Presentation on

C. K. PITHAWALA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

AND TECHNOLOGY, SURAT

COMPETING EFFECT OF TEXTURED AREA ON THE

PERFORMANCES OF A HYDRODYNAMIC JOURNAL BEARING
PREPARED BY:
Name
1. Mr. BHAVIN LAD
2. Mr. RAHUL PATEL
2. Mr. HITESH RANA
3. Mr. AVADHESH H. VYAS

Enrollment No.
(150090709001)
(150090709014)
(150090709017)
(150090709018)

Subject : Tribology ( OEP )

M.E., 2nd Semester, Machine Design,
GTU, Surat, Gujarat.
2

GUIDED BY:
Prof. MAHESH J. PATEL

Mechanical Engineering Department.

CKPCET, SURAT.

AGENDA

Introduction

Case Study

Introduction

Problem identification and formulation

Results and discussion

Conclusion
3

Introduction
Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing :

The rotating shaft drags a wedge of oil beneath it that develops a pressure great
enough to support the shaft and eliminate contact friction between the shaft and
bearing.
4

factors that affect the performance of hydrodynamic journal bearing:

Speed

Introduction

 Load
Fluid film at the point of minimum thickness decreases in thickness as the load
increases.
W

W
Oil film will be
squeezed out

Low load

High load

There will be metal to metal contact at very high load.

Load
6

Oil film thickness

Introduction

 Viscosity of lubricant
Minimum oil film thickness is given by,
= 2.65 0.54 0 0.7 0.43 0.03
Where,

0.13

= viscosity-pressure co-efficient

0 = fluid viscosity at atmospheric pressure

= mean velocity

= equivalent radius of curvature

= the equivalent elastic modulus

= length of contact line

= unit load along the contact length

Viscosity
7

Oil film thickness

Introduction

 Surface roughness
Oil film thickness parameter,
=

2
2
1
+ 2

More rough surfaces

Less rough surfaces

Where, 1 = the mean square root of surface roughness of journal

2 = the mean square root of surface roughness of bearing

Surface roughness
8

Asperity contact

Oil film thickness

Introduction

 Temperature

Temperature

viscosity

Oil film thickness

Introduction

10

Introduction
Tribology

Friction
catalytic surface area per unit reactor
volume, cm2 (Pt=Rh)=cm3
ci concentration of species i, mole fraction
cg; i concentration of species i in bulk gas stream, mole
fractioncing; i inlet concentration of species i, mole fraction

The

Wear

Lubrication

Contact
Mechanics
Textured
Hydrodynamic
lubrication
contact

use of textured surfaces with different shapes of micro cavities (textures) and at

different locations of the texture zone can be an effective approach to improve the
performance of bearings.
11

Roughness
Random Roughness
The

Deterministic Roughness
in

The deterministic roughness that is

be

known as surface texture was introduced

introduced due to the presence of dust,

deliberately on the bearings with the help

random

hydrodynamic

roughness

bearings

may

additives in the lubricant and wear

of micro fabrication techniques.

Techniques to produce Micro geometries :
Laser Surface Texturing

Chemical Etching

Novel dressing

Friction reduction

Wear reduction

High performance

Reliability improvement

Good service

energy consume

Used to achieve following:

12

Introduction

 The

research and study carried out that by introducing a series of dimples or roughness at

inlet of a sliding surface we can generate extra pressure and thus support higher load.

Laser texturing expanded the contact parameters in terms of load & speed for HDL.

numerical study carried out for micro asperities effects with different shapes in sliding

surface lubrication when hydrodynamic films are found.

The

surface texture geometry such as texture depth, width, number of textures, and location

of textures influence the bearing performance.

The

pressure generating effect of surface texture in full film operation might result from

convective inertia. Thus, in local converging regions the pressure rise may be larger than the
pressure drop in diverging regions.
The

use of a Reynolds equation to study the effects of texture will be valid if dimple depth is

greater than minimum film thickness of the lubricant in the fluid film lubrication.
13

Introduction

Aim :

minimize friction

maximize the fluid film thickness

Concludes that, Full texturing is unable to generate hydrodynamic lift in parallel sliders, except when the
dimples are placed at the slider inlet.
In partially textured parallel sliders, the positive texture effects is due to the cavitations
mechanism, the inlet flow is increasing and the development of full lubrication at some
distance from the principal edge is allowed.
In parallel sliders, starting partial texturing at the inlet generates significant HD lift.
Partial texturing leads to better performance than full texturing.

14

Introduction

Researcher used deterministic surface texture to study the influence of textures location on

the bearing surface. A numerical approach is used in order to give a description of the
textures location effect on the most important characteristics in a hydrodynamic bearing .
The

bearing surface is textured with cylindrical dimples.

Fig. 1. (a) A cross section of the journal bearing ;(b) texture (dimple) geometry
15

Introduction

16

Introduction

17

Introduction

Problem identification and Formulation

The governing equations in a full hydrodynamic lubrication

region can be described by the well-known Reynolds
equation.

For Cartesian coordinates, the pressure in the lubricating film

for a journal operating at steady state, is governed by the
following equation,

The film thickness h that can be written as follows,

=
h hsmooth ( ) + h( , Z )

The boundary conditions, known as Reynolds boundary conditions, used to determine the
P P
and
P=0
= = 0
rupture zone of the film are :
Z
at the rupture limits of the film lubricant.
18

The load carrying capacity is calculated from the integration of the pressure acting on the

shaft ,
=
W

The friction torques,

1 2
1 2

Pr Cos d dZ + Pr Sin d dZ
0 0
0 0

on the journal and

integrating the shearing stresses

on the bearing are, respectively, obtained by

along the journal surface (y=h) and along the bearing

surface (y=0).

The axial fluid flow is obtained by integration of the speed component of the fluid in the
axial direction z, and through the film section ds=dxdy.

Texture shape & Distribution :

In the case of cylindrical dimple geometry, we have rx=rz=r and the equation,
of geometry is defined by,

( x xc )2 + ( z zc )2 =
r2
19

Problem Form

Fig. 2. Cylindrical shape

Fig. 4. Textures arrangement and limits of

textured zone on the bearing surface
Fig. 3. Distribution of textures on the surface
of the bearing
20

Problem Form

 Resolution of the Reynolds equation :

The determination of the pressure in the lubricant film requires the numerical resolution of
equation (1) using the finite difference method.

The resolution of linear systems obtained after discretization is done by the iterative
method of GaussSeidel

The use of an iterative method for the resolution is justified by the application of the
Reynolds boundary conditions.

21

Problem Form

22

Problem Form

Results and discussion

Many investigators used the concept of surface texture in the form of microroughness or
micro cavities and concluded that these are responsible for influencing the lubricant film
thickness.

Eccentricity is an important factor in the design of textured bearings.

Computational conditions :

Bearing surfaces with cylindrical textures are analysed for the journal bearing.

The bearing surface is textured and stationary while the journal surface is smooth and
moving.

Only one half of the journal bearing system is studied because of the symmetry of the
bearing. Uniform meshes are used.
23

The geometrical parameters and operating conditions are :

1.

Magnitude of the external force F: 12,600 N.

2.

Angular speed of the shaft

3.

Shaft radius R: 0.0315 m.

4.

Bearing length L: 0.063 m.

5.

Radial clearance C: 0.00003m.

6.

Lubricant viscosity

24

: 625.4 rad/s.

: 0.0035 Pas.

Result & Disc.

25

Result & Disc.

26

Result & Disc.

Fig. 7. Textures configurations on the bearing surface for the 25 cases.

27

Result & Disc.

 Validation :

The use of a Reynolds equation to study the effects of texture will be valid if a ratio
S<1 exists. This is verified here for r>411.96 mm. For the rest of this study , a
cylindrical

dimple

with

dimensions

r=1

mm(radius

of

the

cylinder)and

r=0.015mm(height of the cylinder)is considered (S=0.8).

28

Result & Disc.

Fig. 6. Film thickness and pressure field for four cases of textures configurations.

The variation of the minimal film thickness and the pressure for four distributions cases of
textures on the bearing developed surface .The 3D cylindrical texture shape ,its
distribution on the contact surface and the angular position of the minimum film thickness
(corresponding to the peak of pressure)can be obviously observed(near 150 degree).
29

Result & Disc.

 Results :

The cylindrical texture is used to investigate the texture distribution effect on the journal
bearing characteristics.

25 cases are considered according to the geometric arrangement of textures on the surface.
Table 3 summarized the characteristics calculated for all these cases(the minimum film
thickness, the friction torque , the fluid film flow Q, the attitude angle f, the maximum
pressure and its angular position , and finally the beginning of the cavitations zone ).

The texture configuration 25 gives the best results compared with all the other cases, the
minimum film thickness is increased by about 1.8%, the friction torque is reduce by about
1%. The minimum film thickness, the friction torque, the film flow, the maximum pressure,
and the beginning of the rupture zone are compared with the smooth case in Table 4.
30

Result & Disc.

31

Result & Disc.

32

Result & Disc.

33

Result & Disc.

34

Result & Disc.

Fig. 5. Variation of static characteristics for different distributions of textures on the

bearing surface

35

Result & Disc.

All the 25 cases of textures configurations on the developed surface of the bearing are
illustrated in Fig. 7. This picture allows the visualization in 2D of all the representative
cases of textures area arrangements(all the cases are summarized in Table 3).

The case 25 shows that it is possible to improve the performances. That confirms the
importance of a good angular distribution of the textured zone on the bearing surface.

36

Result & Disc.

Conclusion

A numerical model based on FEM was developed to study the textures distribution
influence on the bearing surface of a hydrodynamic journal bearing subjected to a
stationary load. The shaft (journal) is supposed to be smooth and rigid while the bearing
surface is partially or totally textured with cylindrical texture shape.

The texture increases locally the lubricant film thickness and decreases the friction force.

Full texturing appears ineffective to generate hydrodynamic load capacity in the contact by
the cavitation effects. Partial texturing can generate hydrodynamic lift in bearing, when the
texture is located in the declining part of the contact pressure field.

In the complex case of a journal bearing, with both convergent (hydrodynamic pressure)
and divergent (cavitation) zones, partial texturing has a minimal positive effect and full
texturing has a negative effect. The textured area optimum design depends strongly on the
geometrical parameters and the operating conditions of the journal bearing.
37

Reference

1. Nacer Tala-LghiL et al, Effect of textured area on the performances of a hydrodynamic

journal bearing, Tribology International 44 (2011) 211219.

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