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MITOSIS
Occurs in somatic cells.
For growth, repair, replacement and asexual reproduction in unicellular
organisms.
Maintain the chromosome number even after the division of the cell.
Called Equational division.
Produce two daughter cells.
Each having the same chromosome number and genetic constitution.
Ensures, all the cells of an individual is genetically identical to each other
Maintain the diploid condition of the cell.
A cell division in which two identical daughter cells are formed by the
division of one parent cell.
1. Mitosis is a type of cell division that take place in somatic cells, during which
the cell divides into two daughter cells, each containing the same and similar
number of chromosomes as present in the parent cell.
2. Karyokinesis occurs in 4 phases:
3.
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Prophase
Longest and most complex phase.
Lasts about 50 min.
Major Events Early Prophase
Late prophase
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappeared.
Chromosomes can be seen prominently (as two
longitudinal chromatids joined by the
centromrere).
Centrioles are reached the opposite poles with
spindle fibres.
Chromosomes get attached to the spindle fibers
with the help of the centrosome.
4.
Metaphase
Simple, Short, 2-10 min
Chromosomes get aligned at the equator of the cell.
Centromeres lie on the equator and the arms face
towards the poles.
The arrangement of chromosomes on the equator in
such a way that their centromeres lie on the equator
and the arms face towards the poles is called
Metaphasic plate/ Equatorial plate.
5.
Anaphase
Simple, Short, 2-3 min
The centromere of each chromosome divides
(longitudinally) into two halves. (Chromatids
separated with its own centromere).
Each daughter chromosome retains one of the two
chromatids.
The daughter chromosomes move towards the
opposite poles (due to the contraction of spindle
fibres & the repelling force developed between
them)
Centromere
Chromosome
Spindle fibres
6.
Telophase
Long, Complex, Reverse of prophase.
The daughter chromosomes reach at the
opposite poles.
Start uncoiling, thinning and elongatingchromatin network.
Nuclear
membrane
and
nucleolus
reappear.
Spindle fibres, astral rays disappear.
Division of cytoplasm
Begins during late Anaphase.
Completed soon after the telophase.
Different in animal and plant cell.
In animal cell:
A furrow or constriction appears in the middle of the cell membrane,
parallel to the equator.
Deepens towards the centre of the cell - CENTRIPETAL
In plant cell:
A cell plate is formed at the centre of the equator.
Extends towards the periphery - CENTRIFUGAL
10.
Plant cell
By the formation of cell plate.
It is Centripetal
Proceeds from periphery
towards the centre.
It is Centrifugal -Proceeds
from centre towards the
periphery.
Asters
Spindle
fibres
Formed as amphiastral
Formed from asters.
Occur
Significance of Mitosis:
Keeps the number of chromosomes constant in the daughter cells.(genetic
stability)
Responsible for the growth of an organism.(increases the body size)
Helps in repairing damaged or wounded tissues.
Helps in the replacement of old and dead cells lost during normal wear
and tear.
Method of reproduction in unicellular organism Asexual reproduction.
11.
Meiosis I
Condensation of chromosomes.
Homologous chromosomes start to pair up.
[A pair or of chromosomes which are similar in size, shape, position of
centromere and gene loci is termed as Homologous chromosomes].
A pair of homologous chromosomes is called BIVALENT.
The process of pairing up of homologous chromosomes is called
SYNAPSIS.
The four chromatids of a homologous chromosome or a bivalent are called
TETRAD.
The point at which crossing over occurs where the homologous chromosome
remain attached is called CHIASMA (Chiasmata [p])