Professional Documents
Culture Documents
INTRODUCTION
UNIT OBJECTIVES:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
To define history
To describe the uses or importance of history
To identify the sources of history
To explain the major views or philosophies in the study of history
To differentiate the various approaches in the study of Philippine
history
6. To give reasons for interpreting Philippine history from the Filipino point
of view
7. To justify the need to study history in order to understand ones
national identity
I. HISTORY DEFINED
A. Traditional Definitions
1. History is the record of the past.
2. History is a record of the human past from the time written records
began to appear.
a. The above definitions are weak because they view history as
based merely on written
records.
b. According to Gottschalk, history is actuality; hence it must study the
past as it
happened: This demands that the historian abandon the present.
The practical value
of studying and using the past to understand the present is lost.
History is studied,
written, and taught for its own sake.
c. Interviews or oral history and oral traditions, and cultural artifacts
are not
considered.
d. This notion of no written record, no history has confined history to
the literate and
articulate and has resulted in the production of historiographies
from upper-class
male
perspectives.
B. MODERN DEFINITION
1. History is the reconstruction of the past based on written records, oral
history, cultural
artifacts and folk traditions.
2. It is the imaginative reconstruction of the past, the study of events
concerning people in the past.
3. Aside from the recording, a historian should do two other important
tasks:
a. To interpret facts in an orderly and intelligible manner, and
1
II.
III.
SOURCE OF HISTORY
A. WRITTEN OR INSCRIBED SOURCES
1. Birth and death certificates
2. Marriage certificates
3. Directories
2
4. Church records
5. Letters and diaries
6. Local newspapers
7. Census reports
8. Title deeds
9. Surveyors notes
10.
School records
11.
Government records
12.
Business records
13.
Police records
14.
Books
15.
Souvenir programs
16.
Hospital records
17.
Inscriptions e.g. Laguna Copper Plate, Inscription dated A.D.
900
B. GRAPHIC/VISUAL MATERIALS AND ARTIFACTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Photographs
Heirlooms and keepsakes
Arts and crafts
Tools, weapons and utensils
Old structures and landmarks
Skeletal remains with funerary furniture and paraphernalia
C. FOLKLORE/ORAL LITERATURE
D. ORAL HISTORY THROUGH INTERVIEWS
4. This view holds that each new generation build upon the
achievements of the preceding; it must be better (Leibnitzs Law of
Continuity) because it has with which to start.
D. RELATIVIST VIEW (Gagnon, 1982, ch.1; Hunt, 1989, ch.1
1. History classifies and groups together facts about the past in terms
of current needs or contemporary concerns. History creates its own
subject. (Febvre)
2. Each new situation implies a reinterpretation of the past thus,
relationship to the past is in a constant state of change (Dumont).
This implies the subjective nature of historical knowledge.
3. History does not deal with causal analysis cause-and-effect but
on discourse. (Foucalts Deconstruction) This view states that one
does not have a fixed theory or fixed position against which
historical data could be measured.
4. This view states that one does not have a fixed theory or fixed
position against which historical data could be measured.
Unit II
THE SETTING
UNIT OBJECTIVES:
I.
A.
GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES
LOCATION
6
III.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
MINERAL RESOURCES
SCENIC BEAUTIES
UNIT III
EARLY PHILIPPINES TO 1570 A.D.
UNIT OBJECTIVES:
1. To present various theories concerning the peopling of the
Philippines in early times.
2. To compare and contrast the historical and cultural implications of
these theories.
3. To describe the early Philippine trade patterns and their significance
in the diffusion of cultures in the islands.
4. To discuss the significance and implications of the spread of Islam in
the Philippines.
5. To describe Philippine cultures prior to the coming of the Spaniards.
I.THEORIES CONCERNING THE PEOPLING OF THE
PHILIPPINES
A. Mythological and Legendary
The early Spanish friar-chroniclers recorded the following
fantastic theories on the origin of the Filipinos (Francisco, 1783,
vol.5, pp.129-130).
1. The ancestors of Filipinos sprang from the soil like wild plants.
2. The early Filipinos were created by the sun who said to be their
father.
12
13
15
UNIFICATION OF MINDANAO
1. The spread of Islam in the south led to the establishment of a
common religion.
Viewed as a way of life, Islam promoted commonality I cultura
traits and practices among its followers.
2. The introduction of Islam resulted in the founding of the
sultanate system of
government which further facilitated the unification of
the people.
3. Islam promoted a common language Arabic, the official
language of the
religion.
4. In the 16th century, it brought about close correspondence
between the royal
houses of Sulu and Brunei.
B.
THE SPREAD OF ISLAM TO THE VISAYAS AND LUZON
1. The kingdoms of Rajah Soliman and Rajah Lakandula in Tondo
and Manila
were claimed to be under the sway of Islam. The influence
of Islam was also
seen in Mindoro and Batangas.
2. If not for the arrival of the Spaniards, Islam could have
established itself in
the northern part of the Philippines.
C.
THE SUCCESSFUL RESISTANCE OF THE MUSLIMS TO
SPANISH
COLONIALISM
1. The Spaniards repeatedly tried to put Mindanao and
Sulu under their control, but they failed miserably
because of the widespread resistance of the Muslim
Filipinos. They employed Christianized native
mercenaries, especially from the Visayas, in their
campaigns against the so-called Moros, but this was
not effective. Spanish manpower was divided and
seriously limited by resistance and disturbances in other
parts of the archipelago.
2. Alliances were formed among different Muslim groups to
fight against the Spaniards.
16
IV.
A. CLOTHING
1. The male attire consisted of the upper and lower pieces.
a.The upper part was a collarless, short-sleeved jacket, the color of
which indicated the rank of the wearer. For instance, the datu wore a
red jacket.
b.The lower part, called bahag, consisted of a strip of colored cloth
wrapped about the waist and between the legs to cover the private
parts.
c.The male had a headgear consisting of a piece of a cloth, called
putong, which was wrapped around his head.
2. The female dress also consisted of two parts.
a. The upper part called baro or camisa, was a jacket with sleeves,
while the lower part,
called saya by the Tagalogs and Patadyong by the Visayans, was a
loose skirt.
b.A piece of red or white cloth, called tapis, was usually wrapped
around the waist.
B. ORNAMENTS
1. Both men and women had a weakness for personal adornment.
2. They wore jewels of gold, carnelian, pearl, as well as colored glass.
3. Their ornaments consisted of armlets, pendants, bracelets, gold, rings,
earrings and even
Leglets.
4.Since gold was a common commodity, both men and women inserted
gold fillings on their
teeth as ornament.
5. Like other people of the Pacific, the early Filipinos, both males and
femles, were fond of tatooing their bodies in various designs.
a. For men, tatoos were signs of valor and manly attributes. For
women, tatoos enhanced beauty.
b. According to old Spanish chronicles, the ancient Bisayans were the
most tatooed inhabitants of the Philippines. For this reason, they were called
Pintados (painted people), and the Visayas, the Islas de los Pintados (islands
of painted people).
C.HOUSES
1. There is no basic difference between the present barrio house and the
ancient one.
2. The ancient house, just like the present nipa house, was made of wood,
bamboo, nipa
palm and/or cogon grass.
3.The houses were generally elevated from the ground with the lower
portion used as storage for farm or fishing implements and enclosure for pigs,
chickens, and ducks.
17
a. The aliping namamahay, who were essentialy serfs rather than slaves
because they hav their own propery, lived in their houses, could marry without their
masters consent, and could not be sold.
b. The aliping sagigilid, the real dependents or slaves who owned no
property, lived in their masters houses, could not marry without their masters
consent, and could be sold anytime.
7.
so
b. the tumarampuk who worked one day for his master
c. the ayuey who worked three days for his lord.
8.
purchase
marriage, and
voluntary action of the master to lberate his slave.
18
E.
GOVERNMENT
a.The customary or oral laws were customs and traditions handed down
orally from generation to generation.
b.The written laws were promulgated by the datus, particularly in
Islamic communities.
2.Among the subjects covered in ancient Filipino laws were family relations,
properly rights, inheritance, contracts, partnerships, loans, ususry. Crimes
and their punishment, adoption and divorce.
3.Those considered as major crimes were rape, incest, murder, witchcraft,
insult, trespassing, sacrilegious acts, and larceny. A person guilty of any
these crimes was punished by death or by heavy fine.
4. Minor crimes, on the otherhand, consisted of such misdemeanors ass
adultery, cheating, petty theft, perjury, disturbance of peace at night by
singing, and destroying documents owned by a chief. These misdemeanors
were punished by exposure to ants, by a small fine, by flogging, by cuttng
the fingers of one hand, or by swimming for a number of hours.
J.
JUDICIAL PROCESS
21
O. LITERATURE
1. Pre-Spanish Filipinos had oral and wriiten literature. Oral
literature is still extant among the Hanunuo and Tagbanua of Mindoro, and
the Palawani of Palawan.
2. Their literature consisted of proverbs, sayings, riddles, epics,
myths, and legends.
P. MUSIC AND DANCE
1.Ages before the advent of the Spanish colornizers, the
Filipinos already had their own musical instruments, songs and dances.
2. The most popular musical instruments was the kudyapi which
resembled a guitar.
3. Other native musical instruments were the harp of the
Bontok Igorots and the Negritos, the nose flute of people in the mountainous
areas of Luzon, the bronze gong of Igorots, the sharkskin drum of the
Tagbanwas of Palawan, the Bisayan bamboo drum, the Muslim bronze gongs
and xylophone, the shell trumpet of the Bisayas, the Bisayan bamboo flute,
and many others.
4. The musical lore of ancient Filipinos was quite extensive. It
included love songs, religious songs, rice-planting songs, harveting songs,
rowing songs, battle-songs, vending songs, and others.
5. Early Filipinos also had colorful folk dances for every
occasion. Most ancient folk dances were performed with participants singing
at the same time.
Q.
ARTS
23
24
UNIT IV
UNIT OBJECTIVES:
1. To find out and explain the various factors that led to the Spanish
colonization of the Philippines.
2. To identify and explain the instruments of pacification and exploitation
employed by the Spaniards.
3. To analyze patterns of Filipino responses to Spanish colonial rule.
4. To point out the effects of the Spanish colonization of the country.
I.FACTORS THAT LET TO SPANISH COLONIZATION OF THE
PHILIPPINES
A. ECONOMIC
1. Accumulation of capital and the development of banking in Europe.
a. Rise of lending houses (i.e., House of Fugger in Germany and
House of Medical in
Italy).
b. Ensuing zeal for more trade beyond confines of Western Europe.
2. The desire for spices
In the west, spices in demand to improve insipid European food and
to preserve meat during winter time. Exposure to eastern, food and spices
grown in the east changed the
Westerners taste preferences. Desire for
spices became a major motivation for
early Portuguese and Spanish
expeditions to the East.
3. The search for new trade routes by Spain and Portugal
a. European trade with the East was carried through three principal
trade (silk) routes.
These routes were dangerous to men and goods,
and entailed much time, money
and effort. In 1453,
25
POLITICAL
b. The demarcation line was drawn 370 leagues west of Cape Verde
Islands. All lands
already discovered and still to be discovered east
26
2. Humanism
Being the dominant philosophy of the 16th century, humanism eroded
the binding
power of religion and stressed the development of mind
and heart, rather than the soul.
3. The discovery and invention of more technologically-advanced
navigational
instruments:
a. mariners compass - used by Italian navigators at the beginning of
the 13th century.
According to Hookham (1970:193), the Chinese had known about
magnetic polarity
since the 3rd century A.D. and the compass
(in China, a south-seeking needle) in
their trade with
th
Southeast Asia by the early 12 century, several decades before its
introduction to Europeans by Arab marines.
b. astrolabe a device for measuring the elevation of the pole star
above the sea
horizon
c. portolani sailing charts made available by the invention of the
printing press
d. quadrant device for measuring altitude
27
e.
D.
OTHER FACTORS
1. Early travels to the East
a. Travels of Franciscan fathers like Carpini (1192-1252),
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
c. The church and the plaza became the center of all significant
activities of the natives from birth to death, and beyond death.
d. Those who refused to put up their houses in this Spanishcontrolled area were referred to as remontados, cimarrones,
ladrones, monteses, or tulisanes.
e. The church and the plaza became the stage of theater upon
which the natives were magnetized through the fiesta
celebration, flores de mayo and santacruzan, the sinakulo and
moro-moro, the tolling of the church bells, and the explosion of
firecrackers.
f. The plaza also became witness to the injustices, oppression and
exploitation suffered by Filipinos in the hands of the colonial
masters.
B. THE INSTRUMENTS OF EXPLOITATION AND CONTROL
1. The Encomienda System
The term encomienda is taken from the Spanish verb, encomendar,
which means to entrust or to assign responsibility to a person. In
the Philippines, a certain area of land with its inhabitants, was
assigned to a particular Spanish and he was given the responsibility
to collect tribute and to utilize the people in government and church
projects.
a. The system became a source of abuse and corruption because
the encomendero was free to raise the amount of tribute to be
collected from the people.
b. The natives who were not able to pay the tribute were forced to
flee to the mountain. These people were called by the Spaniards
as remontados or tulisanes.
c. In times when gold was plentiful and money (reales) was scarce,
encomenderos collected money; but if there was plenty of
money and gold was inadequate, they collected gold. Thus at
times, the Filipinos were forced to buy gold to pay for their
tribute. Furthermore, if harvest of farm products was bountiful,
the encomendero collected the products. This forced those who
did not have farms to look for places where they can secure farm
products.
2. The imposition of taxes
a. The taxes imposed on the natives were of thee kinds:
Direct taxes that referred to the tribute and the tax
income; indirect taxes that included the bandala and the;
Custom tax; and the fees that covered the not so common
products like wine, tobacco, betel nut, firecrackers, and
opium.
b. From 1570 onward, the tax was set at 8 reales but one could also
pay in gold, blanket, textile materials, palay, etc. Later, the 8
reales was raised to 15 reales. The Filipinos paid the taxes until
the 19th century.
c. Aside from the tribute, a special tax of real or rice called
samboangan or donativo de Zamboanga was imposed to
suppress Moro attacks, particularly in the Spanish controlled
30
31
and then back to the Philippines. Another ship would also sail from
Acapulo to Manila and back.
a. Only a few individuals benefited from this lucrative trade as it
was established as a monopoly. These were the governorgeneral, traders, those with consular duties and rights, the
Spaniards residing in Manila, and the religious orders.
b. The natives did not benefit from galleon trade. Instead, they
suffered because they were forced to man galleons as sailors and
rowers, and in some cases they built the galleons through forced
labor.
c. The Philippines served as trans-shipment or distribution center.
6. Other government monopolies
To make the colonial economy sufficient for the needs of the
Spanish administration, Governor General Basco started the
monopoly on a number of products, resulting in added suffering
for Filipinos.
a. The ilocanos were adversely affrected by the monoply on tobacco
which started in 1781, and on wine in 1786. For a long time, the
Ilocanus had been cultivating tobacco and they used it anytime
they wanted. They also manufactured basi or rice wine for their
own consumption. But with the introduction of the government
monopoly, they were not allowed to do this anymore. To drink
basi, they had to from the government.
b. The cultivation and marketing of tobacco was put under the
supervision and control of the Spaniards. The natives were
required quotas and were fined if they failed to follow the
requirements of the Spaniards. All their produce had to be sold to
the government, and, particularlly, nothing was left to them.
c. The payment for tobacco and other products was usually in the
form of a promissory note. This note had to be exchanged at a
high discount with government officials and bussinessmen who
were licensed to seel all the needed products in the province.
Most often, these bussinessmen would sell the products to
common people at exorbitant prices.
d. The farmers were also victims of the dishonesty and cheating of
agents of the government who determined that a particular
bundle of tobacco leaves was of low grade quality despite its
being first class. Then, these agents would certify to the
government that the same bundle of tobacco is of high quality
and they would pocket the excess payment.
e. The most serious effect, especially of the monopoly of tobacco,
was widespread starvation particularly in the Ilocos region.
Ilocano farmers were told to plant tobacco and were deprived of
cultivating rice and corn resulting in a sharp decrease in food
production. Another form of monopoly was the bandala which
involved the forced selling of requisitioned products, most
especially palay, tobacco, and the coconut oil. This resulted in
widespread suffering because most of the time, the people did
not receive payment but only promissory notes.
32
36
UNIT V
THE FORMATION OF PHILIPPINE COLONIAL
SOCIETY, 1762-1896
UNIT OBJECTIVES:
1. To identify the factors that led to the development of Filipino
nationalism.
2. To show the patterns of economic developments in the
Philippines as they were influenced by new forms of global
trade and communications.
3. To identify and explain the causes and significance of the
reform movement in the Philippines.
4. To explain the factors leading to the Philippine Revolution.
I.CONTRIBUTORY FACTORS IN THE POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND
INTELLECTUAL AWAKENING OF THE FILIPINOS
A. OPPRESIVE COLONIAL POLICIES AND THE NATIVES
RESPONSES
1.
Common grievances
37
revolts made the Filipinos aware of their strength and gave them
an education
in struggle (1975:108).
c.
Each successive uprising was a step in the peoples
awakening. Each local revolt
was a contribution to national consciousness.
d. Agoncillo, on his part, pointed out that while the revolts
failed, their almost
regular outbreak in the country century after century clearly
indicated existing
and persisting dissatisfaction with Spanish rule. (1976:131).
B.
1.
a. The ideas of the Enlightenment or Age or Reason (17 th and 18th century)
swept European
countries for some time. These were the tenets of individual liberty and
greater freedom
empowered by thinkers like John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau.
b.
c.
Improvement in transportation and communication facilities which made
the natives more
aware of their common plight.
4.
a.
b.
It encouraged a greater number of Spaniards and other Europeans to
come to the
Philippines.
c.
Among them were liberals from whom Filipinos learned about liberalism
and political
development In Europe.
d.
More Filipinos traveled to Spain and other parts of Europe because travel
time was reduced.
5.
a. By the 1880s England and her possessions had become the principal
trading partners of the
39
c
d
e
III.
A CONCEPT OF NATIONHOOD
1. The role of the middle class
a The middle class, composed of Spanish and Chinese mestizos,
and natives rose to a position of power and eventually became
leaders in finance and education.
b The Spanish authorities looked down upon them, for they did not
belong to the inner circle of peninsulares or Spaniards born in
Spain, and insulares, Spaniards born in the Philippines.
c Prior to the 1870s, those called Filipinos were the insulares or
creoles. Thusin the beginning, the term Filipino had a racial had
elitist connotation.
d The term Filipinos was appropriated by the middle class who had
Hispanized themselves.
e Thwarted in their attempts to win a place in the sun and feeling
oppressed by the abuse and arrogance of colonial officials anf
friars, the middle class started the movement for reforms.
f The masses, Indios, looked upon the middle class with suspicion
due to the perceived arrogance and insolence of the latter.
g Between the contempt of the Spaniards and the suspicion of the
Indios, the middle class sided with the latter. It was thus that the
Filipino middle class and the Natives came to work hand-inhand with the former leading the latter by the hand.
2. The nature of the Reform Movement
a. Although attempts to expose the evils of Spanish colonialism,
particularly the abuses of the friars , were made within the
Philippines, the principal propaganda effort was exerted in
Spain. The hope was for the Spanish government to be aware of
42
Unit VI
1.
and
consequently increased the membership of the KKK. Henceforth, it
was difficult for
the KKK to remain secret.
b. The new members met nightly and this aroused the suspicion of
Spanish authorities.
The friars reported rumors of nightly meetings to GovernadorGeneral Ramon Blanco who did not act upon the reports for he was
not symphathetic to friars. However, he banished the prominent
men of Malolos, Bulacan, in 1895 and those of Taal, Batangas, in
1896. (Agoncillo, 1990 : 169)
c. A misunderstanding between two Katipuneros working in the
Spanish-owned Diario
46
47
Capiz
a. In Capiz, the revolutionaries were led by Esteban Contreras.
49
American goes to war against Spain. He believed that war would put the U.S.
in the ranks of
world power. (Karnow, 1989: 89)
b. In the last decades of the 19 th century, economic boom transformed
America into a foremost manufacturer of consumer goods and an industrial giant.
New outlets for American capital had to be opened and sources of raw materials
had to be tapped.
c. The United States, a latecomer in colonialism, wanted a share of the
Chinese melonwhich at that time was divided by European powers. The U.S
proposed an Open Door Policy, to preserve the territorial and administrative
entity of China against the encroachment of European and Japanese imperialists. In
reality, the purpose was to protect American interests there.
2. Spanish-American War
a. The Cuban revolution against Spain gave the U.S an opportunity to take
control over Cuba and the Philippines. American imperialists were able to
influence American public opinion against Spain.
b. The explosion of the battleship Maine in Havana harbor further added to the
indignation of the Americans who demanded war against Spain. The U.S
Congress declared war against Spain on April 25, 1898.
c. Commodore George Dewey and his fleet sailed from Hongkong to Manila. On
May 1, 1898, Deweys forces defeated the Spanish fleet under Admiral
Patricio Montojo in the Battle of Manila Bay. After the battle, Dewey blockaded
Manila Bay did not land his troops in Manila due to insufficient number.
3. Aguinaldo and the American Consuls
a. In Singapore, the American consul, E. Spencer Pratt,
contacted Aguinaldo and persuaded him to side with the
Americans against the Spaniards. He assured Aguinaldo that
since the U.S had no intention to possess Cuba which was
their neighbor, it was more likely that the U.S would not take
possession of the Philippines which was 10,000 miles away.
b. Pratt also arranged for Aguinaldos return to Hongkong.
There, the American Consul Rounseville Wildman facilitated
his return to the Philippines. Before he left, Aguinaldo gave
Wildman P117,000.00 to purchase arms and ammunitions.
Wildman delivered only P50,000.00 worth of weapons. The
second shipment was never realized. Wildman had advised
Aguinaldo to establish a dictatorial form of government first,
and after the war, to establish a government similar to that
of the United States.
4. Aguinaldos return to the Philippines
a. Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines aboard the McCulloch. He
reached Cavite on May 19, 1898. He was taken to the Olympia,
Deweys flagship where the two men had a conference.
Aguinaldo alleged that Dewey assured him that the U .S would
recogni ze Philippine independence. Dewey wouldd later deny
making such a promise.
b. Aguinaldo issued proclamations which called on people to join
the revolution again. (It should be noted that in the absence of
Aguinaldo, the people continued the struggle under different
leaders). His proclamations indicated that he was reassuming
the leadership of the revolution.
5. Mock Battle of Manila
51
52
Merritt sign the request. Greene promised to deliver the receipt after
the withdrawal of Filipino troops. Both receipt and the artillery pieces
were not delivered by Greene. (Karnow, 1989 : 122)
3. The secret agreement between the Americans and the Spaniards
a. The agreement provided that the Spaniards and Americans would
fight a mock battle, after which the Spaniards would surrender to the
Americans.
b. The phony battle on August 13, 1898 would not have been fought
had Dewey not cut off the cable between Manila and the outside world.
The protocol of Peace providing for the cessation of hostilities was
signed by U.S President McKinley the day before the battle.
4.
5.
Treaty of Paris
a.
b.
Spain ceded the Philippines to the U.S and in return would
receive $20,000,000 as payment for improvements made in
the colony.
7.
a.
b.
Gen. Elwell Otis, who had replaced Gen. Merritt, published the
proclamation only on January 4, 1899 after changing some
inflammatory terms such as sovereignty, with milder words to
diffuse the tension brought about by the American breach of
agreement with the Filipino leaders. This was because he knew
the Filipinos were in a bad mood due to the strained situation
between Americans and Filipinos. The full text of the
proclamation was, however, published in Iloilo by Gen. Marcus
Miller.
c.
54
d.
8.
a.
Filipino soldier.
b.
The next day, without attempting to investigate the incident,
Gen.MacArthur ordered his troops to wage war against the Filipinos.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The Americans pursued Aguinaldo, with the idea that his capture
would end hostilities. Aguinaldo was determined not to be
captured. He marched through difficult terrain day and night,
finally reaching Palanan, Isabela on September 6 1900. In
Aguinaldos flight to the north, Gen. Gregorio del Pilar defended
Tirad Pass to delay the American pursuit. Del Pilar and many of
his men died at the Pass. Aguinaldo was eventually captured in
March 1901 by Col. Frederick Funston with the help of some
Macabebe scouts and two former officers in the Filipino Army.
55
7.
b.
c.
d.
b.
c.
b.
He insulted the Filipino clergy by calling them
incompetent.
Because of this, many Filipino priests decided to join a
national church that would be independent of Rome.
5. The proposal of Isabelo de los Reyes
The founder of the Union Obrera Democratica, Isabelo de
los Reyes, proposed to his members the establishment of
the Iglesia Filipina Independiente with Aglipay as Supreme
Bishop. Although reluctant at first, Aglipay accepted the
position.
D. END OF THE SPANISH RULE IN THE PHILIPPINES
1.
2.
3.
December 10, 1898, cede the Philippines to the U.S, Spain had
only few remaining isolated outposts in the country.
(Constantino, 1975 : 219)
4.
UNIT VII
AMERICAN COLONIALISM
IN THE PHILIPPINES: 1901 1946
UNIT OBJECTIVES:
1. To identify and explain the reasons for American expansionism
2. To identify and explain the various instruments of pacification used by
Americans in the
Philippines
3. To explain the nature of the relationship between Filipino and American
leadership
4.
To distinguish the different forms of Filipino resistance to American
colonialism
5. To describe the campaigns undertaken by the Filipinos for independence
6. To identify and explain the problems faced by the Commonwealth of the
Philippines
7.
To assess the significance and impact of the Japanese Occupation on
Philippine society
8. To analyze the nature of Philippine Liberation
9. To assess the results of American colonialism
58
II
III
IV
61
2.
In 1906, the ban was lifted and the Nacionalista Party was
established. With its platform calling for immediate
independence, the Nacionalista Party won the majority of
seats (59 out 80) in the Philippine Assembly which was
established in 1907.
3.
4.
2.
3.
4.
4.
5.
6.
2.
3.
4.
5.
C.
2.
3.
4.
RESULTS
1.
2.
3.
Quezon secured another independence law, the TydingsMcDuffieAct. The Philippine Legislature unanimously
accepted the Tydings-McDuffie Act which removed
provisions for military reservations and substituted a
provision for ultimate settlement as to naval and fueling
stations. ( Agoncillo, 1990: 347)
4.
National Security
68
a.
The threat of Japanese expansion and the absence of
an adequate defense system prompted Pres. Quezon to
address this concern immediately.
b.
The National Assembly passed Commonwealth Act
No.1- The National Defense Act.
c. Quezon obtained the services of Gen. Douglas MacArthur, retired
Chief of Staff of the
U.S. Army, to set up the Philippine defense system.
MacArthur was named Field Marshall of the Philippine Army.
d. MacArthurs defense plan included the creation of a citizen army to
consist of two
components: a regular force of about 10,000 men,
including the Philippine Constabulary
(PC) and a reserve force to number
400,000 by the end of 10 years. Preparatory Military Training (PMT) would
also be given to elementary, secondary and college students. A Philippine
Navy and Army Air Corps would also be established.
e. Financial constraints and the urgency of other concerns in education,
health, public
works prevented the full realization of the defense plan by
the time, the war, in the
Pacific broke out in 1941.
2. Social Concerns
a. In early May 1935, the Sakdal uprising broke out in Bulacan, Rizal,
Laguna and Cavite. Led
by Benigno Ramos, the movement started as
an anti-Quezon, anti-Nacionalista crusade.
The movement was an
expression of peasant grievances. It directed its attention to the removal of
American rule to solve the land problem. The Sakdalistas protested the
maldistribution of property and the concentration of lands in the hands
of the Church.
b. Even before the Sakdal uprising, there were already peasant and
labor unrest in the
1920s and early thirties.
c. Movements or secret societies with semi-religious characteristics or
colorums emerged
not only in Luzon but also in the Visayas and
Mindanao.
d. Labor and peasant unions such as Congreso Obrero de Filipinas
(C.O.E.), Asemblea
Obrera Federacion del Trabajo, Anak Pawis and Union
de Aparceros de Filipinas were
organized.
e. Quezons policy towards this problem was his Social Justice Program.
Social Justice
meant justice to the common tao, improving his condition
in life by liberating him from oppression and exploitation. Quezons actions
varied from the passage of laws to the
creation of government agencies to
solve the problem.
f. The Social Justice Program was not totally successful. There was
opposition from the
powerful landed class. Although Quezon was
sympathetic to peasants and laborers, he
was also under the influence
69
of the landlords some of whom were members of his cabinet and the
legislature.
g. Quezon also pushed for a system of education that would be
available to many people.
He focused on primary and adult education.
h. The Institution of National Language was created to study the
different Philippine
languages for the purpose of adopting a national
language. In 1937, the institute
recommended the adoption of Tagalog as
the basis of the national language.
3. Economic Development
a. Although free trade economic development, it made the Philippines
dependent on the United States. Agriculture was developed but it was
predominantly export-oriented agriculture, producing crops for the
American market.
b. By 1934, 80% of the total Philippine exports went to the United States
and 65% of Philippine imports were from that country. The economic
progress was dependent on continuance of free trade. (Agoncillo, 1977:
379)
c. The Commonwealth government carried out an economic
readjustment plan which included the following: divesification and
increase in agricultural production, development o natural resources,
expansion of the domestic market, development of transportation and
communication, and idustrialization and development of markets outside
of the United States. (Agoncillo, 1977: 413)
d. Another economic problem was the control of fereigners of important
business in the country. Aside from American and Spaniards, the Chinese
and the Japanese were also active particapation.
e. The National Assembly passed laws such as the Anti-Dummy Law and
an immigration law. The government also granted credit facilities to
Filipinos to enable them to engage in retail activities. The National
Economic Council was created in March 1936 to direct the economic
activities of the Commonwealth.
PARTISAN POLITICS
X.
1.
It was the U.S. that thwarted Japanese ambitions in China and
initiated an embargo on Japan that deprived her of industrial and
consumer goods. Also, the Americans had naval bases in the
Philippines which was an obstacle to the pursuance of Japans
imperialist ambition. Thus, the became Japans principal enemy.
2. The Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 led the
U.S. to declare war on Japan.
3. The Japanese occupied the Philippines in 1942. Japans expansionist
path in Southeast Asia included the Philippines. Before the war, it had
already mining, fishing and lumber investments in the Philippines.
C.
IMPACT OF THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION ON PHILIPPINE
SOCIETY
1. Japan, in its proclamation on January 3, 1942, said that its purpose
in the Philippines was to liberate the Filipinos from the United States. To
win the support and sympathy of the Filipinos, the Japanese promised
to grant the Philippines its independence so long as it cooperates and
recognizes Japans program of establishing a Greater East Asia CoProsperity Sphere. The Japanese thus allowed the establishment of
the Philippine Republic on October 14, 1943.
2. The occupation led to economic hardships. Because of scarcity of
food, those who lived in the cities evacuated to the provinces.
Production was limited and economic activities were lessened. Rice
production declined and its distribution was controlled by a system of
coupons and rationing.
3. Just like the Americans, the Japanese enlisted the support of the
Filipino elite in running the government. They thought that this would
legitimize the government and win popular support for Japanese rule.
(Veneracion, 1987)
a.
Thet wanted American trained leaders like Jose Laurel ( who
served as Secretary of Justice in the prewar cabinet), Claro M. Recto,
Benigno Aguino, Sr., and Jorge Vargas (Quezons Executive Secretary).
b.
Six of the 11 members of the prewar cabinet, 10 or 24 senators,
and about 1/3 of the 98 representatives held key positions under the
Japanese. (Shalom, 1986: 1)
c.
In the Judiciary, the members of the Supreme Court and the Court
of Appeals were the same as those who served the Commonwealth.
(Shalom, 1986: 1)
d. Most of the officers of the Philippine Army (80%) also served under
the Japanese-sponsored Philippine Constabulary. (Shalom, 1986: 1)
74
4.
5. Traditional elite left their towns and cities fearing for their lives. Many
landlords left their
haciendas because they felt threatened by the
peasants. This resulted in a vacuum in political and social leadership. The
peasants took control of their economic life without the interference of
landlords. Weapons became available and those who had them acquired
power. After the war, especially in the provinces, the traditional elite were
replaced by guerrilla politicians who later took over the municipal and
provincial positions. (Veneracion, 1987)
6.
Because of the brutality and destruction of the Japanese occupation,
guerrilla groups emerged.
a. One was the radical group, Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon
(HUKBALAHAP), which operated in Central and Southern Luzon.
b. Other guerrilla groups such as those I Panay under Macario Peralta
and Tomas Confessor operated with American support and relied on
the promise of eventual liberation of the Philippines by the Americans.
MacArthur promised to liberate the Philippines in his famous statement
I shall return.
7. The Japanese occupation also lead to social and moralbreakdown.
a.
In Capas, Tarlac, many Filipino soldiers died in prison, not only
because of malnutrition and diseases, but because Filipino army
doctors denied them medicines. The relatives of these prisoners sent
food and medicines but these doctors sold the items to the prisoners.
(Agoncillo, 1990: 400) Due to difficult ecocomic conditions, crimes
multiplied. People stole committed holdups in order to survive.
75
XI.
THE LIBERATION
A.
1. After the fall of Corrigidor and Bataan, some Filipino and American
officers organized guerrilla groups.
2. These groups harassed and killed Japanese troops and sabotaged
Japanese war effors.
3. The guerrillas gathered information about Japanese movements,
strengths, weaknesses and other activities and sent these to Gen.
MacArthurs headquarters in Austrilia. The Americans would use the
information in planning for their return to the Philippines.
4.
5.
Guerrilla newspapers were circulated to provide truthful news
report which the Filipinos could not get from Japanese-controlled
papers and radio broadcast.
B.
1.
The American forces under Gen. MacArthur landed in Leyte in
October 1944.
2.
Landings were also made in Mindoro, Batangas, Lingayen and
Panay.
76
with backpay for three years of occupation, and the other, naming
MacArthur as the Defender-Liberator and honorary citizen of the
Philippines.
5. MacArthur and his group adopted an anti-Huk policy for they
considered the Hukas as threat to the Commonwealth because of their
communist links.
a. In spite of the fact that the Huks had the most effective guerrilla
group, it was not recognized as legitimate. The U.S. Army entered
towns liberated by Huks and where the Huks had established local
governments, the U.S. Army dismantled these governments and
installed PCAU officials, most of whom were USAFFE guerrilla
leaders.
b. Although the Huks had joined the Americans in fighting the
Japanese, they were disarmed by American Military Police and
USAFFE units. Some of the Huk leaders were arrested.
UNIT VIII
I.
1990)
78
II.
COLLABORATION ISSUE
A.
III.
GROWTH
1. The peasants took over the lands of the landlords who fled to
Manila. This resulted in ill feelings towards the Huks. The peasants, on
the other hand, already harbored negative sentiments towards the
landlords whom they considered their oppressors.
80
2. The Huks were the most effective and efficient fighters against the
Japanese who feared more than any other resistance groups.
3. The Huks liberated some towns in Tarlac, Pampanga, and Nueva
Ecija and placed these areas under their administration. The Philippine
Civil Affairs Unit (PCAU) of the American army later removed the
municipal officials chosen by the Huks.
4. The American authorities disarmed the Huks and ordered their
mass arrests. One of those arrested was Luis Taruc who was later
released.
5. When Roxas was elected president, he campaigned against the
Huks.
a. The Democratic Alliance, a coalition of organizations (guerrilla
groups, notably the Huks, the Pambansang Kaisahan ng mga
Magbubukid, the PKM, and four progressive groups), won six
congressional seats in the 1946 elections through the support of
peasant votes. Its stand was anti-collaborationist and anti-parity.
b. Because of this anti-parity stand, Roxas, through Congress, had
Taruc and other members of the Democratic Alliance unseated. The
Democratic Alliance congressmen were expelled on the grounds that
they committed electoral cheating and terrorism.
c. Roxas also outlawed the Huks and the Pambansang Kaisahan ng
mga Magbubukid in 1948.
6. The Quirino administration granted amnesty to the Huks and the
PKP. However, the amnesty broke down as both sides accused each
other of failure to comply with the agreement. As a result, the Huks
went back to the field.
7. Ramon Magsaysay, Quirinos Secretary of National Defense,
adopted military measures and a policy of attraction to stamp out the
Huk rebellion.
8. In 1954, Taruc surrendered to Magsaysay.
C.
EFFECTS
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
82
84
f. In the late 1950s, there was a shift from bilateral to multilateral aid. The
IMF, the World Bank other financial institutions provided aid and loans.
Through this, they were able to influence economic policies.
g. The U.S. provided military aid in the form of arms, equipment, and
training. Military advisers of JUSMAG had considerable influence over the
Armed Forces of the Philippines. Military aid was used to maintain regimes
in power. As part of its Public Safety Program, the U.S. provided training
and assistance to local police forces.
h. U.S. policies also favored labor and agrarian reforms to discourage or
prevent unrest from these sectors. Labor unionism, specifically, economic
unionism was encouraged. Labor and land reform legislations were initiated
to address the demands of workers and peasants so that they would not
upset the politico-economic structures. (Constantino, 1978)
6. U.S. influence could also be seen in the presence of American advisers.
Roxas and Magsaysay had American speechwriters and advisers. Quirino
was pressed to accept a CIA agent as intelligence adviser without being
told of his true mission. (Karnow, 1989: 349)
7. The CIA was involved in a number of covert activities.
a. It secretly sponsored a counter-subversion, counter-guerrilla and
psychological warfare school called the Security Training Center.
b. It was involved in numerous projects of rural development for
inellience-gathering purposes.
c. It subsidized the Foreign Correspondents Club in Manila and invested
in the Manila Times.
d. In August 1951, it established the National Movement for Free Election
(NAMFREL) in preparation for the presidential bid of Magsaysay.
V.
88
Unit IX
I.
MARTIAL LAW
c.
The Security of Defense, Juan Ponce Enrile, was ambushed
according to the US-Marcos
controlled press. In 1986, Enrile revealed that the ambush was fake
and stage-managed by the government.
2.
The late 1960% and the early 1970s saw the rise of student power.
Discontented with the
countrys socio-economic conditions, students organized demonstrations
(parliament of
the streets) against the gorvernment. Massive
demonstrations of students and a sector of the labor class rocked the
country. They were voilently dispered y government troops using teargs,
truncheons, and live bullets, followed by arrests and detentions.
3. The number of the radical left had increased. It gained new adherents in
urban and rural
areas especially among the youth.
4. Marcos also justified martial law because of lawlessness and criminality
like kidnapping,
smuggling, extortion, blackmail, armed robbery, illegal traffic in drugs,
gunrunning, hoarding
and manipulation of prices, corruption in
government, and tax evasion. He wanted to reform Philippine society, to
create a New Society. (Agoncillo, 1990)
B. CONSTITUTIONAL AUTHORITARIANISM
1. Definition
a.
Constitutional authoritarianism respects the limits fixed by the
constitution. Its function is
to respect or restore the traditional, legal order in crisis situations or in
domestic or foreign emergencies. Such an emergency can defined as
serious disturbances or endangering of public safety and order, which
cannot be overcome in normal, constitutional means. (International
Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 1972: 165)
2. Marcos defined constitutional authoritarianism as the government will
discipline and
punish its own, along with the criminal elements. By accepting this
limitation, we serve notice that although ours is a constitutional
authoritarianism, it is not totalitarian, for it will not encroach upon the
private lives of all our citizens. In this space of freedom, the citizen may
behave as he pleases in the pursuit of his private happiness: he may order
or disrupt his life according to his discipline or lack of it. But once he
misuses hi space of freedom by forcing it into the public realm, he will
risk a revolution that may well impose him a totalitarian regime.
2. FEATURES
a. Marcos ruled by presidential decress (PD), general orders and letters
of instructions (LOI).
He abolished Congress.
b.
The civil authorities, not the military, exercised functions of
government. The military
was placed at the hands of Marcos and became politicized.
c. PD No. 6 prescribed rules and regulations regarding discipline in
government service.
d. Marcos proclaimed the entire Philippines land reform area.
90
e.
He ordered the arrest and detention of persons who committed
crimes or offenses
connected with rebellion and insurrection, against society and
government such as kidnapping, smuggling etc.
f. He closed down media, banned strikes, outlawed rumor mongering
and centralized the
Police force. (Francisco and Arriola)
g. On January 17, 1973, Marcos Proclamation No. 1102 declared the
ratification by the
Filipino people of the 1973 Constitution. The new Constitution provided
Marcos the powers of the President and Prime Minister, changed the
form of government from presidential to parliamentary, and abolished
the legislative body.
h. Martial law suppressed the opposition, curbed the power of the oligarch
(but only
those who opposed him) and eliminated elite conflicts. As a, Marcos
weakened his elite
opponents.
4. It supported the Arab countries in their search for a just and enduring
peace in the Middle East.
5. It sought to establish closer relations with other Third World countries.
6. The Philippines also negotiated with the U.S. the bases issue. It wanted
the U.S. to pay rent for the use of bases instead of economic and military
aid.
E. LIFTING MARTIAL LAW
1. Due to pressures from the U. S. and to pacify his critics, Marcos lifted
martial law on January
17, 1981.
a. In late 1980, the Ascher Memorandum, a World Bank report on the
Philippines,
noted that martial law increasingly has become liability. Te
international financial instructions were alarmed about the future
stability of the country. Lifting martial law would bring back the
confidence of these foreign institutions. (Bello, 1982: 14)
b. The U.S. saw the possibility of the radicalization of the populace. This
was considered
dangerous to American interests in the Philippines.
c. There was a growing criticism and dissert from Church leaders and
Marcos moderate
opponents.
2. The worsening conditions of the country also propelled Marcos to lift
martial law.
a. Foreign debt had been increasing (five-fold since 1971). By 1986, it
was $26 billion.
b. The standard of living had declined.
c. The gap between the rich and the poor had widened.
d. Corruption was rampant.
e. The abuses of the military continued.
f. There was the endless fighting in Mindanao and the growing influence
of the NPA.
g. Cronyism emerged.
3. In April 1981, a plebiscite approved a proposal of Marcos for a six-year
term
I.
FACTORS/DEVELOPMENTS LEADING TO THE BLOODLESS
REVOLUTION
A. ECONOMIC CRISIS
1. According to Briones, the following were the causes of economic crisis:
92
MARCOS REGIME
1. The economic crises which resulted in widespread joblessness
increased the ranks of
protesters in the cities. Huge rallies were held in Metro Manila and in
the provinces.
2. Marcos New Society failed in attaining its objectives
a. The regime created a new oligarchy by redistributing the nations
wealth to the
Marcos and Romualdez families and their cronies or associates.
Crony capitalism
damaged the economy.
b. Graft and corruption in high places was rampant and massive. In
1984, the
Commission on Audit (COA) reported 399 malversation cases in
government involving 246 officials.
c. Land Reform, instead of helping the poor, encouraged landlordism.
Because of his
policy of export-oriented agriculture and industrialization, Marcos
issued decrees which provided favorable conditions for corporate
access to peasant lands. Such policy created many cases of mass
evacuation, zoning, massacres, and salvaging.
3. Human rights violations were rampant. From 1972 to the 1980, cases
of arrests,
detention, torture, and extra judicial execution (salvaging) and
unexplained disappearance were numerous.
4. The notorious abuses of the military, the continuing mistreatment of
the poor by the rich,
and the worsening economic and social conditions of the country
contributed to the growth of insurgency. The CPP-NPA conducted raids
on military detachments and police stations. They also ambushed
patrols and convoys of government troops.
4 Mass property and twenty years of powerlessness made
Filipinos angry and restive.
D. SNAP ELECTIONS IN 1986
1. Marcos grudgingly called for special elections, popularly called the
snap elections. He was
94
under heavy attack from his critics and was losing his credibility and
popularity. He wanted to show he world, especially the U.S., that he
could still hold the country.
a.
The Marcos-Tolentino tandem had National Recovery and AntiCommunism as its
platform. Marcos charged Corazon Aquino as walang alam.
b. The Aquino-Laurel team raised the issues of unemployment, high
prices, and
violation of human rights. The battlecry was Sobra na, tama na.
Millions supported the LABAN sign.
c. Inspite of the vigilance of the National Movement for Free
Elections (NAMFREL) and
other groups, cheating and vote-buying prevailed.
2. On February 15, 1986, the Batasang Pambansa proclaimed Marcos as
winner of the
February 7 elections.
3. The Catholic Bishop of the Philippines issued a statement which
declared the elections as
unparalleled fraudulence in their conduct. They called for a non
violent struggle for justice.
4. Aquino called for a boycott of companies owned by Marcos cronies to
be followed by
massive civil disobedience and general strikes.
5. On February 22, 1986, Defense Minister Juan Ponce-Enrile, upon
learning of the plan that
he and members of the Reform the Armed Forces Movement (RAM)
were to be arrested by the military, decided to make a stand at Camp
Aguinaldo. He asked General Fidel Ramos, Vice-Chief of Staff, to join
him. That evening, the two men declared that they would no longer
support the Marcos government.
6. Jaime Cardinal Sin, through Radio Veritas called on the religious and lay
people to go to
Camp Aguinaldo to support the two rebels. Likewise, Agapito Butz
Aguino called cause-oriented groups to march to Camp Aguinaldo.
Thousands of civilians answered the call. Thus began the Bloodless
Revolution or the Snap Revolution (Constantino, 1986). People of all
social classes converged at EDSA. They prayed, sang, cheered, and
faced the tanks and marines.
7. Rebel forces took control of communications, of the air, the sea, and
most of all the
ground forces. By February 24, only a small percentage of the armed
forces remained
loyal to Marcos.
8. On February 25th , Marcos took his oath of office. That evening, the
Marcoses fled. They
were brought by the U.S. Air Force to Hawaii.
9. By virtue of people power, Aquino and Laurel assumed power as
President and VicePresident respectively.
95
96
3. The Philippines ranks 98th among the 174 countries in the 1998 Human
Development Report
Day by the United Nations Development Program. (The human
development index or HDI measures a countrys achievements in
terms of life expectancy, educational achievements, and adjusted real
income of its population). According to the report, the Philippines has a
medium HDI.
99
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102
103
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105
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107
108
109
110
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