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    Cambridge History of 17th Century Philosophy - The Mathematical Realm of Nature

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    31 views28 pages

    Cambridge History of 17th Century Philosophy - The Mathematical Realm of Nature

    Uploaded by

    vicfiori402
    Cambridge History of 17th Century Philosophy - The Mathematical Realm of Nature

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Philosophy Volume I GARBER MICHAEL AYERS CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS THE MATHEMATICAL REALM OF NATURE Ashe beginning of what we now cle ces resolution, Nichols Cope us Lar1sta) doled on the ie page of De onto 1543) Pa an aquins the mathemataly incompetent “Let a9 one enter who i ignore of tsomesry’ He ropoted the notice in the pic, cutoning eit ahem Ivriten for mathematician’ Although ase Newton posted ao soch warning t the fon ofthe Pina entry a alae hed inst opened he Sint wo book ofthe work ested moon in purely mathematical ems, without sal, metaphyseal or omtloie commitment! Only the eid book it hn expenly daw the links becween the mathematic and physical ims Thre hn posted univer force of gravity for which he cold ofr 20 phe planation but which, ea micheal comers, wa he ine (of the word “es enon, heist in the Goal Sen aed i 1710, ‘ha [eign ft exits No le than Use De mani the Pra a ‘writen bya athena or themsicians Behind that common feature of the wo works lies peas the fremn ange wrought on rar lop tthe sien revaaton? For ldhough saronony had alwys been dered a mathemacal science, ew in the exy 2s nin and change ~ 0 oshematc, Fewer sll woul! have imagined the {nals of machine asthe medion of redoction, and perhaps none would he deconed ontologie face to mathematica structure Yet by 1670 Joho Walls treed mechani andthe scence of mesons synonymous, posing ate et Of his Mh, se db mot a we ude (necanis] 3 the pt of trometry ths eas of motion and inghes by geometrical arpent and apc ly y what fore any mation tare ou Newton echoed the definition in the pice to his Phin, covcling that “onl mechanics ll be the cunt ropose and deonerated scence ofthe m fore af the Bree that ae ee oe any maine As bis account of The atonal rein of mtr mo gaiy shown, the midheision of nature an the mechanaton of mate ‘inal woot and is hand, each supporting the che oe ci o prove trl inlighie coun ofthe phy word Comers in the concepts apd technique of ifnksimal aj, ona inechinie became a bench of mathe, atid maths opened il tnehanil ew. The conmegence occured by an dint route, The symbolic ini tion ad form were aimed inl st abating mater Geen the concen: dsb andthe theory of gusions fom which fines nls re ee ae sacs respecte of th lor eve pol neanistion. The a tls ‘jects and dhe proerdes to the sractre of combiatorial tion xmong bec ome af which exited only by itt of the rslaton, nal a de fslecs needed t0 comple the sauce. Ye atthe same tine, mathemati incesingy tured wo the ply word for iv problems and for nee in svg the, Alo parol athena enhances exlnsony power ore mane by moving concepmaly beyond the iti lini of the yea won "The changing nguage of mechanic flected he hf n mathematical hak Sing. 1693 Galileo prochited that ‘plop s writen inthis mot grand ook -- (Lam speaking ofthe universe) [which] it writen in the lnguage of mien, andi chaacers ae ange cick, and oer geomet those shipes, while tng them inthe new analytical ale. Bat the ane the coninen, begining wih Pere Vgnon, rest ib gometicl ye eo the symbole ashe of Gotied Wilhelm Leibits eels As Dera de Fontencl insite in eo, “Te was the geometry of inital da les noc sen tht he cold have sccceded by ny ete ahoa™ I parclr, the new eu (whether Newtonian ot Leinian) enabled pliloophers © comprehend nature in terms tae hy bad the rescues of ‘ronal mudhenstcs. Whe Calle spoke of wine and cick, Willers Shel and René Descartes deerined that the relative properties of ns en ‘ton of ine, Galileo could expe bis lw of filing bode inde spe terme ‘of rato of squares, Bat the pendulum he used to Sterne that Li Ly eyo the ech of wad geometry. Cran Hayes found hat even Approx, avochronic behaviour, and that of 4 grving family of single Bay a te 0 trgonometirelstoor embod in the echo, ened inter othe ae ron dictated by Joan Kepler the lke = de lade the erp a fine alg ‘led the hidden geomeny” of infec aah tats wh one at ith eed for iin ping mabe and equi whit Lelie of Psegyt.on muthemesexphased ie certain anit wi, They see slit guts the former resting on ucts Elements che rime exci of from the soled med or mil ences of sono, optic, mess ad tu, and the consruton of soge scenery. Ont the cure of the seventh emu, mtbenascr Bex incensingy wc, in tee th of enhanced natural phiscpy tel Accomplishing cat, howe, ined new forms of ‘rts of ces among them eine pct nd insite andes hse on experience ofthe physic world. Thus mathemati caplntons of tatue a mathematic resoning il were interven in # new fe of 'owphy. Each depended on the ede for concept support Whig was oem in the reel pacice ofthe ew combined subjece Forse new seene of mechanic sd the new cae mal the weave sto vo thes of developmen the ‘The ides of teaing « madhemsscl object a + representation of «ply phenomenon had i origin in Greskpliloophy, Pata who may ane ot the ‘he Pythagoreans wih whos he sed, expounded in the Ta nv of thes by mets afew sphere ssn the pc wold and is mathenoeal nthe physical wold ince mae TE so, the lick offi kerween model reprsenttion become standing qo making ithe jo of piso ena th abet re tal at sa, such 28 optic, atonoay, and mechani? How do sathemeted meee lin physical phenomena? Isso ely pote, ving the em without comune to the ely of i Inthe oll piso aie ing arguments inthe stems ceury ene the tal oF pthc! ate of Copernicus’ sew system show tht thee guesions mee cutee Seow the wie ema of doc spate between Cartas and Newt nate offre shows thi the questions reine in more sophia form. During the period one finde muthemicon ed oper of equal cle om both sey ofthe icy, which om down oa Thee ines tok de new metal insight a om the pri lf machines” eis el understand Calleo Gates new scenes test by looking noc at at Acide, nor remo the Academia de Lins, bata the Ancol of Venice. That sete Calle placed is imerocutes and he opening words of the D the new relation ofthcory and prac at engines know = worthy tthe pi application of mathemati onc phbsop hy om the i sighrwarly anaes "mechaioon, which by the end of the cenmuy extend est pegraanan the ting wold of plan an anal. T ch tum were model of the pli world andi ‘Conponers Kepler spoke in 605 ofthe ‘eel machine reper’ vison fond i retin in Nesron Prin hese iver gai creed te sle ofthe cena weight and the Iw of meson conerted fein ibe room of the when dscribed by Kepler. ln Query 3, ed tothe Ops in 783, Newton imagined i oes of traction nd epbion rerevhng chenill and plea! proces, dus making mare “wey com ecRpontng te vison fom is reason wa he dewlopment of selene of ny i hindight can the nk be prised 0 cles and Constant hough ony i hindght purposely Tat machines cnld be dhe subj of scene (demonstrate Thema sat they conte esenialy of bodies moving under oma nd sar the conan an the motions ould be felted matematicaly we a Means es tha gadaly took spe over the wzecnth aed seventeenth conceal inuences, Ar Als \Gaoey hor nied, Newton’ sytem som nein of dept i everest mechani of rigid and etic boar on another” Nonetbelen, they he te common ew ta de enti working fan chai emt al model an hence thst mechani fan be cated ina sac mathe the ob as mahemaian, Thr vow they took in common foo Galileo, 2. Gain andthe nw ie of mation ‘New to Barpean sci in the ne Renisance wa the engineer, who mera whe amour of uid pac to tke huge of che design and xceation (tlnge scr and of the ticnesacesary to bul thers With the new Seok came new lesa to geht Enow-how cll standing mans ‘hee of machine edtony and tassios of casa woe al mo of engineering fm mains, acount of testes sch s Domenie Fos vl porta Fah Tae (Rome, 159), and compendia Based on aia odes, such 2b Goowgius Arico Dew ‘orto codify paces emerged what might be called ‘nai of engineering wale (a, 1596) Oae of hi edi aris wy, they cate down woh ae Begining i the 13808 with the work of Sinan Sevin and Caleo Gals, engacers ping onatrl philoophy an Sipe of mechanics by taming them eto mathematic ‘rion ole devin an abc material modelo he pli mech ai ht embodied he ms To analyse the inclined pine for expe, Stein rok aren (ee igre med thse maxis he pin 21), mound which he inngined 2 “wreth of spr” (ton), comeing of ‘ul weights cone e. the wreath wll nae move oe way the ebro i on acon 8a, ‘would ein the Sune configuraon and hence “he sens would by tenes Cy out» perpetsl maton, which i impo ("By sme. che Potion telow the wang pull uly in book decors, and hence may be ‘emoved without ditrbing the equim, Cty, then, he poraons on the x iy nd he pyc wo two ies couneruance one another, and their weights area the numberof spheres, which in eum ae the lengths ofthe sides. Since the sides hve orsmon bight the weight he inch ofthe Bae angles hich ithe The wenes in Gales Di vince (Dscouses and mathemstial demonstrations aboot two since, dont (Len, 1698) wer ngy ew in oncercing mechanics and. oe ferent wa the irene anges nd ype ofthe origi pubaton suggest Whi war new abut ee Fin the went f materi was ealing sence’ a al The vernacular and ic fon sem ofc the arial foo of the question, Why i big chine noe ys prc ell smal ones ic peice to both the Ltn in which wo couched a he roman font which bt Shere dei? The end, sents de met eal ad» Pile ae swe aet Butt hd the ae forth odor sing mathemati the ‘empire grounds prime expe of the dion of semateexeence nd That they were two sciences rater than ae reflected not only tei dene Calle unsccenil efor to rite fre to rig but 3 compromise born ration macbemaseal nally flowing the led of Arches and ofthe author of he Mecha, wcrbed a he ie to Arse, Galo sought modes That be tad in machines nd mathe te machines by ahs ysl dence no matheutl configuration by absacting thir geomet sructrfiom the physic mater of which ehey were costcte Bor sat the appoich worked wll iting 4 hie of focus fom one machine to another fr example fw the fcr moment f «Pd on» bent balance ‘ois potional wright on an inclined line pespendicla nthe am king st sa om thereto the pay = 2 byproduct the li of the ince plane) the body ding along sequence of inctined ples tengen tthe sc of sing.” By combining sch absracaons, Galea arived tthe usinton be- een gen poston weight Since tele 0 on horizon lane Whee the body it inderent t motion, he couched cat weghe secu “The Archimedean pprosch worked Ie moto. Sts with dhe inclined plane and pend show the Bos in fence hey mone fer andl ha the force they in fe all fm ret ough to abse then to te nits. Alchough Galeo knew the rion owen gt of lad inal velocity, he ako kw tht twa independent of the Dod ine, wie ism no mp, depend on the se oh well asi ped, and be ould not ft way to dangropte hee nae the wax howevee An wnpebised Rh Do tie are it Dey ofthe Dao de waht imps, and in other’ buns the pendlum prove to be the seen mening and modding dx phatmenon. Fr te oe he eed en ‘open the question of variable forces and the resulting mocions. _ alee wth curves dfn " = Figure 22 ‘here correspon anes intra of tme though which modon a hit speed as plas But, Geo pont otto Carb the ied sin the method of nds fe Section IVa) hal proses. One ould se, or example, are that point eal fine Draw (Figue 224) semiccle AFB about centre C rectangle ADE around he smi and ime CDE on bse DE, an! then imagine the conigraon red about a CCP genente a hemisphere, laden and 3 cone, espctivey Remoing the Galo chen acres thay plane heighere reduces the ene to 9 "bo GGN pull t bate DE wl eu the how! an he HL~and that the porns ofthe bow and cone ct fy the plane ae sel © fone another The paride aet the uper knits ofthe configuration, wher clusion dhe the poi the ely of roses nto the ce AM. At Cale anged in spon the poraon moe ‘emai than loyal mide he pit a he a ofthe les norte ile * © B DI > ¥ igure 223 thelist of he Ba constitu an as, other, cck asa a, and hence Senso og, the puro pointed co potential rotens Galileo demon {© Book, roposon 12 of clos Dee pot se fae Xo, Nantes, the aecopanyng dacson mpg te the tg omposed ofa infinite umber of nde, ths cae ofthe Boland te cone coming rapecoely of al he rected danger lurking bend the we of one-one cortopenienca ease inte to pp shaed propery ta lnisng vals nt belonging theca fr example apply ts ile a propery shat by all ised pspgons Thor too, frmed 4 conning raeey ofthe new midemats of change, I po Gatico into toute in resoning fom motion long conde in scale mst, song the sbtending as, and Newton cerbed appropiate aon i ening In the demonstration of che men speed theorem i Theorem ton unin sclera in the Thid Da Callen moved um peaaon to sroca, ie ABas the E ‘dcaimed hat ‘al hens das pr to BE fom each ofthe poms o in 28 wl spt the ening es of ee er nt Hanne ‘ posed theorem i true, or + prob is soe, and then chasing oot the conse prem known to be sled yt ee mand pmceing dediey to 9 pono he tee et uggs 2 ay of proving ty meas Of % bone cnc sly rv sumbet with he unkown dented by yma Manan ote de, ete 0 a ow mumber onthe Moro. most a heredity ve sobs hana ovo ma whe mc substan of oqualent om and we Actos Vite enended eb in which the les of he ph ee he specie or forms of en eae se maf ching,chancerisal only by thr being aos

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