Soil Investigation Using Sondir

Soil Investigation Using Sondir Test
Achsana Miftahul Jannah
Civil Engineeringl, Engineering Faculty UNS Surakarta, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A Kentingan Surakarta
57126
Email: achsanamj@student.uns.ac.id
ABSTRACT
The whole building in civil engineering requires soil investigation. We have to know
the characteristic of soil so we can devise in order to get the strongest building. Soil
investigation using sondir is one of test to know the value of conus and biconus. From this
test, soil bearing capacity can be calculated as requirements for foundation design. Many
failures structure because of not paying attention in sondir test. Then, it is advisable to do
sondir test so we can get the design of safe foundation. The aim of the research was to
determine sondir conus penetration resistance and adhesion resistance in biconus. Soil
investigation is located at west of the Soil Mechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering
Sebelas Maret University. Research method is based on field test using sondir tool.
Keywords : biconus, conus, sondir
INTRODUCTION
The aim of the research was to determine sondir conus penetration resistance and
adhesion resistance in biconus. Resistance penetration of conus is resistance against conus
ends disclosed in force per unit area. Adhesion resistance is resistance against biconus coat
disclosed in force per unit length. These experiments used a standard ASTM D-411-75T. By
entering value of conus then we can search for the type of soil bearing capacity of different
soils and foundations, using empirical equations that are based to the type of soil and the type
of foundation.
RESEARCH METHODS
Soil investigation is located at west of the Soil Mechanics Laboratory, Faculty of
Engineering Sebelas Maret University. Soil investigation work steps are described below :
1. Plugging 4 pieces of outer anchorage in the soil which are investigated by twisting the
handlebar clockwise while it is urged to get down and get into the ground, anchor
position is a square.
2. Laying the foundation beams to support sondir tool, then the tool of sondir founded
on some blocks in such a way to make perpendicular.
3. Install channels to clamp foot iron sondir tool by tightening the bolt on the anchors.
4. Install conus and biconus on pipes and control the joints.
5. Rotate the handlebar so that it can suppress the tip of conus into the ground
This experiment began when the conus ends touch the ground (0 cm depth), then read on
multiples of 20 cm depth. How to read manometer result :
1. Read the value of each conus and biconus at a depth of 0 cm, handlebar rotated in key
positions so that the needle does not move up to a depth of 20 cm, handlebar rotating
is stopped.
2. Unlock and rotate handlebar to a depth of 4 cm with the result that the handlebar will
be pressed on the hole that connects with a manometer and read the manometer, this
digit is the value of conus.
3. Remove the stalk and then rotate the handlebar again, rotating is done to a depth of 4
cm increase and then read the numbers on the manometer. This digit shows the value
of biconus, a value of conus plus adhesion barriers.
4. Reattaching stalk conus in key positions and pressed again then the outer coat below
the handlebar will come under pressure until a depth of 40 cm.
5. Read the value for both of conus and biconus as the above. This work is done until the
needle manometer shows the number of 250 kg / cm2.
6. Entering the results into a table and we will obtain a graph of depth and total
resistance.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Sondir also known as Dutch Deep Sounding Apparatus, which is a static tool coming
from the Netherlands. The tool tip is pressed directly into the ground. At the end of the circuit
pipes placed sondir conus tool that pointed-toe with a slope of approximately 60 . Sondir
pipe inserted into the ground with the help of machines sondir. There are two kinds of
methods sondir which are :
1. Standard Type (Mantel conus)
In this method, we measure only the tip of resistance (the value of conus) which is done by
suppressing the conus. The entire outer tube stops. Working force can be seen on the
manometer.
2. Friction Sleeve (Addition Jacket Type / Biconus)
Value of conus and barriers attached are measured by using the handlebar. At first only the
conus is pressed down, the value of conus measured. When conus has been moved as far as 4
cm, then by itself it latches friction sleeve.
Conus along with friction sleeve are pressed together at the depth of 4 cm. So conus will be
the same values and barriers attached to the conus obtained by subtracting the amount and
total value. In this experiment, sleeve friction method is used.
The formula used in the calculation :
H L (H C)x
Where:
HL = Adhesion barrier (kg / cm2)
H = Value of biconus (kg / cm2)
C = The conus (kg / cm2)
D = Difference in depth (20)
A = conus area/ piston area (10 cm2)
D
A
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The experimental data can be seen in Table 1.
Table 1 Soil Investigation Data Using Sondir
No.
Conus
Biconus
Depth
( qc )
(H)
(m)
(kg/cm2)
(kg/cm2)
20.00
10.00
15.00
40.00
15.00
20.00
60.00
15.00
20.00
80.00
15.00
20.00
100.00
20.00
25.00
120.00
25.00
30.00
140.00
30.00
35.00
160.00
25.00
30.00
10
180.00
25.00
30.00
11
200.00
40.00
45.00
12
220.00
35.00
45.00
13
240.00
45.00
55.00
14
260.00
40.00
50.00
15
280.00
40.00
50.00
16
300.00
40.00
50.00
17
320.00
60.00
75.00
18
340.00
75.00
85.00
19
360.00
60.00
70.00
20
380.00
45.00
55.00
21
400.00
45.00
55.00
22
420.00
35.00
45.00
No.
Conus
Biconus
Depth
( qc )
(H)
(m)
(kg/cm2)
(kg/cm2)
23
440.00
30.00
35.00
24
460.00
25.00
30.00
25
480.00
25.00
30.00
26
500.00
25.00
30.00
27
520.00
45.00
55.00
28
540.00
50.00
60.00
29
560.00
55.00
65.00
30
580.00
50.00
60.00
31
600.00
50.00
60.00
32
620.00
60.00
75.00
33
640.00
100.00
115.00
34
660.00
110.00
125.00
35
680.00
185.00
200.00
36
700.00
75.00
90.00
37
720.00
65.00
80.00
38
740.00
80.00
95.00
39
760.00
85.00
100.00
40
780.00
75.00
90.00
41
800.00
70.00
85.00
42
820.00
65.00
80.00
43
840.00
70.00
85.00
44
860.00
75.00
90.00
45
880.00
70.00
85.00
46
900.00
75.00
90.00
47
920.00
60.00
75.00
48
940.00
50.00
60.00
No.
Conus
Biconus
Depth
( qc )
(H)
(m)
(kg/cm2)
(kg/cm2)
49
960.00
55.00
65.00
50
980.00
50.00
60.00
51
1,000.00
55.00
65.00
52
1,020.00
50.00
60.00
53
1,040.00
85.00
100.00
54
1,060.00
100.00
115.00
55
1,080.00
120.00
135.00
56
1,100.00
110.00
125.00
57
1,120.00
60.00
75.00
58
1,140.00
80.00
95.00
59
1,160.00
100.00
115.00
60
1,180.00
110.00
125.00
61
1,200.00
115.00
130.00
62
1,220.00
100.00
115.00
63
1,240.00
85.00
100.00
64
1,260.00
135.00
150.00
65
1,280.00
145.00
160.00
66
1,300.00
100.00
115.00
67
1,320.00
55.00
70.00
68
1,340.00
50.00
65.00
69
1,360.00
55.00
70.00
70
1,380.00
65.00
80.00
71
1,400.00
80.00
95.00
72
1,420.00
45.00
55.00
73
1,440.00
50.00
60.00
74
1,460.00
40.00
50.00
No.
Conus
Biconus
Depth
( qc )
(H)
(m)
(kg/cm2)
(kg/cm2)
75
1,480.00
60.00
75.00
76
1,500.00
70.00
85.00
77
1,520.00
55.00
65.00
78
1,540.00
50.00
60.00
79
1,560.00
45.00
55.00
80
1,580.00
50.00
60.00
81
1,600.00
55.00
65.00
82
1,620.00
60.00
75.00
83
1,640.00
55.00
70.00
84
1,660.00
50.00
60.00
85
1,680.00
60.00
75.00
86
1,700.00
65.00
75.00
87
1,720.00
50.00
60.00
88
1,740.00
55.00
65.00
89
1,760.00
60.00
75.00
90
1,780.00
50.00
60.00
91
1,800.00
55.00
65.00
92
1,820.00
175.00
185.00
93
1,840.00
210.00
220.00
94
1,860.00
250.00
Given example of calculation :

1. Z = 0 cm
H = 0 kg/cm2
qc = 0 kg/cm2
HL = (0-0) x 20/10 = 0 kg/cm2
HT = 0 + 0 =0 kg/cm2
2. Z = 20 cm
H = 15 kg/cm2
qc = 10 kg/cm2
HL = (15-10) x 20/10 =1 0 kg/cm2
HT = 0 + 10 = 10 kg/cm2
3. Z = 40 cm
H = 20 kg/cm2
qc = 15 kg/cm2
HL = (20-15) x 20/10 = 10 kg/cm2
HT = 20 + 10 = 30 kg/cm2
Further calculations in the form of Table 2.
Table 2 Soil Investigation Calculation Using Sondir
No.
Conus
Biconus
Friction
HL =
Total
Local
Depth
( qc )
(H)
(qf)
(m)
(kg/cm2)
(kg/cm2)
(kg/cm2)
(kg/cm2)
(kg/cm2)
(kg/cm2)
(H-qc)xD/A HT = SHL Friction
20.00
10.00
15.00
5.00
10.00
10.00
0.50
40.00
15.00
20.00
5.00
10.00
20.00
0.50
60.00
15.00
20.00
5.00
10.00
30.00
0.50
80.00
15.00
20.00
5.00
10.00
40.00
0.50
100.00
20.00
25.00
5.00
10.00
50.00
0.50
120.00
25.00
30.00
5.00
10.00
60.00
0.50
140.00
30.00
35.00
5.00
10.00
70.00
0.50
160.00
25.00
30.00
5.00
10.00
80.00
0.50
10
180.00
25.00
30.00
5.00
10.00
90.00
0.50
11
200.00
40.00
45.00
5.00
10.00
100.00
0.50
12
220.00
35.00
45.00
10.00
20.00
120.00
1.00
No.
Conus
Biconus
Friction
HL =
Total
Local
Depth
( qc )
(H)
(qf)
(m)
(kg/cm2)
(kg/cm2)
(kg/cm2)
(kg/cm2)
(kg/cm2)
(kg/cm2)
13
240.00
45.00
55.00
10.00
20.00
140.00
1.00
14
260.00
40.00
50.00
10.00
20.00
160.00
1.00
15
280.00
40.00
50.00
10.00
20.00
180.00
1.00
16
300.00
40.00
50.00
10.00
20.00
200.00
1.00
17
320.00
60.00
75.00
15.00
30.00
230.00
1.50
18
340.00
75.00
85.00
10.00
20.00
250.00
1.00
19
360.00
60.00
70.00
10.00
20.00
270.00
1.00
20
380.00
45.00
55.00
10.00
20.00
290.00
1.00
21
400.00
45.00
55.00
10.00
20.00
310.00
1.00
22
420.00
35.00
45.00
10.00
20.00
330.00
1.00
23
440.00
30.00
35.00
5.00
10.00
340.00
0.50
24
460.00
25.00
30.00
5.00
10.00
350.00
0.50
25
480.00
25.00
30.00
5.00
10.00
360.00
0.50
26
500.00
25.00
30.00
5.00
10.00
370.00
0.50
27
520.00
45.00
55.00
10.00
20.00
390.00
1.00
28
540.00
50.00
60.00
10.00
20.00
410.00
1.00
29
560.00
55.00
65.00
10.00
20.00
430.00
1.00
30
580.00
50.00
60.00
10.00
20.00
450.00
1.00
31
600.00
50.00
60.00
10.00
20.00
470.00
1.00
32
620.00
60.00
75.00
15.00
30.00
500.00
1.50
33
640.00
100.00
115.00
15.00
30.00
530.00
1.50
34
660.00
110.00
125.00
15.00
30.00
560.00
1.50
35
680.00
185.00
200.00
15.00
30.00
590.00
1.50
36
700.00
75.00
90.00
15.00
30.00
620.00
1.50
37
720.00
65.00
80.00
15.00
30.00
650.00
1.50
38
740.00
80.00
95.00
15.00
30.00
680.00
1.50
No.
Conus
Biconus
Friction
HL =
Total
Local
Depth
( qc )
(H)
(qf)
(m)
(kg/cm2)
(kg/cm2)
(kg/cm2)
(kg/cm2)
(kg/cm2)
(kg/cm2)
39
760.00
85.00
100.00
15.00
30.00
710.00
1.50
40
780.00
75.00
90.00
15.00
30.00
740.00
1.50
41
800.00
70.00
85.00
15.00
30.00
770.00
1.50
42
820.00
65.00
80.00
15.00
30.00
800.00
1.50
43
840.00
70.00
85.00
15.00
30.00
830.00
1.50
44
860.00
75.00
90.00
15.00
30.00
860.00
1.50
45
880.00
70.00
85.00
15.00
30.00
890.00
1.50
46
900.00
75.00
90.00
15.00
30.00
920.00
1.50
47
920.00
60.00
75.00
15.00
30.00
950.00
1.50
48
940.00
50.00
60.00
10.00
20.00
970.00
1.00
49
960.00
55.00
65.00
10.00
20.00
990.00
1.00
50
980.00
50.00
60.00
10.00
20.00
1,010.00
1.00
51
1,000.00
55.00
65.00
10.00
20.00
1,030.00
1.00
52
1,020.00
50.00
60.00
10.00
20.00
1,050.00
1.00
53
1,040.00
85.00
100.00
15.00
30.00
1,080.00
1.50
54
1,060.00
100.00
115.00
15.00
30.00
1,110.00
1.50
55
1,080.00
120.00
135.00
15.00
30.00
1,140.00
1.50
56
1,100.00
110.00
125.00
15.00
30.00
1,170.00
1.50
57
1,120.00
60.00
75.00
15.00
30.00
1,200.00
1.50
58
1,140.00
80.00
95.00
15.00
30.00
1,230.00
1.50
59
1,160.00
100.00
115.00
15.00
30.00
1,260.00
1.50
60
1,180.00
110.00
125.00
15.00
30.00
1,290.00
1.50
61
1,200.00
115.00
130.00
15.00
30.00
1,320.00
1.50
62
1,220.00
100.00
115.00
15.00
30.00
1,350.00
1.50
63
1,240.00
85.00
100.00
15.00
30.00
1,380.00
1.50
64
1,260.00
135.00
150.00
15.00
30.00
1,410.00
1.50
No.
Conus
Biconus
Friction
HL =
Total
Local
Depth
( qc )
(H)
(qf)
(m)
(kg/cm2)
(kg/cm2)
(kg/cm2)
(kg/cm2)
(kg/cm2)
(kg/cm2)
65
1,280.00
145.00
160.00
15.00
30.00
1,440.00
1.50
66
1,300.00
100.00
115.00
15.00
30.00
1,470.00
1.50
67
1,320.00
55.00
70.00
15.00
30.00
1,500.00
1.50
68
1,340.00
50.00
65.00
15.00
30.00
1,530.00
1.50
69
1,360.00
55.00
70.00
15.00
30.00
1,560.00
1.50
70
1,380.00
65.00
80.00
15.00
30.00
1,590.00
1.50
71
1,400.00
80.00
95.00
15.00
30.00
1,620.00
1.50
72
1,420.00
45.00
55.00
10.00
20.00
1,640.00
1.00
73
1,440.00
50.00
60.00
10.00
20.00
1,660.00
1.00
74
1,460.00
40.00
50.00
10.00
20.00
1,680.00
1.00
75
1,480.00
60.00
75.00
15.00
30.00
1,710.00
1.50
76
1,500.00
70.00
85.00
15.00
30.00
1,740.00
1.50
77
1,520.00
55.00
65.00
10.00
20.00
1,760.00
1.00
78
1,540.00
50.00
60.00
10.00
20.00
1,780.00
1.00
79
1,560.00
45.00
55.00
10.00
20.00
1,800.00
1.00
80
1,580.00
50.00
60.00
10.00
20.00
1,820.00
1.00
81
1,600.00
55.00
65.00
10.00
20.00
1,840.00
1.00
82
1,620.00
60.00
75.00
15.00
30.00
1,870.00
1.50
83
1,640.00
55.00
70.00
15.00
30.00
1,900.00
1.50
84
1,660.00
50.00
60.00
10.00
20.00
1,920.00
1.00
85
1,680.00
60.00
75.00
15.00
30.00
1,950.00
1.50
86
1,700.00
65.00
75.00
10.00
20.00
1,970.00
1.00
87
1,720.00
50.00
60.00
10.00
20.00
1,990.00
1.00
88
1,740.00
55.00
65.00
10.00
20.00
2,010.00
1.00
89
1,760.00
60.00
75.00
15.00
30.00
2,040.00
1.50
90
1,780.00
50.00
60.00
10.00
20.00
2,060.00
1.00
No.
Conus
Biconus
Friction
HL =
Total
Local
Depth
( qc )
(H)
(qf)
(m)
(kg/cm2)
(kg/cm2)
(kg/cm2)
(kg/cm2)
(kg/cm2)
(kg/cm2)
91
1,800.00
55.00
65.00
10.00
20.00
2,080.00
1.00
92
1,820.00
175.00
185.00
10.00
20.00
2,100.00
1.00
93
1,840.00
210.00
220.00
10.00
20.00
2,120.00
1.00
94
1,860.00
250.00
Description for Table 2.

Column 1: number
Column 2: soil depth determined by conus and biconus.
Column 3: conus value is read on manometer for movement 1.
Column 4: biconus value is read on manometer for movement 2.
Column 5: value of resistance / friction is the result of a reduction in the value of conus and
biconus.
Column 6: value barriers attached.
Column 7: the value of total resistance.
By entering value of conus then we can search for the type of soil bearing capacity of
different soils and foundations, using empirical equations that are based to the type of soil
and the type of foundation.
Figure 1 Soil Investigation Using Sondir

Conclusion
The conclusion of soil investigation using sondir is :
1. At any depth of the soil has conus different values, in general, the deeper of depth the
greater values we can obtain but in some parts there is shrinking, the value depends on the
type and condition of soil.
2. At a depth of 400 cm conus value reaches 310 kg / cm2.
REFERENCES
Hardiyatmo, Hary Christady. 2010. Mekanika Tanah II. Yogyakarta : Universitas Gadjah
Mada Yogyakarta Press
Jannah, Achsana Miftahul. 2016. Laporan Praktikum Mekanika Tanah. Civil Engineering
Sebelas Maret University Report. Not Published

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Soil Investigation Using Sondir

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Soil Investigation Using Sondir Test

Achsana Miftahul Jannah

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Given example of calculation :

Further calculations in the form of Table 2.

Table 2 Soil Investigation Calculation Using Sondir

(H-qc)xD/A HT = SHL Friction

(H-qc)xD/A HT = SHL Friction

(H-qc)xD/A HT = SHL Friction

(H-qc)xD/A HT = SHL Friction

(H-qc)xD/A HT = SHL Friction

Description for Table 2.

Figure 1 Soil Investigation Using Sondir

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