each gear use middle speed torque assume efficiency 95%
Gear Ratio
Road speed (kph)
Road speed (m/s)
Middle engine speed (rpm)
Mean Torque (Nm)
Tractive Effort i =
1 st gear TE1=
1st
3.727
37.67
10.46
3100
129.6
2nd
2.048
71.25
19.79
4029
124.4
3rd
1.393
104.5
29.03
4369
123.1
4th
1.029
137.75
38.36
4520
125.2
5th
0.821
171
47.50
4675
122.5
3rd
1.393
104.5
29.03
4369
123.1
2323
4th
1.029
137.75
38.36
4520
125.2
1745
5th
0.821
171
47.50
4675
122.5
1363
3rd
1.393
104.5
29.03
87.88
4th
1.029
137.75
38.36
121.13
5th
0.821
171
47.50
153.38
T e ni nd
2 nd gear TE2=
3 rd gear TE3 =
4 thgear TE 4=
5 th gear TE 5=
Gear Ratio
Road speed (kph)
Road speed (m/s)
Middle engine speed (rpm)
Mean Torque (Nm)
Mean Tractive Effort (N)
1st
3.727
37.67
10.46
3100
129.6
6544
2nd
2.048
71.25
19.79
4029
124.4
3452
1st
3.727
37.67
10.46
18.9
2nd
2.048
71.25
19.79
54.46
5.25
15.13
24.41
33.65
42.61
3rd
1.393
104.5
29.03
87.88
24.41
218.1
4th
1.029
137.75
38.36
121.13
33.65
414.4
5th
0.821
171
47.50
153.38
42.61
664.5
1
Drag D= C D A v 2
2
1
1 st gear D= 1.22 0.3 2 5.252 =10.1 N
2
1
2 nd gear D= 1.22 0.3 2 15.132=83.8 N
2
1
3 rd gear D= 1.22 0.3 2 24.412=218.1 N
2
1
4 thgear D= 1.22 0.3 2 33.652=414.4 N
2
1
2
5 th gear D= 1.22 0.3 2 42.61 =664.5 N
2
1st
3.727
37.67
10.46
18.9
5.25
10.1
Gear Ratio
Road speed (kph)
Road speed (m/s)
Average speed (kph)
Average speed (m/s)
Drag (N)
2nd
2.048
71.25
19.79
54.46
15.13
83.8
T e n1 nd
94.67 n1 4.214
=
0.95=1282.55 n1
r
0.2955
1282.55 n1=4572+262 . 4
Givingn 1=3.77
This is close to actual ratio of 3.727 therefore the designer uses the gross
mass for calculating first gear note this procedure for future reference.
( m+meq ) x =TEDragR R
x =
TEDragR r
(m+ m eq)
1 st x =
654410.1210
=5.277 m/ s2
(1050+148.5)
2 nd x =
345283.8210
=2.635 m/s 2
(1050+148.5)
3 rd x =
2323218.1210
=1.581m/ s2
(1050+ 148.5)
4 th x =
1745414.4210
2
=0.935 m/ s
(1050+148.5)
5 th x =
1363664.5210
=0.408 m/s 2
(1050+148.5)
v max =umax +2 as
giving
v 2max u2max
s=
2a
10.4620 2
=10.37 m
2 5.277
2
Second gear s 2=
19.79 10.46
=53.56 m
2 2.635
2
Third gear s 3=
29.03 19.79
=142.66 m
2 1.581
2
Fourth gear s 4=
38.36 29.03
=336.23 m
2 0.935
2
47.5 38.36
=961.72 m
2 0.408
Maximum speed in 3rd is 104.5 kph but acceleration is measured up to 99.2 kph
(27.56 m/s)
This gives actual distance travelled in 3rd before speed is reached to be:
Third gear s 3=
27.56219.792
=116.35 m
2 1.581
t=
vu vu
=
a
x
t1 =
10.460
=1.982 s
5.277
t2 =
19.7910.46
=3.54 s
2.635
t3 =
29.0319.79
=5.84 s
1.581
t 4=
38.3629.03
=9.98 s
0.935
t5 =
47.5038.36
=22.40 s
0.408
27.5619.79
=4.915 s
1.581
x av =
(1.982+3.54+ 4.915)
2.417 m/s2
Specification calculates to be
Comment Theory does not account for gear shift time. Theoretical time is
10.437s, specification says 11.4 s.
Correcting for gear shift time
Revised acceleration=2.64
10.437
=2.417 m/s 2
11.4
x i ti = ( 5.277 1.982 ) +( 2.635 3.54 ) +( 1.581 5.84 )+ ( 0.935 9.98 ) +( 0.408 22.4) =1.086 m/s 2
t total
10
Consider Eco-Driving
For Eco Driving change gear close to minimum SFC say 4200 rpm so
acceleration is mainly at bottom of sfc curve see Figure 3.
140.00
120.00
100.00
4t
3rht
80.00
2nd
d
1s
t
60.00
5t
h
40.00
20.00
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Figure 3 - Graph showing torque, power and 0.1sfc against engine speed
Note engine speed range in each gear Eco-driving.
As before
Lower engine speed=2 nd=4200
2.048
=2308 rpm
3.727
1.393
=2857 rpm
2.048
1.029
=3103 rpm
1.393
0.821
=3351 rpm
1.029
Road speed
Speed i =v i=
11
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Gear Ratio
3.727
2.048
1.393
1.029
0.821
Road speed (kph)
30.42
55.36
81.39
110.18
171
NU (rpm)
4200
4200
4200
4200
5200
NL (rpm)
1000
2308
2857
3103
3351
Middle engine speed (rpm)
2600
3254
3529
3652
4276
Torque (Nm)
124.4
130.0
128.0
127.1
124.3
Note: Torque figures extrapolated from torque figures in table rather than graph.
See appendix 1
5500
5200
rpm
5000
4500
NU 4200
rpm
4000
3500
3000
NL
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
T e ni nd
2 nd gear TE2=
3 rd gear TE3 =
4 thgear TE 4=
5 th gear TE 5=
Gear Ratio
Road speed (kph)
Road speed (m/s)
Average speed (m/s)
1st
3.727
30.42
8.45
4.23
2nd
2.048
55.36
15.38
11.92
3rd
1.393
81.39
22.61
19.00
4th
1.029
110.18
30.60
26.61
5th
0.821
171
47.50
39.05
3rd
1.393
19.00
132.13
2415
4th
1.029
26.61
259.2
1771
5th
0.821
39.05
558.1
1383
1
2
Drag D= C D A v
2
1
1 st gear D= 1.22 0.3 2 4.232=6.55 N
2
1
2 nd gear D= 1.22 0.3 2 11.922=52.00 N
2
1
2
3 rd gear D= 1.22 0.3 2 19.00 =132.13 N
2
1
2
4 thgear D= 1.22 0.3 2 26.61 =259.2 N
2
1
5 th gear D= 1.22 0.3 2 39.052=558.1 N
2
Gear Ratio
Average speed (m/s)
Drag (N)
Tractive Effort (N)
1st
3.727
4.23
6.55
6281
2nd
2.048
11.92
52.00
3607
( m+meq ) x =TEDragR R
13
x =
TEDragR r
(m+ m eq)
1 st x =
62816.55210
2
=5.06 m/ s
(1050+148.5)
2 nd x =
360752.0210
2
=2.79 m/ s
(1050+148.5)
3 rd x =
2415132.13210
=1.73 m/s2
(1050+ 148.5)
4 th x =
1771259.2210
=1.09 m/ s 2
(1050+148.5)
5 th x =
1383558.1210
=0.513 m/s2
(1050+ 148.5)
Gear Ratio
Road speed (m/s)
Tractive Effort (N)
Acceleration (m/s2)
2nd
2.048
15.38
3607
2.79
3rd
1.393
22.61
2415
1.73
4th
1.029
30.60
1771
1.09
5th
0.821
47.50
1383
0.513
v 2max =u2max +2 as
giving
v 2 u2
s= max max
2a
2
8.45 0
=7.055m
2 5.06
14
Second gear s 2=
Third gear s 3=
22.61 15.38
=79.38 m
2 1.73
Fourth gear s 4=
15.38 8.45
=29.60 m
2 2.79
30.6 22.61
=195.02 m
2 1.09
47.5 230.62
=1286.44 m
2 0.513
t=
vu vu
=
a
x
t1 =
8.450
=1.670 s
5.06
t2 =
15.388.45
=2.284 s
2.79
t3 =
22.6115.38
=4.18 s
1.73
t 4=
30.6022.61
=7.33 s
1.09
t5 =
47.5030.60
=31.94 s
0.513
x av =
x i ti = ( 5.06 1.67 ) +( 2.79 2.284 )+ ( 1.73 4.18 ) +( 1.09 7.33 ) +(0.513 31.9) =0.98 m/s 2
t total
1st
3.727
30.42
8.45
Gear Ratio
Road speed (kph)
Road speed (m/s)
2nd
2.048
55.36
15.38
3rd
1.393
81.39
22.61
4th
1.029
110.18
30.60
5th
0.821
171
47.50
In this case it is necessary to change into 4th gear. Time in 4th gear to get to
speed is given as:
t 4=
27.5622.61
=4.54 s
1.09
x av =
x i ti = ( 5.06 1.67 ) +( 2.79 2.284 )+ ( 1.73 4.18 ) +( 1.09 4.54 ) =2.13 m/s 2
t total
12.67
=1.97 m/ s2
13.67
16
Appendix 1
Engine Characteristic Values
Avg
Speed
Avg Dyno
Torque
Avg
UnCorr.
Power
Cor
Power
Cor
Torque
Cor
Factor
Cor
Power
Cor
Torque
Measured
SFC
rev/min
Nm
kW
kW
Nm
PS
kgm
g/kWh
1000
96.50
10.10
9.91
94.67
0.981
13.47
9.65
311.71
1202
109.14
13.73
13.46
106.99
0.980
18.30
10.91
308.93
1600
113.14
18.95
18.57
110.87
0.980
25.25
11.31
299.09
2000
117.05
24.51
24.02
114.68
0.980
32.65
11.69
290.17
2400
124.08
31.18
30.55
121.56
0.980
41.54
12.40
270.88
2800
129.87
38.08
37.30
127.23
0.980
50.72
12.97
272.01
3200
133.08
44.59
43.70
130.40
0.980
59.41
13.30
266.20
3600
130.10
49.05
48.08
127.51
0.980
65.36
13.00
283.91
4000
127.00
53.19
52.14
124.48
0.980
70.89
12.69
301.46
4400
126.65
58.35
57.20
124.16
0.980
77.78
12.66
319.39
4800
122.96
61.80
60.60
120.57
0.981
82.40
12.30
342.84
5200
120.08
65.39
64.14
117.78
0.981
87.20
12.01
337.30
5600
110.74
64.94
63.73
108.68
0.981
86.65
11.08
365.54
6000
93.44
58.71
57.63
91.73
0.982
78.36
9.35
410.78
6400
81.97
54.94
53.97
80.52
0.982
73.37
8.21
465.74
17