Intro

Fluid flow can be classified to three regimes which is laminar, transitional and turbulent regime.Laminar
regime is a regime where the flow is characterized by smooth streamlines and highlyordered motion.
Turbulent is a regime where flow is characterized by velocity fluctuations andhighly disordered motion.
Transitional regime is where the flow fluctuates between laminar andturbulent before it becomes fully
turbulent.The transitional from laminar to turbulent flow depends on geometry, surface roughness,
flowvelocity, surface temperature, and type of fluid. However, Osborne Reynolds discovered that theflow
regime mainly depends on the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces. This ratio is what wecalled as Reynolds
number. At small or moderate Reynolds numbers the viscous forces are large enough to
suppress theses fluctuations and to keep the fluid in line.
Thus, the flow is streamlined and in orderedmotion. However, at large Reynolds numbers, the inertial forces,
which are proportional to thefluid density and the square of the fluid velocity, are large relative to the viscous
force. As theresults, the viscous force cannot prevent the random and rapid fluctuations of the fluid. Thus,the
flow will be in disordered motion.
The boundary of Reynolds number for laminar, transitional and turbulent regime varies bygeometries and
flow condition. For example, flow in a circular pipe is laminar for Reynoldsnumber less than 2300, turbulent
for Reynolds number larger than 4000 and transitional inbetween. However, we will have other boundaries if
the pipe cross sectional area is a square.
This experiment is to visualize the laminar, transitional and turbulent flow in a pipe and todetermine the
boundary of Reynolds number for flow in the pipe.First by controlling the flow rate, establish the laminar flow.
Then by slowly increase the flowrate observe what happened to the dye streak. Record the flow pattern
change and it volumetricflow rate reading. Determine the boundary of Reynolds number of laminar,
transitional andturbulent regine
PROCEDURE
1. Fill the water tank with water and allow it to stand for some time so that the water comesto rest.
2. Partially open the outlet valve of the glass tube and allow the flow to take place at a verylow rate.
3. Allow the flow to stabilize then open the valves at the inlet of the dye injector and allowthe dye to move
through the tube. Observe the nature of the filament.
4. Record the data to the table.
5. Observed the regime, then sketch the flow of the dye.
6. Measure the discharge by collecting water in the graduated cylinder for a certain intervalof time.
7. Repeat the steps 3 and 5 for different discharges.

DISCUSSION
Laminar flow- highly ordered fluid motion with smooth streamlines
Transition flow - a flow that contains both laminar and turbulent regions.
Turbulent flow-a highly disordered fluid motion characterized by velocity andfluctuations and
eddies.
According to the Reynolds`s experiment, laminar flow will occur when a thin filament of dye
injected into laminar flow appears as a single line. There is no dispersion of dyethroughout the flow, except the
slow dispersion due to molecular motion. While for turbulent flow, if a dye filament injected into a turbulent
flow, it disperse quicklythroughout the flow field, the lines of dye breaks into myriad entangled threads of
dye.In this experiment we have to firstly is to observe the characteristic of the flow of thefluid in the pipe,
which may be laminar or turbulent flow by measuring the Reynoldsnumber and the behaviour of the flow,
secondly to calculate the range for the laminar andturbulent flow and lastly to prove the Reynolds number is
dimensionless by using the Reynolds number formula.
After complete preparing and setup the equipment we run this experiment. But firstlywe have
to calculate the area of bell mounted glass tube, the viscosity of water and thedensity of water. The density of
water is 1000 kg/m, the area of glass tube is 78.53 x 10-3m,while the viscosity of water is1x 10-6m2/s, this
is done for easy step by step calculation.
We observe that the red dye line change with the increasing of water flow rate. Theshape change from thin
threads to slightly swirling which still contains smooth thin threadsand then fully swirling. We can say that this
change is from laminar flow to transitional flow and then to turbulent flow and its not occurs suddenly.

CONCLUSION
As the water flow rate increase, the Reynolds number calculated also increase and thered
dye line change from thin thread to swirling in shape.
Laminar flow occurs when the Reynolds number calculated is below than 2300;transitional
flow occurs when Reynolds number calculated is between 2300 and 4000while turbulent flow
occurs when Reynolds number calculated is above 4000.
It is proved that the Reynolds equation is dimensionless, no units left after thecalculation