EXPERIMENT 1

OHMS LAW
I. OBJECTIVES
a. Student will be able to understand the characteristic of series and parallel circuits.
b. Student will be able to understand the characteristic of voltage, current, and resistance in
series and parallel circuits.
c. Proof of Ohms Law.
II. SCOPE
A. Theory
a. Ohms Law
A circuit is active when there is current flow in a close circuit. Practically, a
circuit that consists of a battery capable of turning on a lamp that connected to the
poles of the battery. This is due to the current that flows from the positive pole then
to the lamp and flow back to the negative pole. See Figure 1.1.
I
BATERAI

LAMPU

Figure 1.1
If the voltage of the battery is increased, then the lamp will be brighter. This is
due to the current that flow through the lamp is increased. The relation between
voltage and current also the resistance of the lamp can be declared in Ohms law,
which is V = I . R
b. Serial resistor
Resistor in series will have a same current. The amount of the current depends
on the voltage source and the total resistance in the series circuit (Ohms law)
R1
R2
I

R3

Figure 1.2

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RT.I = R1.I + R2.I + R3.I

RT.I = (R1 + R2 + R3).I
RT = R1 + R2 + R3
c. Voltage Divider
Voltage divider is used to declare the voltage in one of the two series resistor,
expressed in the following equation:
R1
R2
V1
VS
V2
VS
R1 R2
R1 R2

V1

+
R1

Vs
R2

V2
-

Figure 1.3
If the circuit above is extend by changing R2 with R2, R3, ... , Rn that is being
series, we can get the general voltage divider pattern:
R1
V1
Vs
R1 R2 ... Rn
d. Parallel Resistor
An arrangement of resistor is called as parallel if the voltage in each parallel has
the same voltage.
I T I1 I 2 I 3

IT

I1

I2

I3

V
V V V

RT R1 R2 R3
1
1
1
1
V V

RT
R1 R2 R3
1
1
1
1

RT R1 R2 R3

Figure 1.4
e. Current Divider
Current Divider is used to tell how much current flow in one of the parallel
resistors. Usually we used conductans G, which is:
1
G
the unit of G is: Siemens (mho)
R

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So, for the current divider:

It
I1

Vps

I2

G1

G2

In

I3

G3

...

Gn

Figure 1.5

I1

with :

G1
It
G1 G2 ... Gn

especially for two parallel resistors:

+
I1

It

I2

Vs
R2

R1
-

Figure 1.6

I1

R2
It
R1 R2

I2

R1
It
R1 R2

B. Reference
1. Floyd, T. L. (2009). Principles of Electric Circuits: Conventional Current Version.
Pretince Hall.
2. Gunarto, T. Y. (2012, Juni). Regresi & Korelasi Linier Sederhana. Retrieved from
Universitas
Gunadarma:
http://thomasyg.staff.gunadarma.ac.id/Downloads/files/8195/Regresi+dan+Korelas
i.pdf
3. Kuphaldt, T. R. (2006, October 18). Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I DC.
Retrieved
from
ibiblio:
http://www.ibiblio.org/kuphaldt/electricCircuits/DC/DC.pdf
4. Nilsson, J. W., & Riedel, S. A. (2000). Electric Circuits. Pretince Hall.
5. Russell L. Meade, R. D. (2007). Foundations of Electronics: Circuits and Devices
(Electron Flow Version). Thomson Delmar Learning.

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III. DEVICES

Variable Power Supply

Breadboard
Digital Multimeter
Components : R = 100, 220, 470, 560, 680, 1K, 1K2, 2K, 3K, 4K7

IV. INSTRUCTION OF LABORATORY

A. Procedure
a. Ohms Law with variant voltage

+ A _
+

+
_

VPS

1K

VR

Figure 1.7
1. Design the circuit above into a breadboard!
2. Adjust the supply voltage to 1 V.
3. Measure the current by using a multimeter and write down the value on Table
1.1!
4. Repeat the measurement according to the supply voltage on Table 1.1 and write
down the current for each requested voltage.
5. Fill in the Table 1.1 and then make the regression equation of the relationship
between V and I based on the Table. Attach it on the report (LAP) and analyze it.
Table 1.1
V
I
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

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ln V

ln I

ln I2

ln V . ln I

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b. Ohms Law with variant resistor

+ A _
+

+
_

VPS=10V

VR

Figure 1.8
Turn on the power supply and adjust it to 10V before connected to the circuit.
Take resistor 100 first.
Design the circuit above on a breadboard.
Measure the current and the voltage of R and write down the value on Table 1.2
Repeat the measurement according to the resistor on Table 1.2 and write down
the current and voltage of R for each requested resistor.
6. Fill in the Table 1.2 and then make the regression equation of the relationship
between I and R based on the Table. Attach it on the report (LAP) and analyze it.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Table 1.2
R
VR
100
220
470
560
680
1000
1200
2000
3000
4700

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ln R

ln I

ln I2

ln R . ln I

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c. Serial Circuit
1. Design the circuit in Figure 1.9 into a breadboard.
2. Measure the VR1, IAB. Write down the value on Table 1.3

1K
A

R1

6V

Figure 1.9
3. Add a resistor in the end of the circuit, so that it looks like the circuit in figure
1.10
4. Measure the V R1, VR2, IAB, ICD. Write down the value on Table 1.3

1K

2K
A

6V

R1

R2

Figure 1.10
5. Add a resistor in the end of the circuit, so that it looks like the circuit in figure
1.11
6. Measure the VR1, VR2, VR3, IAB, ICD, IEF. Write down the value on Table 1.3

1K

2K
A

6V

R1

3K
C

R2
F

R3

Figure 1.11
Table 1.3
Circuit

VR1

Voltage
VR2

VR3

IAB

Current
ICD

IEF

A
B
C

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d. Parallel Circuit
1. Design the circuit in Figure 1.14 into a breadboard.
2. Measure the VR1, IAB. Write down the value on Table 1.4
R1

1K

6V

A
B

Figure 1.14
3. Add a resistor in the end of the circuit, so that it looks like the circuit in figure
1.15
4. Measure the VR1, VR2, IAB, ICD. Write down the value on Table 1.4
R1

R2

1K

2K

6V

Figure 1.15
5. Add a resistor in the end of the circuit, so that it is like on figure 1.16
6. Measure the VR1, VR2, VR3, IAB, ICD, IEF. Write down on Table 1.4

6V

R1

R2

R3

1K

2K

3K

Figure 1.16
Table 1.4
Circuit

VR1

Voltage
VR2

VR3

IAB

Current
ICD

IEF

A
B
B.

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B. Final Reports requirement for minimum grade

Analyze each experiment that you have done. In the analysis, give the explanation
about:
Ohms Law
Regression
The relation between Voltage (V), Current (I), and Resistance (R)
Make the regression equation of the relationship between V and I and draw the
graph relation between V and I (Ohms Curve)!
Make the regression equation of the relationship between I and R and draw the
graph relation between I and R!
Serial circuit, its characteristics, RTotal and the relation between the voltage and the
current
Parallel circuit, its characteristics, RTotal and the relation between the voltage and the
current
Analyze the voltage and current flow of each circuit
Give 2 application of serial and parallel circuit
Compare the result that you get from the practicum with the simulation and the
theory
Make the theory, simulation result and your experiment data as the reference in
making analysis and give at least 5 conclusion about the experiment!

V. ATTACHMENT
A. Linier Regression
Linear regression is the mathematical equation that enable us to know the value of
dependent variable from the independent variable.
Generally, the equation for linear regression is :
y = a+bx
y = dependent variable
x = independent variable
a = constants
b = constants of slope
We can obtain a and b constants with these formula :
n
n
n

xi y n ( xi . y )
i
i
i 1
b i 1 i 1 2
n
n

2
xi n ( xi )
i 1
i 1

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y
i 1

x
- b

i 1

n : Numbers of couples of data

yi : The ith value of dependent variable y
xi : The ith value of independent variable x
The equation below is the general equation for non-linear regression :
Y = A.XB
We need to change the form of non-linear regression to the form of linear
regression, so that we have possible to use linear regression formula.
Use the natural logarithm to change the form :
ln Y = ln (A.XB)
ln Y = ln A + B ln X
n
n

ln xi ln y n (ln xi . ln y )
i
i
i 1
i 1

B i 1
2
n
n

2
ln xi n (ln xi )
i 1
i 1

ln
i 1

ln x

- B

i 1

A = ln-1 a
A = ea

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