3.

1.
2..

x
e x 1 x ln(1 x) x
x 0

f (x ) x 0 ( n 1 )
( x x 0 ) n

p n ( x) a 0 a1 ( x x0 ) a 2 ( x x 0 ) 2 a n ( x x0 ) n

(1)

n
f (x ) p n (x ) f (x ) ( x x0 )

f ( x ) p n ( x )
p n (x ) x 0 n x 0
f ( x0 ) f ( x 0 ) , f

(n)

( x 0 )

p n ( x0 ) f ( x0 ) p n ( x 0 ) f ( x0 )

p n ( x0 ) f ( x0 ) , p n ( n ) f ( n ) ( x 0 )
1

(1) a 0 , a1 , a 2 , a n .1

a0 f ( x0 ) 1 a1 f ( x0 ) 2!a 2 f ( x 0 ) , n!a n f

a 0 f ( x0 ) a1 f ( x0 ) a 2

1
1
f ( x0 ) , a n
f
2!
n!

(n)

( x0 )

(n)

( x0 ) .

(2)

a 0 , a1 , a 2 , a n 1

p n ( x) f ( x 0 ) f ( x 0 )( x x0 )

f ( x 0 )
f ( n) ( x0 )
( x x0 ) 2
( x x0 ) n .
2!
n!

(2) n
1 (Taylor) f (x ) x 0 ( a, b )
( n 1 ) x ( a, b)

f ( x) f ( x0 ) f ( x 0 )( x x 0 )

f ( x 0 )
( x x0 ) 2
2!

f ( n) ( x0 )
( x x 0 ) n Rn ( x ) ,
n!

Rn ( x )

f ( n 1) ( )
( x x 0 ) n 1
( n 1)!

x 0 x
Rn ( x ) f ( x) p n ( x)

Rn ( x )

f ( n 1) ( )
( x x 0 ) n 1
( n 1)!

( x 0 x )

Rn (x ) ( a, b )( n 1 )

Rn ( x0 ) Rn ( x0 ) Rn ( x0 ) Rn ( x0 ) 0.
( n)

n 1
Rn (x ) ( x x 0 ) x 0 x (

)
2

Rn ( x )
Rn ( x ) Rn ( x 0 )
Rn (1 )

( x x0 ) n 1 ( x x 0 ) n 1 0 (n 1)(1 x0 ) n

( x 0 x )

n
Rn (x ) ( n 1)( x x 0 ) x 0 1

Rn (1 )
Rn (1 ) Rn ( x0 )
Rn ( 2 )

n
n
(n 1)(1 x 0 )
(n 1)(1 x0 ) 0 n(n 1)( 2 x 0 ) n 1
( 2 x 0 1 )
( n 1 )
( n 1)

Rn ( x )
R
( )
n
n 1
( n 1)!
( x x0 )
Rn

( n 1)

( x) f ( n 1) ( x)

Rn ( x )

( x 0 n x 0 x )

pn

( n 1)

f ( n 1) ( )
( x x 0 ) n 1
( n 1)!

( x) 0
x 0 x

(2) f (x ) ( x x 0 ) n (3)

f (x ) ( x x 0 ) n Rn (x )
(4)
n 0
( x 0 x )

f ( x) f ( x 0 ) f ( )( x x 0 )

p n (x ) f (x )
Rn ( x ) n x ( a, b) f

Rn ( x )

f ( n 1) ( )
M
( x x 0 ) n 1
x x0
( n 1!)
( n 1)!

( n 1)

n 1

( x ) M

lim

x x0

Rn ( x)
0.
( x x0 ) n

n
x x0 Rn ( x ) ( x x0 )

Rn ( x ) o ( x x 0 ) n
.
n

f ( x) f ( x 0 ) f ( x0 )( x x0 )

f (n) ( x0 )
( x x0 ) n o ( x x0 ) n
n!

(7)

Rn (x ) 6Peano7 f (x )
( x x 0 ) n .
(3) x0 0 0

x(0 1) (Maclauri)

f ( x) f (0) f (0) x

f (0) 2
f ( n ) (0) n f ( n 1) (x) n 1
x
x
x
( 0 1 ) 8
2!
n!
( n 1)!

7 x0 0

f ( x) f (0) f (0) x

(n)

( 0) n
x o( x n ).
n!

89

f ( x) f (0) f (0) x
5
M
Rn ( x)
x
( n 1)!

n 1

f ( n ) (0) n
x
n!

10

1 f ( x ) e x n

f ( x ) f ( x) f

(n)

( x) e x
4

f (0) f (0) f (0) f

(8) f

(n)

( n 1)

(0) 1.

(x) ex

xn
e x
x2

x n 1 ( 0 1 )
+
n! ( n 1)!
2!
e x n

ex 1 x

x2
xn

2!
n!

ex 1 x

ex
e
x n 1
x
(n 1)!
(n 1)!
x

Rn ( x )

n 1

0 1 .

x 1 e e 1 1

Rn

1
1

2!
n!

e
3

.
(n 1)! (n 1)!

n 10 e 2.718282 10 6
2 f ( x ) sin x n

f ( x) cos x f ( x) sin x f ( x ) cos x

f

( 4)

( x) sin x , f

(n)

( x) sin( x

n
)
2

f (0) 0, f (0) 1, f (0) 0, f (0) 1, f

( 4)

(0) 0

010 1(8)( n 2m )

sin x x

x3 x5
x 2 m 1

(1) m 1
R2 m
3!
5!
( 2m 1)!

sin x (2m 1)
2 2 m 1

R2 m ( x )
x
(2m 1)!

m1

R2

0 1 .

sin x x

3
3
sin(x )
x
2

x3
3!
6

0 1

m 2 3 sin x 3 5

sin x x

1 3
1
1
x sin x x x 3 x 5
3!
3!
5!
5

1
1
5
7
x
x
5!
7!
1

y x

yx

y x

1 3
x
6

1 3
1 3
x
x
6
120

y sin x

1
1
1
cos x 1 x 2 x 4 (1) m
x 2 m R2 m 1 ( x)
2!
4!
( 2m)!
R2 m 1 ( x)

cosx (m 1) 2 m 2
x
0 1
(2m 2)!

ln(1 x ) x
Rn ( x)

1 2 1 3
1
x x (1) n 1 x n Rn ( x )
2
3
n

( 1) n
x n 1 0 1
n 1
( n 1)(1 x )

( 1) 2
( 1) ( n 1) n
x
x Rn ( x )
2!
n!
( 1) ( n 1)( n)
(1 x) n 1 x n 1 0 1
Rn ( x)
(1 x) 1 x

(n 1)!

sin x x cos x
.
x0
sin 3 x

3 lim

sin 3 x ~ x 3 ( x 0) sin x x cos x

x3
x3
o( x 3 ) x cos x x
o( x 3 ).
3!
2!
3
3
x
x
1
sin x x cos x x
o( x 3 ) x
o( x 3 ) x 3 o( x 3 )
3!
2!
3
sin x x

 x 3 o( x 3 )

1 3
x o( x 3 )
sin x x cos x
1
3
lim
lim
.
3
3
x 0
x

0
3
sin x
x
(
sin x cos x )( 3 )

f ( x)
1 f ( x) 0 . f ( x) 0 .
x 0
x
f ( x)
1
lim
x 0
x
lim

f (0) 0, f (0) 1
f (x ) x 0 f ( x) f (0) f (0) x
f ( x) x

f ( ) 2
x f ( x) 0 f ( x) x .
2!

f ( ) 2
x
2!

1. ? Rn ( x )

f ( n 1) ( )
( x x 0 ) n 1 f (x )
( n 1)!

x 0 n ?

Rn ( x ) 0
(1) x lim
n
(2) n xlim
x

Rn ( x ) 0

2. f ( x ) sin x sin x x

( 1) m 1

x3 x5

3! 5!

sin(x m ) 2 m
x 2 m 1
x

0 1 ?
(2m)!
( 2m 1)!

P143 1. 4. 7. 10. (1)