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Chapter 2
Version 3
Figure 2.1
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Thermodynamic II
Chapter 2
Version 3
Figure 2.2
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Thermodynamic II
Chapter 2
Version 3
Figure 2.3
2.2
The reason why the Carnot cycle is not used in vapor power
cycles:
a)
Pumping process 1-2 requires the pumping of a mixture of
saturated liquid and saturated vapor at state 1 and the
delivery of a saturated liquid at state 2. (Figure 2.1)
b)
To superheat the steam to take advantage of a higher
temperature elaborate control are required to keep TH
constant while the steam expand and does work. (Figure
2.3)
To resolve the difficulties associated with the Carnot cycle, the
Rankine cycle was devised.
Rankine Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Vapor Power Cycles.
Many of the impracticalities associated with the Carnot cycle can
be eliminated by superheating the steam in the boiler and
condensing it completely in the condenser, as shown on a T-s
diagram in figure 2.4(e).
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Thermodynamic II
Chapter 2
Version 3
Figure 2.4(b)
33
Thermodynamic II
Chapter 2
Version 3
Figure 2.4(c)
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Thermodynamic II
Chapter 2
Version 3
Figure 2.4(d)
The Rankine cycle is the ideal cycle for vapor power plants.
The ideal Rankine cycle does not involve any internal
irreversibilities and consist of the following four processes:
a)
1-2 Isentropic compression in a pump
b)
2-3 Constant pressure heat addition in a boiler
c)
3-4 Isentropic expansion in a turbine
d)
4-1 Constant pressure heat rejection in a condenser
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Thermodynamic II
Chapter 2
Version 3
2.3
(2.1)
Thermodynamic II
Chapter 2
Version 3
The boiler and the condenser do not involve any work, and the
pump and the turbine are assumed to be isentropic.
Then the conservation of energy relation for each device can be
expressed as follows:
w pump ,in h2 h1
Pump (q=0):
(2.2)
Or
w pump ,in v P2 P1
where
h1 h f @ P1 and v v1 v f @ P1
Boiler (w=0):
qin h3 h2
Turbine (q=0):
wturb ,out h3 h4
(2.5)
(2.6)
Where
(2.4)
q out h4 h1
Condenser (w=0):
(2.3)
wnet
q
1 out
q in
qin
(2.7)
(2.8)
Thermodynamic II
Chapter 2
Version 3
Figure 2.5(a)
38
Thermodynamic II
Chapter 2
Version 3
Figure 2.5(b)
Assumption:
1) Steady operating condition exists. 2) Kinetic and potential energy
changes are negligible.
Analysis:
First we determine the enthalpies at various points in the cycle, using
data from steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, A-6)
State 1:
P1=75 kPa
Saturated liq.
State 2:
P2=3 MPa
s2=s1
T3 = 350C
P3 = 3 MPa,
s4 s f
s fg
s3 = s4
6.7428 1.213
0.8857
6.2434
Thus,
and
q out
2018.2
1
0.260 @ 26.0%
qin
2727.9
The thermal efficiency could also be determined from equations (2.7)
and (2.8).
th 1
39
Thermodynamic II
Chapter 2
Version 3
That is, this power plant converts 26% of the heat it receives in the
boiler to net work. An actual power plant operating between the same
temperature and pressure limits will have a lower efficiency because of
irreversibilities such as friction.
The actual vapor power cycle differs from the ideal Rankine
cycle, as shown in figure 2.6, as a result of irreversibilities in
various components.
Fluid friction and heat loss to the surroundings are the two
common sources of irreversibilities.
Fluid friction causes pressure drop in every components.
To compensate this pressure drop, larger work input to the pump
is required.
Due to the heat loss in various components, to maintain the
same level of net work output, more heat are needed to
transferred to the steam in the boiler in order to compensate
undesired heat loss.
In actual cycle, a pump required a greater work input, and the
turbine produces a smaller work output as a result of
irreversibilities.
The deviation of actual pumps and turbines from the isentropic
ones can be accurately accounted for, however, by utilizing
isentropic efficiencies, defined as
ws h2 s h1
wa h2 a h1
and
wa h3 h4 a
T
ws h3 h4 s
(2.9)
(2.10)
Where states 2a and 4a are the actual exit states of the pump
and the turbine, respectively, and 2s and 4s are the
corresponding states for the isentropic case (figure 2.7).
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Thermodynamic II
Chapter 2
Version 3
Figure 2.6: Deviation of actual vapor power cycle from the ideal
Rankine cycle
Figure 2.7: The effect of pump and turbine irreversibilities on the ideal
Rankine cycle.
Example 2.2: An Actual Steam Power Cycle
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Thermodynamic II
Chapter 2
Version 3
Solution:
The schematic of the power plant and the T-s diagram of the cycle are
shown in figure 2.8(b). The temperatures and pressures of steam at
various points are also indicated on the figure. We note that the power
plant involves steady flow components and operates on the Rankine
cycle, but the imperfections at various components are accounted for.
Assumption:
1) Steady operating condition exists. 2) Kinetic and potential
energy changes are negligible.
Analysis:
a) The thermal efficiency of a cycle is the ratio of the net work output
to the heat input, and it is determined as follows:
Pump work input: w pump ,in
v1 P2 P1
P
P
0.001009 16000 9 19.0kJ / kg
0.85
ws , pump ,in
th
wnet 1257.6
0.361@ 36.1%
qin
3487.2
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Thermodynamic II
Chapter 2
Version 3
b)
Figure 2.8(a)
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Thermodynamic II
Chapter 2
Version 3
Figure 2.8(b)
2.5
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Thermodynamic II
Chapter 2
Version 3
Figure 2.9
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Thermodynamic II
Chapter 2
Version 3
Figure 2.10
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Thermodynamic II
Chapter 2
Version 3
iii)
Figure 2.11
Thermodynamic II
Chapter 2
Version 3
Solution:
The T-s diagrams of the cycle for all three cases are given in figure
2.12.
48
Thermodynamic II
Chapter 2
Version 3
Figure 2.12(a)
Figure 2.12(b)
2.12(c)
Figure
Analysis:
a)This is the steam power plant discussed in example 2.1, except
that the condenser pressure is lowered to 10 kPa. The thermal
efficiency is determined in a similar manner:
State 1: P1=10 kPa (Saturated liquid), h1=hf@10 kPa=191.83 kJ/kg
v1=vf@1o kPa=0.00101 m3/kg
State 2: P2=3 MPa, s1=s2
wpump,in=v1(P2-P1)=(0.00101)(3000-10) = 3.02 kJ/kg
h2=h1+wpump,in = (191.83+3.02) = 194.85 kJ/kg
State 3: P3=3 MPa, T3=350C
h3=3115.3 kJ/kg, s3=6.7428 kJ/kg.K
State 4: P4=10 kPa (saturated mixture),
x4
Thus,
s4 s f
s fg
s4=s3
6.7428 0.6493
0.8124
7.5009
49
Thermodynamic II
Chapter 2
Version 3
and
th 1
q out
1943.9
1
0.335 @ 33.5%
qin
2920.5
and
th 1
q out
2188.1
1
0.373 @ 37.3%
qin
3487.5
q out
1923.1
1
0.430 @ 43.0%
q in
3375.3
Discussion:
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Thermodynamic II
Chapter 2
Version 3
51
Thermodynamic II
Chapter 2
Version 3
Figure 2.13(a)
Figure 2.13(b)
(2.11)
(2.12)
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Thermodynamic II
Chapter 2
Version 3
Assume the steam is reheated to the inlet temperature of the highpressure turbine.
Solution:
The schematic of the power plant and the T-s diagram of the cycle are
shown in figure 2.14(a) and figure 2.14(b). We note that the power
plant operates on the ideal reheat Rankine cycle. Therefore, the pump
and the turbines are isentropic, there are no pressure drops in the
boiler and condenser, and steam leaves the condenser and enters the
pump as saturated liquid at the condenser pressure.
Assumption:
1) Steady operating condition exists. 2) Kinetic and potential energy
changes are negligible.
53
Thermodynamic II
Chapter 2
Version 3
Figure 2.14(a)
Figure 2.14(b)
Analysis:
a) The reheat pressure is determined from the requirement that the
entropies at states 5 and 6 be the same:
State 6:
P6 = 10kPa,
x6 = 0.896 (saturated mixture)
s6 = sf + x6 sfg = 0.6493 + 0.896(7.5009) = 7.370 kJ/kg.K
Also,
Thus,
State 5:
T5 = 600C,
P5 = 4.0 MPa
s5 = s6
h5 = 3674.4 kJ/kg
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Thermodynamic II
Chapter 2
Version 3
kJ/kg
State 2:
P2 = 15 MPa,
s2 = s1
wpump,in = v1(P2-P1) = (0.00101)(15000-10) = 15.14 kJ/kg
h2 = h1 + wpump,in = 191.83 + 15.14 = 206.97 kJ/kg
State 3:
P3 = 15 MPa,
h3 = 3582.3 kJ/kg,
State 4:
P4 = 4 MPa,
s4 = s3
h4 = 3154.3 kJ/kg (375.5C)
T3 = 600C
s3 = 6.6776 kJ/kg.K
Thus,
qin h3 h2 h5 h4 3582.3 206.97 3674.4 3154.3 3895.4kJ / kg
q out h6 h1 2335.8 191.83 2144.0kJ / kg
and
th 1
q out
2144.0
1
0.450 @ 45.0%
qin
3895.4
Discussion:
This problem was solved in example 2.3(c) for the same pressure and
temperature limits but without the reheat process. A comparison of the
two resuts reveals that reheating reduces the moisture content from
19.6% to 10.4% while increasing the thermal efficiency from 43.0% to
45.0%.
2.7
Thermodynamic II
Chapter 2
Version 3
This lowers the average heat addition temperature and thus the
cycle efficiency.
Figure 2.15
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Thermodynamic II
Chapter 2
Version 3
Figure 2.16(a)
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Thermodynamic II
Chapter 2
Version 3
Figure 2.16(b)
If the mass flow rate through the boiler is m , for example, it will
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Thermodynamic II
Chapter 2
Version 3
q out 1 y h7 h1
wturb ,out h5 h6 1 y h6 h7
(2.13)
(2.14)
(2.15)
(2.16)
where,
m6
m5
w pumpI ,in v1 P2 P1
(2.18)
w pumpII ,in v3 P4 P3
(2.19)
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Thermodynamic II
Chapter 2
Version 3
Figure 2.17(a)
Figure 2.17(b)
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Thermodynamic II
Chapter 2
Version 3
Inexpensive
Good heat transfer characteristic
Require separate pump for each
heater
Expensive
Heat transfer less effective
Not require separate pump for
each heater
Figure 2.18
Example 2.5: The Ideal Regenerative Rankine Cycle.
Consider a steam power plant operating on the ideal regenerative
Rankine cycle with one open feedwater heater. Steam enters the
turbine at 15 MPa and 600 C and is condensed in the condenser at a
pressure of 10 kPa. Some steam leaves the turbine at a pressure of 1.2
MPa and enters the open feedwater heater. Determine the fraction of
steam extracted from the turbine and the thermal efficiency of the
cycle.
Solution:
The schematic of the power plant and the T-s diagram of the cycle are
shown in figure 2.19(a) and 2.19(b). We note that the power plant
operates on the ideal cycle regenerative Rankine cycle. Therefore, the
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Thermodynamic II
Chapter 2
Version 3
pumps and the turbines are isemtropic; there are no pressure drops in
the boiler, condenser, and feedwater heater; and steam leaves the
condenser and the feedwater as saturated liquid.
Figure 2.19(a)
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Thermodynamic II
Chapter 2
Version 3
Figure 2.19(b)
Assumption:
1) Steady operating condition exists. 2) Kinetic and potential energy
changes are negligible.
Analysis:
First, we determine the enthalpies at various states:
State 1:
State 2:
P2 = 1.2 MPa,
s1 = s2
wpumpI,in = v1(P2-P1) = 0.00101(1200-10) = 1.20 kJ/kg
h2 = h1 + wpumpI,in = 191.83 + 1.20 = 193.03 kJ/kg
State 3:
P3 = 1.2 MPa
(Saturated liquid)
v3 = v f@1.2MPa = 0.001139 m3/kg
h3 = hf@1.2MPa = 798.65 kJ/kg
State 4:
P4 = 15 MPa,
s4 = s3
wpumpII,in = v3(P4-P3) = 0.001139(15000-1200) = 15.72 kJ/kg
h4 = h3 + wpumpII,in = 798.65 + 15.72 = 814.37 kJ/kg
State 5:
P5 = 15 MPa,
h5 = 3582.3 kJ/kg,
State 6:
P6 = 1.2 MPa,
s6 = s5
h6 = 2859.5 kJ/kg (T6 = 218.3C)
State 7:
P7 = 10 kPa,
x7
s7 s f
s fg
T5 = 600C
s5 = 6.6776 kJ/kg
s7 = s5
6.6776 0.6493
0.8037
7.5009
(W 0) .
E in E out
m h
i
63
he
Thermodynamic II
Chapter 2
Version 3
yh6 (1 y )h2 1( h3 )
y m6
m5
h3 h2 798.65 193.03
0.2271
h6 h2 2859.5 193.03
Thus,
qin h5 h4 3582.3 814.37 2767.9kJ / kg
and
th 1
q out
1486.3
1
0.463 @ 46.3%
qin
2767.9
Discussion:
This problem was worked out in example 2.3 for the same pressure
and temperature limits but without the regeneration process. A
comparison of the two results reveals that the thermal efficiency of the
cycle has increased from 43.0% to 46.3% as a result of regeneration.
The net work output decreased by 171 kJ/kg, but the heat input
decreased by 607 kJ/kg, which results in a net increase in the thermal
efficiency.
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