YENNY YUSTISIA

WIRES

TEXT

STRESS
is the internal distribution of load
(force) per unit area

TYPE OF FORCE

Compressive
a force, down on the object, that tends to squeeze it together
Tensile
a force that tends to pull an object apart
Shear
a force that tends to slide the top of an object over the bottom

TEXT

STRAIN
is deformation of a solid due to stress

Strain may be either elastic or plastic or

combination of two
Elastic strain is reversible, it disappears after the
stress is removed
Plastic strain is permanent displacement of
atoms inside the material

 compressive strain = contraction/original length

tensile strain = elongation/original length
shear strain = shear angle

TEXT

STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONS

TEXT

MODULUS ELASTICITY
a measure of the stiffness of a material
the ratio of tensile stress (force/cross sectional area) to tensile strain
(extension/ original length)

TEXT

FLEXIBILITY
the measure of the strain that a wire can withstand without
undergoing plastic deformation

RESILIENCE (STORED OR SPRING ENERGY)

the amount of elastic energy that a material can absorb
the energy stored is released when wire springs back to its
original shape after removal of an applied stress
subsequent deliver to another object (ex.tooth)
LOWER MODULUS ELASTICITY YIELDS LARGE DEFLECTION FOR LOW FORCE

TEXT

DUCTILITY
the ability of a material to be plastically strained in tension
without rupture
decrease with increase in temperature

TEXT

FACTORS AFFECTING STRENGTH, STIFFNESS & ELASTICITY RANGE

the mechanical arrangement by which force is applied to
the teeth, e.g. length of the wire
the form of the wire - the size and shape of cross section

the material, including the alloy composition, its hardness

MATERIALS

NOBLE METALS &THEIR ALLOYS

Gold tipe IV casting alloy
gold (55-65%), copper (11-18%), silver (10-25%), nickel (5-10%)
palladium & platinum > improve corrosion resistance, rise in melting point

good corrosion resistance good biocompatibility

formable and capable of delivering lower forces than SS
inappropriate for complex machining and joining

MATERIAL

STAINLESS STEEL
introduced in dentistry - 1919
Angle used steel ligature wires - 1930
iron-based alloys with 12-30% chromium
Stainless steel is a family of corrosion resistant steels containing chromium in
which the chromium forms a passive film of chromium oxide (Cr2O3) when
exposed to oxygen passivation

CLASSIFICATION OF STAINLESS STEEL (AISI)

TIPE AUSTENITIC
18-8 STAINLESS
STEEL
AISI 302 (BASIC TYPE):
18% CHROMIUM, 8% NICKEL,
0,015% CARBON
AISI 304:
REDUCED CARBON (0,08%)

COMMONY USED AS WIRES

STAINLESS STEEL

PROPERTIES

Modulus elasticity 160-180GPa.

Yield strength 1100-1500 MPa

Low Elastic range (spring back) 0,0060-0,0094 (oral environtment) dan

0,0065-0,0099 (in heat)

heat treatment:
improve physical properties
remove residual stresses

STAINLESS STEEL

ADVANTAGES
low cost
good strength
formable
weldable
good biocompatibility

TEXT

COBALT CHROME ALLOY

1950s elgiloy
40% cobalt, 20% chromium, 15% nickel, 15,8% iron, 7%
Mo, 2% Mn, 0,016% Carbon, 0,04% Beryllium

TEXT

NICKEL TITANIUM ALLOY

in 1970s Andreasen GF et al, introduced the use of nickeltitanium alloys for orthodontic use
55% nickel, 45% titanium
1.6% cobalt is added to obtain desirable properties

PROPERTIES

%elongation : 15.5%
Yield strength: 560 MPa in high temperature, 100 MPa in low temperature
elastic modulus: 75 GPa in high temperature, 28 GPa in low temperature
superelastic (10-30x any ordinary metals)
shape memory
remember its original shape and retain it when heated above its
transformation temperature
due to the different crystal structures of Ni and Ti

TEXT

COPPER NI TI WIRES
Introduced in 1994
(Nickel, Titanium, Copper dan Chromium) alloy

TEXT

TOOTH COLORED WIRE

high esthetic appereance
made of three clear optical fiber:
silicon dioxide core that provides the force for moving teeth
silicon resin middle layer that protect the core from moisture &
adds strength
a strain resistant nylon layer that prevent the damage to the
wire