INTRODUCTION

Bus is used as the most commonpublic transport vehicle in our country.

Different State Transport Undertakingsare plying their buses for commuting
public from one place to another andfrom one State to another. Apart from
these Undertakings, Private BusOperators, travel agencies etc. are also
operating buses on permit basis. With rapid changes in the society, now a
days
it has become necessary to provide good and efficient service to the public.
Also
with the rapid industrialisation, public is moving very frequently from one
place
to another using public transport. Since more and more development in the
coming years, it is expected that demand of public transport, private
transport and luxury transport in the form of buses will increase in the
coming
years.

Types of Buses

Type of Vehicle

Features

Luxury Motorcoach

The most popular option for transporting groups,

local outings, point-to-point shuttles, and over-theroad (charter-tour) excursions.
Passenger seating capacity can range from 35 to 57
persons.
The coach is equipped with VCR and multiple
monitors, stereo sound systems, and a restroom on
board.

Mini-Coach

Best for smaller groups for no more than 15

passengers. Each mini-coach has individual seating

similar to a full-size motorcoach; however the minicoach is recommended for short distances; primarily
local transportation only. This type of vehicle does
not offer onboard restroom facilities.

Day (Executive)
Coach

Great vehicle utilized for business, social, and

specialty travel events (weddings, business field
trips, or sales meetings, product introductions,
and/or event-to-event transport).
Great for smaller, more intimate travel groups (no
more than 20 passengers) for longer distances.
Also known as an entertainer coach, it is a
customized, five-(5) star suite on wheels, which
features many unique options such as a luxury
bathroom with shower, separate bedrooms, lounge,
kitchen galley, game and meeting area, and the
latest high-tech communication devices

Traditional School
Bus

Represents the basic transportation option for

customers seeking the least expensive way to
transport a group, locally.

Trolley and/or
Double-Decker
Vehicle

A specialty vehicle used mainly for around town or

local transport activities (parades, sightseeing,
touring, weddings, community, or seasonal events,
etc.). If you use your imagination, a trolley or
double-decker vehicle is a unique and fun way to
transport a group; these vehicles will vary in
passenger-transport capacity.

Wheelchair

Equipped with a lift mechanism to aid passengers

Accessible (ADACompliant) Vehicle

with disabilities, including those individuals needing

mobility assistance.

Sleeper Coach

Truly an extraordinary vehicle, which is the

preferred choice of school and professional sports
teams, bands, touring groups, etc. The vehicle can
sleep up to 25 passengers, as well as offers regular
seating capacity for 25 to 40 passengers; provides
extra luxury-coach amenities such as card tables,
sofas, and full size restrooms.

Shuttle Van

Just the ticket for moving people quickly and short

distances. Generally, vehicle options range from fullsize passenger vans offering a minimum seating
capacity of eight (8) and extending all the way up to
seating 15.

Luxury Sedan

A great way for those passengers who wish to travel

luxuriously and non-stop to and from their
destination. Sedans are also used for traveling tofrom special events, concerts, or any other local
destination, comfortably accomodating three (3) to
four (4) passengers.

Limousine Vehicle

Also referred to as a "stretch limo," typically seats

six (6), eight (8), and/or ten (10) passengers, who
are partitioned from the driver. Most limos offer
plush leather seating, wet bar with champagne-wine
glasses, and other refreshment amenities, as well
as, the latest LCD-TV, DVD, and CD player
technologies.

news & history

Types of construction

There are three basic types of bus manufacturer:

Chassis manufacturer - builds the underframe in a body-on-frame type construction

Body manufacturer - builds the coachwork a body-on-frame type construction

Integral manufacturer - builds entire buses, often using no underframe at all

Manufacturers may also be a combination of the above, offering chassis only or integral buses, or
offering bodywork only as used on integral buses.
The splitting of body and chassis construction allows companies to specialise in two different
fields. It also allows differing offerings of product to customers, who might prefer different
chassis/body combinations. For the manufacturers, it lessens the exposure if one or the other
goes out of business. Larger operators may also split orders between different body/chassis
combinations for shorter delivery schedules.

Sometimes, a chassis and body builder will offer an exclusive combination of one body on one
chassis, as a 'semi-integral'. This combines the expertise of the two companies, and saves the cost
of making their chassis/body usable on different products.
Often builders, such as Duple Metsec will assemble products into kits, for export and local
assembly at a partner site.
Large users of transit buses, such as public transport authorities, may specify specific features
that a bus design must feature. This practice was notable in the Transport for London bus
specification, and predecessors.

A Volvo B10M chassis, bodied worldwide as a single decker bus, articulated bus, double decker
bus, and coach
The chassis combines:

A structural underframe

Engine and radiator

Gearbox and transmission

Wheels, axles and suspension

Dashboard and steering wheel and driver's seat

Chassis will often be built as complete units, up to the point of being drive-able around the
factory, or on the public highway to a nearby bodybuilder. The chassis can be front-engined,
mid-engined, or rear-engined. Most chassis will mount the radiator at the front, irrespective of
engine position, for more efficient cooling.
Chassis products will often be available in different standard lengths, even produced in
articulated variants, and often be used for both bus and coach bodywork, such as the Volvo
B10M. The same chassis may even be used for single- or double-decker bus bodywork. Chassis
builders may also offer different options for gearbox and engine suppliers. Chassis may also be
built in multiple axle configuration.

In the 1990s onwards, some bus manufacturers have moved towards making transit bus interiors
more comparable to private cars, to encourage public transport ridership. Other additions have
seen multimedia and passenger information systems, and CCTV systems. With these
developments, bus designs have been increasing in weight, which is a concern for operators with
the rising price of fuels in the 2000s (decade).[citation needed]

Uses AND APPLICATION

(1) Public transport

Transit buses, used on public transport bus services, have utilitarian fittings designed for efficient
movement of large numbers of people, and often have multiple doors. Coaches are used for longerdistance routes. High-capacity bus rapid transit services may use the bi-articulated bus or tram-style
buses such as the Wright StreetCar and the Irisbus Civis.
Buses and coach services often operate to a predetermined published public transport
timetable defining the route and the timing, but smaller vehicles may be used on more
flexible demand responsive transport services.

(2)Tourism
Buses play a major part in the tourism industry. Tour buses around the world allow tourists to view
local attractions or scenery. These are often open-top buses, but can also be by regular bus or
coach.

Tourists riding in a double-decker tourist bus in front of The Presidential Palace in the Historic Center of
Quito,Ecuador

In local sightseeing, City Sightseeing is the largest operator of local tour buses, operating on a
franchised basis all over the world. Specialist tour buses are also often owned and operated bysafari
parks and other theme parks or resorts. Longer-distance tours are also carried out by bus, either on
a turn up and go basis or through a tour operator, and usually allow disembarkation from the bus to
allow touring of sites of interest on foot. These may be day trips or longer excursions incorporating
hotel stays. Tour buses often carry a tour guide, although the driver or a recorded audio
commentarymay also perform this function. The tour operator may itself be a subsidiary of a
company that operates buses and coaches for other uses, or an independent company that charters
buses or coaches. Commuter transport operators may also use their coaches to conduct tours within
the target city between the morning and evening commuter transport journey.

Buses and coaches are also a common component of the wider package holiday industry, providing
private airport transfers (in addition to general airport buses) and organised tours and day trips for
holidaymakers on the package.
Public long-distance coach networks are also often used as a low-cost method of travel by students
or young people travelling the world. Some companies such as Topdeck Travel were set up to
specifically use buses to drive the hippie trail or travel to places such as North Africa.
In many tourist or travel destinations, a bus is part of the tourist attraction, such as the North
American tourist trolleys, London's Routemaster heritage routes, or the customised buses of Malta,
Asia, and the Americas.

(3)Student transport

In some countries, particularly the USA and Canada, buses used to transport school children have
evolved into a specific design with specified mandatory features. American states have also adopted
laws regarding motorist conduct around school buses, including serious fines and the possibility of
prison time for passing a stopped school bus in the process of offloading children passengers.
These school buses feature things such as the school bus yellow livery and crossing guards. Other
countries may mandate the use of seat belts. As a minimum, many countries require a bus carrying
students to display a sign, and may also adopt yellow liveries. Student transport often uses older
buses cascaded from service use, retrofitted with more seats and/or seatbelts. Student transport
may be operated by local authorities or private contractors. Schools may also own and operate their
own buses for other transport needs, such as class field trips, or transport to associated sports,
music, or other school events.

(4) Private charter

Due to the costs involved in owning, operating, and driving buses and coaches, many bus and coach
uses a private hire of vehicles from charter bus companies, either for a day or two, or a longer
contract basis, where the charter company provides the vehicles and qualified drivers.

Charter bus operators may be completely independent businesses, or charter hire may be a
subsidiary business of a public transport operator that might maintain a separate fleet or use surplus
buses, coaches, and dual-purpose coach-seated buses. Many private taxicabcompanies also
operate larger minibus vehicles to cater for group fares. Companies, private groups, and social clubs

may hire buses or coaches as a cost-effective method of transporting a group to an event or site,
such as a group meeting, racing event, or organised recreational activity such as a summer camp.
Entertainment or event companies may also hire temporary shuttles buses for transport at events
such as festivals or conferences. Party buses are used by companies in a similar manner
to limousine hire, for luxury private transport to social events or as a touring experience. Sleeper
buses are used by bands or other organisations that tour between entertainment venues and require
mobile rest and recreation facilities. Some couples hire preserved buses for their wedding
transportinstead of the traditional car. Buses are often hired for parades or processions. Victory
parades are often held for triumphant sports teams, who often tour their home town or city in
an open-top bus. Sports teams may also contract out their transport to a team bus, for travel to away
games, to a competition or to a final event. These buses are often specially decorated in a livery
matching the team colours. Private companies often contract out private shuttle bus services, for
transport of their customers or patrons, such as hotels,amusement parks, university campuses,
or private airport transfer services. This shuttle usage can be as transport between locations, or to
and from parking lots. High specification luxury coaches are often chartered by companies
for executive or VIP transport. Charter buses may also be used in tourism and for promotion (See
Tourism and Promotion sections)

(5) Private ownership

Many organisations, including the police, not for profit, social or charitable groups with a regular
need for group transport may find it practical or cost-effective to own and operate a bus for their own
needs. These are often minibuses for practical, tax and driver licensing reasons, although they can
also be full size buses. Cadet or scout groups or other youth organizations may also own buses.
Specific charities may exist to fund and operate bus transport, usually using specially modified
mobility buses or otherwise accessible buses (See Accessibility section). Some use their
contributions to buy vehicles, and provide volunteer drivers.
Airport operators make use of special airside airport buses for crew and passenger transport in the
secure airside parts of an airport. Some public authorities, police forces and military forces make use
of armoured buses where there is a special need to provide increased passenger protection.
The United States Secret Service acquired two in 2010 for transporting dignitaries needing special
protection.[27] Police departments make use of police buses for a variety of reasons, such as prisoner
transport, officer transport, temporary detention facilities, and as command and control vehicles.
Some fire departments also use a converted bus as a command post,[28] while those in cold climates
might retain a bus as a heated shelter at fire scenes. [29] Many are drawn from retired school or
service buses.

(6) Promotion
Buses are often used for advertising, political campaigning, public information campaigns, public
relations or promotional purposes. These may take the form of temporary charter hire of service
buses, or the temporary or permanent conversion and operation of buses, usually of secondhand buses. Extreme examples include converting the bus with displays and decorations
or awnings and fittings. Interiors may be fitted out for exhibition or information purposes with special
equipment and/or audio visual devices.
Bus advertising takes many forms, often as interior and exterior adverts and all-over advertising
liveries. The practice often extends into the exclusive private hire and use of a bus to promote a
brand or product, appearing at large public events, or touring busy streets. The bus is sometimes
staffed by promotions personnel, giving out free gifts.Campaign buses are often specially decorated
for a political campaign or other social awareness information campaign, designed to bring a specific
message to different areas, and/or used to transport campaign personnel to local areas/meetings.
Exhibition buses are often sent to public events such as fairs and festivals for purposes such as
recruitment campaigns, for example by private companies or the armed forces. Complex urban
planning proposals may be organised into a mobile exhibition bus for the purposes of public
consultation.

B.I.S

. (1) . AIS-052 ----Code of Practice for Bus Body Design & Approval
(2)
IS 15061-2002----Automotive Vehicles - Flammabiltiy Requirements
(3 )
AIS-023----------- Automotive Vehicles - Seats, their Anchorages and Head
Restraints for Passenger Vehicles of Categories M2, M3 and Goods Vehicles of
Category N Specifications
(4)AIS 063:2014-------REQUIREMENT FOR SCHOOL BUS
(5) AIS 119: 2012------REQUIREMENT FOR SLEEPER COACHES

The Manufacturing process

There are following steps are used for manufacturi

STEP ONE----- A school bus is made of hundreds of different components. Many of these
components are premanufactured by companies other than the school bus manufacturer.

STEP TWO---- Some components are premanufactured by companies that are owned by the
school bus manufacturer. Windows of laminated glass are made by melting together silicon
dioxide and various other oxides to produce molten glass. The hot liquid glass is then floated on
a pool of molten tin. The flat surface of the

The chassis is assembled and the body formed. After the body has been assembled, it is
painted.
liquid tin causes the molten glass to be transformed into a solid with a flat, smooth
surface as it cools. The glass is then quickly heated and cooled to strengthen it, a process
known as tempering. Two layers of the tempered glass are bonded to a layer of clear, hard
plastic under heat and pressure to form laminated glass.
STEP THREE---- Tires are made by mixing rubber, carbon black, sulfur, and other
chemicals together and heating the mixture to form a single compound. Sheets of this
rubber compound are wrapped around a rotating drum and glued together to form a tire
without treads. This preliminary tire, known as a green tire, is made up of many layers of
the rubber compound of many different shapes.
The green tire is then placed in mold, which contains treads on its inner surface. An
inflatable bladder is placed inside the tire. The mold is closed and the bladder is filled

with steam. The heat and pressure of the steam causes the green tire to take on the shape
of the tread pattern inside the mold. The bladder is deflated, the mold is opened, and the
treaded tire is allowed to cool.
STEP FOUR-- Small metal components are made by using a variety of precision
metalworking machines such as drills and lathes. Some metal components, such as those
made of aluminum, may be made by melting the metal, pouring it into a mold in the
shape of the desired component, and allowing it to cool.

STEP FIVE--- Plastic components may be made by injection molding. This process
involves melting the plastic into a liquid and forcing it into a mold under pressure, where
it cools into the desired component.

Once assembly of all parts is complete, the chassis and body are put together.

Making the chassis

STEP SIX--- Steel arrives at the school bus factory in the form of sheet metal of the
desired thickness. Various cutting and stamping tools are used to produce pieces of steel
of the proper shape and size. These various pieces are bolted together as the chassis
moves along an assembly line.

STEP SEVEN--- The frame (the base of the chassis) is bolted together from pieces of
steel as assembly begins. As the frame proceeds along the assembly line, the suspension
system is attached. Next, the brake and exhaust systems are attached. The engine is then
installed, followed by the drive shaft and the wheels, including tires.
The motorized part of the school bus is now completed. A temporary driver's seat can be
attached at this point to allow the chassis to undergo a preliminary driving test.

Making the body

STEP EIGHT--Like the chassis, the body of a school bus is made of components, which
have been molded from sheets of steel of the proper thickness. The various pieces of steel
are bolted together or welded together as the body proceeds along an assembly line
similar to the chassis assembly line.

STEP NINE---Steel panels are assembled together to form the bottom, sides, and top of
the body. The doors are then joined to the body.

STEP TEN--- The body is cleaned with soap and water, then treated with phosphate to
protect it from rust. A coat of primer is sprayed on the body and baked dry in a large
oven. Next, a coat of paint is sprayed on and baked dry in a similar manner.

STEP ELEVEN--- Windows are installed in the body. Interior components such as the
instrument panel and the seats are then installed. External components such as the door
handles and lights are also installed at this point.

Assembling the bus

STEP TWELVE-- The body is lifted by a large crane and placed on top of the chassis.
The two parts are then bolted together to produce the school bus. Final adjustments such
as connecting the electrical wiring are made. The school bus is inspected and shipped to
the consumer on special trucks designed to carry large motor vehicles.