Chapter 2: Introduction To MATLAB: (Continued)

1
Chapter 2: Introduction to MATLAB
MAS162 Foundations of Discrete Mathematics

Semester 1, 2016
Dr Amy Glen
School of Engineering & Information Technology
(continued)
Murdoch University, Perth, Australia

A.Glen@murdoch.edu.au
http://amyglen.wordpress.com
LECTURE 7
Plotting in two and three dimensions in MATLAB (ctd.)
+ Intro to for loops
Dr Amy Glen (Murdoch University)
MAS162 Foundations of Discrete Maths
Lecture 7 S1 2016
Lecture 7 S1 2016
Plotting in two dimensions
2
4
Example
I
Last week, we were looking at array operations and 2D plotting

commands in MATLAB.
Today, well learn about the plot-related command ginput (used by

setting [xin,yin]=ginput) that records the coordinates of any
clicked positions of the cursor in the column vectors xin and yin.
Well also look at plotting in three dimensions.
And if time permits, well move onto using for loops in MATLAB.
Lets begin with a plotting example involving the zoom command that
we learnt about last lecture.
The next program allows the user to zoom in on the graphs of the two
functions f (x) = sin(x) and g(x) = x near the origin.
% Zoom in on two graphs
x=-10:0.01:10;
f=sin(x);
g=x;
plot(x,f,x,g,--)
xlabel(x)
ylabel(f and g)
title(Graphs of f(x)=sin(x) and g(x)=x)
zoom on
(Ex2pt11.m)
Lecture 7 S1 2016
Lecture 7 S1 2016
Example . . .
Example . . .
Graphs of f(x)=sin(x) and g(x)=x
10
8
6
We notice that as we zoom in, the graphs become closer and closer.
This means that for x near 0, sin(x) is close to x.

And the nearer x is to 0, the closer sin(x) is to x.
f and g
This is an important fact about the sin function.
What function do you think h(x) = 3 sin(x 2 ) is close to near x = 0?
0
2
4
Guess: 3x 2 .
We modify the program to graphically verify this answer . . .
8
10
10
(Ex2pt11ver2.m)
8
0
x
10
Lecture 7 S1 2016
Lecture 7 S1 2016
Another useful command to interact with a 2D graph window is

ginput.
This command records the coordinates of any desired position of the

cursor, which can then be printed or operated on in any way.
In its simplest form, the command is used as:
70
60
50
40
30
[xin yin]=ginput
20
where the variable names (xin and yin) can be chosen as desired.
I
10
10
5
ginput
Graphs of f(x)=3sin(x2) and g(x)=3x2

80
f and g
Then, with each click of the mouse button, the x and y coordinates
of the cursor (cross) are saved in the column vectors xin and yin.
To stop this process, press the Enter key.
0
x
Lecture 7 S1 2016
Next, well see the usefulness of the ginput command for finding the
coordinates of the point(s) where the graphs of two different
functions intersect.
Lecture 7 S1 2016
Finding simultaneous solutions to two equations
Graphs of y=2x and y=1x
15
Example: Solve y = 2x and y = 1 x.
10
This simple example can be solved algebraically by writing
y = 2x = 1 x.
Thus 3x = 1 and therefore x = 1/3.
10
y = 2 1/3 = 2/3.
15
So these equations have a unique solution: x = 1/3, y = 2/3.
20
10
Graphically, this means that the lines y = 2x and y = 1 x intersect in

exactly one point, namely (x, y) = (1/3, 2/3).
Substituting x = 1/3 into the first (or second) equation gives
10
20
A common mathematical problem is to find simultaneous solutions to two

equations in two variables (unknowns), say x and y.
0
x
10
(Sec2pt3eqns.m)
Lecture 7 S1 2016
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Lecture 7 S1 2016
10
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Example
Find the positive solution of the two equations

y = cos(x) and y = x 2 .
This is equivalent to finding the point of intersection of the graphs of the

functions cos(x) and x 2 in the positive quadrant of R2 (i.e., the positive
quadrant of the xy-plane).
For more complicated equations it is usually impossible to find the

solution(s) algebraically.
But we can still approximate the solution(s) graphically.
The MATLAB commands plot, zoom, and ginput are very useful for
this purpose.
Lecture 7 S1 2016
11
The next program plots the graphs and allows the user to zoom in on the
intersection point to approximate the solution.
% Solve two equations using plot, zoom and ginput (Ex2pt12.m)
clear
x=0:0.01:1;
y1=cos(x);
y2=x.^2;
plot(x,y1,x,y2,--)
zoom on
pause % press Enter in command window to continue
zoom off
[xint yint]=ginput % (xint, yint) is the intersection point
Lecture 7 S1 2016
12
13
14
Graphs of y=cos(x) and y=x2

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
After zooming in on the intersection point (by repeatedly clicking),

pressing Enter, and then clicking on the intersection point with the
cursor (cross), we find that the estimated coordinates of the
intersection point (i.e., the approximate solution values) are:
0.4
x = 0.8241 and y = 0.6792.
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
x
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
If a certain accuracy is required, it is important to use a sufficiently

small increment (such as 0.0001) for the plots and to zoom in to the
intersection point sufficiently many times.
xint =
0.8241
yint =
0.6792
Lecture 7 S1 2016
Plotting in three dimensions
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Lecture 7 S1 2016
14
16

I
MATLAB has a number of specialised commands for plotting in three

dimensions.
The next MATLAB program plots the surface defined by the function
z = f (x, y) =
1
0.8
1 + x 2 + y2
0.6
0.4
0.2
% Plot a surface in three dimensions

clear
x = -2:0.1:2;
y = -1:0.1:2;
[xgrid, ygrid] = meshgrid(x,y); % defines grid matrices
z = 1./(1 + xgrid.^2 + ygrid.^2);
mesh(xgrid,ygrid,z) % generates a mesh plot
Lecture 7 S1 2016
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2
1
1
0
0
1
1
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Lecture 7 S1 2016
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Replace the last line by

surf(xgrid,ygrid,z)
0.8
0.6
% generates a shaded mesh plot
0.4
and note the difference in the plot . . .
0.2
0
2
2
1
1
0
0
1
1
Lecture 7 S1 2016
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Lecture 7 S1 2016
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Using contour(x,y,z)
2
1.5
We can also use each of the commands contour(x,y,z) and

meshc(xgrid,ygrid,z) to plot contours of the function.
0.5
0.5
1
2
1.5
0.5
0.5
1.5
Contour line: a curve along which z = f (x, y) has a constant value

i.e., a contour line joins points of equal height above the xy-plane
Lecture 7 S1 2016
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Lecture 7 S1 2016
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Using meshc(xgrid,ygrid,z)
I
Note that you can specify the number n of contour lines by adding
this as an option:
contour(x,y,z,n)
0.6
To draw the contours corresponding to specific values of the function

z = f (x, y), use
0.4
contour(x,y,z,vec)
0.2
where vec is a vector containing the desired values.
0.8
0
2
vec=0.1:0.05:0.8;
contour(x,y,z,vec)
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1
0
Lets try:
% vec=[0.10,0.15,0.20, ... ,0.75,0.80]
1
1
Lecture 7 S1 2016
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Lecture 7 S1 2016
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We can also use ginput with the contour plot to estimate the positions of
the local maximum and local minimum of the function z = f (x, y).
1.5
contour(x,y,z,500)
[xin,yin]=ginput
zmax=1/(1 + xin^2 + yin^2) % estimates local max if youve clicked
% on the corresponding contour line
0.5
Try the exercise on page 26 of the Unit Notes.

0.5
1
2
1.5
0.5
0.5
1.5
Lecture 7 S1 2016
23
Lecture 7 S1 2016
24
for loop
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for loop
for loop
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for loop . . .
In computing it is often necessary to repeat the execution of a set of

statements, possibly to update some variable(s).
This can be achieved with a for loop.
More generally, the for loop in MATLAB has the form:
Simplest form in MATLAB:
for x=vec
... % some statement(s)
end
for n=p:q
... % some statement(s)
end
where the loop variable x takes the value of each of the elements of the
vector vec in order from the first to the last.
where n is the loop variable or index, which goes from p to q with

increment 1.
I
Note that n is not a vector here; it is a variable that takes on each of

the integer values from p up to q (inclusive) in turn.
Lecture 7 S1 2016
for loop
25
27
An important use of a for loop is to compute a sequence of numbers that are

defined recursively.
Output
Example
t =
Write a MATLAB program to compute the first 10 terms of the sequence (tn )
defined by
t1 = 3; tn = tn1 + 2n for n > 2.
t =
t =
t =
% Compute a sequence
clear
t=3 % initialize variable as first term
for n=2:10
t=t+2*n % update variable: new value = old value + 2*n
end
t =
t =
t =
t =
The statement t=t+2*n in this program may look strange (because it is incorrect
as an equation).
t =
Lecture 7 S1 2016
Lecture 7 S1 2016
for loop
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3
7
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43
57
73
91
t =
111
But such statements are common in computer programming and have a logical
meaning (as explained by the comment in the program above).
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Lecture 7 S1 2016
28

Chapter 2: Introduction To MATLAB: (Continued)

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1

Chapter 2: Introduction to MATLAB

MAS162 Foundations of Discrete Mathematics

Chapter 2: Introduction to MATLAB

School of Engineering & Information Technology

Murdoch University, Perth, Australia

MAS162 Foundations of Discrete Maths

Chapter 2: Introduction to MATLAB

Dr Amy Glen (Murdoch University)

MAS162 Foundations of Discrete Maths

Chapter 2: Introduction to MATLAB

Plotting in two dimensions

Last week, we were looking at array operations and 2D plotting

Today, well learn about the plot-related command ginput (used by

Well also look at plotting in three dimensions.

Dr Amy Glen (Murdoch University)

MAS162 Foundations of Discrete Maths

Dr Amy Glen (Murdoch University)

MAS162 Foundations of Discrete Maths

Chapter 2: Introduction to MATLAB

Plotting in two dimensions

Chapter 2: Introduction to MATLAB

Plotting in two dimensions

This means that for x near 0, sin(x) is close to x.

This is an important fact about the sin function.

What function do you think h(x) = 3 sin(x 2 ) is close to near x = 0?

We modify the program to graphically verify this answer . . .

Dr Amy Glen (Murdoch University)

MAS162 Foundations of Discrete Maths

Chapter 2: Introduction to MATLAB

Plotting in two dimensions

Dr Amy Glen (Murdoch University)

Chapter 2: Introduction to MATLAB

Plotting in two dimensions

Another useful command to interact with a 2D graph window is

This command records the coordinates of any desired position of the

In its simplest form, the command is used as:

Graphs of f(x)=3sin(x2) and g(x)=3x2

MAS162 Foundations of Discrete Maths

Dr Amy Glen (Murdoch University)

MAS162 Foundations of Discrete Maths

Dr Amy Glen (Murdoch University)

MAS162 Foundations of Discrete Maths

Chapter 2: Introduction to MATLAB

Plotting in two dimensions

Chapter 2: Introduction to MATLAB

Finding simultaneous solutions to two equations

Graphs of y=2x and y=1x

Example: Solve y = 2x and y = 1 x.

This simple example can be solved algebraically by writing

So these equations have a unique solution: x = 1/3, y = 2/3.

Graphically, this means that the lines y = 2x and y = 1 x intersect in

Chapter 2: Introduction to MATLAB

Substituting x = 1/3 into the first (or second) equation gives

MAS162 Foundations of Discrete Maths

A common mathematical problem is to find simultaneous solutions to two

Dr Amy Glen (Murdoch University)

Plotting in two dimensions

Plotting in two dimensions

Dr Amy Glen (Murdoch University)

MAS162 Foundations of Discrete Maths

Chapter 2: Introduction to MATLAB