TITTLE

Connection and Motor direction control by using DC Electronics Speed Controller

OBJECTIVE
- To demonstrate the connection of DC Shunt Wound Machine and DC Electronic Speed
Controller to control the direction and speed of rotation of machine.

INTRODUCTION
An electronic speed control or ESC is an electronic circuit with the purpose to vary
an electric motor's speed, its direction and possibly also to act as a dynamic brake. ESCs are
often used on electrically powered radio controlled models, with the variety most often used
for brushless motors essentially providing an electronically-generated three phase electric
power low voltage source of energy for the motor.
The generic DC motor is constructed with armature and field windings, interpoles, a frame or
stator, a segmented commutator, a brush assembly and end bells. The rotating armature winding
is wound on a laminated core, mounted on a steel shaft, supported by shaft bearings, and is
connected to the segmented commutator that receives external DC power through the brush
assembly. Brushes conduct the current from external DC power circuit to the commutator and
finally to the armature windings. The frame or stator supports the field windings and interpoles.
The end bells encase all the parts of the motor into one unit.
Applying DC motors in industrial applications, e.g., cranes, mills, pumps, presses, machine
tools, etc., requires a careful consideration of the torque-speed requirements of the load and
matching them to the motors capabilities for power, speed control to ensure the motor can
operate within safe parameters. For instance, crane applications require high breakaway torque
(even at zero speed), fast reversing and dynamic (regenerative) braking. Series DC motors are
typically used in these applications but are also used in elevators and conveyor applications.
Shunt DC motors have moderate starting torque but good speed regulation and typically operate
as constant speed prime movers for applications such as belt-driven machines, lathes, machine
tools and fans. Compound DC motors have high starting torque and constant speed under load.
They are typically used in rolling and press applications.

THEORY OF DC. ELECTRONICS SPEED CONTROLLER

The speed of a DC motor is directly proportional to the supply voltage, so if we reduce
the supply voltage from 12 Volts to 6 Volts, the motor will run at half the speed. The speed
controller works by varying the average voltage sent to the motor. It could do this by simply
adjusting the voltage sent to the motor, but this is quite inefficient to do. A better way is to switch
the motor's supply on and off very quickly. If the switching is fast enough, the motor doesn't
notice it, it only notices the average effect.
When you watch a film in the cinema, or the television, what you are actually seeing is a
series of fixed pictures, which change rapidly enough that your eyes just see the average effect movement. Your brain fills in the gaps to give an average effect. Now imagine a light bulb with a
switch. When you close the switch, the bulb goes on and is at full brightness, say 100 Watts.
When you open the switch it goes off (0 Watts). Now if you close the switch for a fraction of a
second, then open it for the same amount of time, the filament won't have time to cool down and
heat up, and you will just get an average glow of 50 Watts. This is how lamp dimmers work, and
the same principle is used by speed controllers to drive a motor. When the switch is closed, the
motor sees 12 Volts, and when it is open it sees 0 Volts. If the switch is open for the same amount
of time as it is closed, the motor will see an average of 6 Volts, and will run more slowly
accordingly.
As the amount of time that the voltage is on increases compared with the amount of time
that it is off, the average speed of the motor increases. The time that it takes a motor to speed up
and slow down under switching conditions is dependant on the inertia of the rotor (basically how
heavy it is), and how much friction and load torque there is. The graph below shows the speed of
a motor that is being turned on and off fairly slowly.

Function -DC SHUNT WOUND MOTOR

Shunt DC Motors operate on direct current. As such, the field windings and armature are
connected in a parallel combination, and in electrical terminology a parallel combination is
known as a shunt. This type of motor is a "shunt-wound" DC Motor and the type of winding is
called a shunt winding.
DC motors produce torque and mechanical motion due to the interaction of the magnetic
fields of the rotating armature coil and the stationary field coil mounted on the frame. The
changing magnetic field of the armature is possible through the use of electrically conductive
carbon brushes, which ride on the segmented, commutator ring, external DC power is applied to
the brushes through the commutator to the armature windings. As current flows through the
armature coil, a magnetic field results. The field windings mounted on the frame, also set up a
magnetic field. After the rotating armature passes through half of a complete rotation, the
commutator switches the direction of the current flow, thereby changing the direction of the
magnetic field in the armature winding.

EQUIPMENT
1. DC Shunt Wound motor.
2. Technometer
3. Multimeter
4. DC AC Motor Control Training System
5. DC Electronic Speed Controller
6. Connecting wires

RESULT
Direction
Speed(%)

Forward
30

50

80

Reverse
100

30

50

80

100

Voltage (V)
Current (A)
Speed (RPM)

40.3
0.330
637.6

81.7
0.408
1308.8

136.9
0.481
2273.3

176.6
0.528
2969.4

-40.4
-0.328
660.4

-79.4
-0.396
1299.6

-138.3
-0.478
2242.7

-177.1
-0.528
2960.4

Based on the result, either in forward or reverse motion of motor, if there are any increase
in speed of electronic speed controller, the voltage, current and spindle speed also will follow to
increase. This is because more energy will supply to the motor for produce force to turn the
motor either in forward and reverse direction.

DISCUSSION
DC SHUNT WOUND MOTOR
The construction of a dc shunt motor is pretty similar to other types of dc motor, as shown in the
figure below.

Just that there is one distinguishable feature in its designing which can be explained by taking
into consideration, the torque generated by the motor. To produce a high torque,

i) The armature winding must be exposed to an amount of electric current thats much higher
than the field windings current, as the torque is proportional to the armature current.
ii) The field winding must be wound with many turns to increase the flux linkage, as flux linkage
between the field and armature winding is also proportional to the torque.
Keeping these two above mentioned criterion in mind a dc shunt motor has been designed in a
way, that the field winding possess much higher number of turns to increase net flux linkage and
are lesser in diameter of conductor to increase resistance(reduce electric current flow) compared
to the armature winding of the dc motor. And this is how a shunt wound dc motor is visibly
distinguishable in static condition from the dc series motor (having thicker field coils) of the self
excited type motors category.

ELECTRONICS SPEED CONTROLLER

Manually starting the rotation in either direction would allow the motor to run in that
direction. There are a few techniques used to start an DC motor including the use of a capacitor
to produce a second line 90 degrees out of phase with the original phase. This is applied to a
second winding to give practical torque at startup. Often this second phase is turned off soon
after the motor is started and sometimes the motor runs continuously with two phases.
Frequently, motors are speed controlled using a similar technique.
An electronic speed control is an electric circuit with the purpose to vary an electronic
circuit with the purpose to vary an electric motors speed, its direction and possibly also to act as
a dynamic brake. They are often used on electrically powered radio controlled models, with the
variety most often used for brushless motors essentially providing an electronically-generated
three phase electrical power low voltage source of energy for the motor.
Three phase electrical power is a common method of alternating-current electric power
generation, transmission and distribution. It is a type of polyphase system and is the most
common method used by electrical grids worldwide to transfer power. It is also used to power
large motors and other heavy over loads. A three phase system is usually more economical than
an equivalent single-phase or two-phase system at the same line to ground voltage because it
uses less conductor material to transmit electrical power.
The three phase asynchronous motor (induction motor) has a stator with three windings
located 120o apart. Each winding being connected to one of the three lines of the supply because

of the three phases reach their maximum current at different time , the magnetic field can be
considered to rotate round the stator poles.

CONCLUSION

An electronic speed controller is an electronic circuit with the purpose to vary an electric
motors speed, its direction and possibly also to act as a dynamic brake. A closed-loop control
system that regulates the speed of DC Motor is designed to determine the value of current,
voltage and the speed of the loop besides investigating the characteristics and behaviour of a DC
Motor.
The shunt wound dc motor falls under the category of self excited dc motors, where the
field windings are shunted to, or are connected in parallel to the armature winding of the motor,
as its name is suggestive of. And for this reason both the armature winding and the field winding
are exposed to the same supply voltage, though there are separate branches for the flow of
armature electric current and the field electric current.
Speed control means intentional change of the drive speed to a value required for
performing the specific work process. Speed control is a different concept from speed regulation
where there is natural change in speed due change in load on the shaft. Speed control is either
done manually by the operator or by means of some automatic control device.

REFERENCES
http://www.industrial-electronics.com/elecy4_1.html#sthash.HIlsh9fO.dpuf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_speed_control

William Stevenson, Elements of Power System Analysis 3rd ed., McGraw Hill, New York,
1975, ISBN 0-07-061285-4
A.E. Kennelly, "Equivalence of triangles and three-pointed stars in conducting networks",
Electrical World and Engineer, vol. 34, pp. 413414, 1899.

APPENDIX