BIOL 302 Anatomy and Physiology for Majors

Chart

Endocrine

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

Name:

Origin:

Growth Hormone (GH)

Anterior pituitary
(specifically somatotropic
cells)

Target Tissue & Effects:

-

Targets all cells but

the most drastic effect
is on bone and
skeletal muscle

Effects include:
-

Thyroid stimulating hormone

(TSH)

Anterior pituitary
(specifically thyrotrope cells)

Increase in cell size

and division
Increased long bone
growth & muscle
mass
It also conserves
glucose and promotes
protein synthesis
while encouraging the
use of fatty fuels
Note that GH has a
Diabetogenic effect
which raises serum
glucose
Target tissue is the
thyroid

Effects include:

Adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH)

Anterior pituitary
(specifically corticotrope
cells)

Increasing the
production and release
of thyroid hormone

Target tissue is the

adrenal cortex

Effects include:
-

Causing the
production of
glucocorticoids

Anterior Pituitary Gonadotropins

Name:

Origin:

Follicle stimulating hormone

(FSH)

Anterior pituitary
(specifically the gonadotrope
cells)

Target Tissue & Effects:

-

Effects include:
-

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Anterior pituitary
(specifically the gonadotrope
cells)

Anterior pituitary (specially

lactotropes)

FSH stimulates
gamete production,
more specially:
In females, FSH
stimulates ovarian
follicle maturation
and production of
estrogens
In males, it stimulate
sperm production
Target tissue is the
ovaries and testes

Effects include
-

Prolactin (PRL)

Target is the ovaries

and testes

LH stimulates
hormone production,
more specifically:
In females, LH
triggers ovulation and
stimulates ovarian
production of
estrogens and
progesterone
In males, it promotes
testosterone
production
Target tissue is the
breast and possibly
the testis (where it
may stimulate
testosterone

production)
Effects include:
-

Promoting lactation or
milk production

Posterior Pituitary Hormones

Name:

Origin:

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Posterior pituitary (although

it is produced in the
hypothalamus)

Target Tissue & Effects:

-

Target tissue is the

kidney

Effects include:
-

Kidney tubule
reabsorbs more water
And therefore less
urine is produced

ADH is stimulated by:

-

Nicotine
Morphine
Barbiturates

ADH is inhibited by:

Oxytocin

Posterior pituitary (although

it is also produced in the
hypothalamus)

Alcohol

Target tissue is the

breast and uterus

Effects include:
-

Role in affection the

cuddle hormone
Stimulates uterine
contractions; initiates
labor
Letdown reflex in
lactation initiates
milk ejection
Role in sexual arousal
and orgasm

Thyroid Gland Hormones

Name:

Origin:

Thyroglobulin

Follicle cell

Target Tissue & Effects:

-

Target is all cells

except the:
Spleen
Testis
Uterus
Thyroid gland
Adult brain

Effects include:
-

Calcitonin

Parafollicular cells or C cells

Calorigenic effect
(increases
metabolism)
And maintains blood
pressure by provoking
and increasing the
number of adrenergic
receptors in blood
vessels
Target tissue is bone,
but that is only
important during
childhood

Effects include:
-

Stimulating the uptake

of calcium into the
bone matrix
And inhibits
osteoclast activity
(decreased bone
resorption and
calcium release)

Parathyroid Gland Hormone

Name:

Origin:

Target Tissue & Effects:

Parathyroid hormone
(PTH)

Parathyroid gland
(specifically chief cells)

Target tissue is
kidney, intestine, and
skeletal
Parathyroid hormone
is virtually the
opposite of calcitonin

Effects include:
-

Enhancing the
reabsorption of
calcium from the
kidney
By activating Vitamin
D it increases the
absorption of calcium
in the intestine
Stimulating
osteoclasts to release
ionic calcium and
phosphates into the
blood

Pancreas Hormones
Name:

Origin:

Insulin

Beta cells of the pancreatic

islets

Target Tissue & Effects:

-

Target tissues are fat

cells and especially
muscle but, excludes:
Liver
Kidney
Brain
Decreased with
diabetes mellitus
Increased with
hypoglycemia

Effects include:
-

Enhaned membrane
transport of glucose
Inhibits breakdown of
glycogen and

conversion of amino
acids and fats to
glucose
Glucagon

Alpha cells of pancreatic

islets

Target tissue is the

liver

Effects include:
-

Virtually the opposite

of insulin
Breaks down
glycogen to glucose
(glycogenolysis)
Synthesis of glucose
from lactic acid
(gluconeogenesis)
Release of glucose
from the liver
Fall in serum amino
acids

Pineal Gland Hormone

Name:

Origin:

Melatonin

Pineal gland (specifically

pinealocytes)

Target Tissue & Effects:

-

Target tissue is
suprachiasmatic
nuclei

Effects include:
-

Regulating sleep
cycles
Causing drowsiness

References
Marieb,ElaineNicpon,andKatjaHoehn.Anatomy&Physiology.SanFrancisco,CA:
Pearson/BenjaminCummings,2014.Print.
Robinson,John.(2016).TheReproductiveSystem[PowerPointslides].