PML Heat Exchange

PML:Heat Exchange
gPROMS Process Model Library Documentation

Release 4.2
December 2015
Process Systems Enterprise Limited

5th Floor East
26-28 Hammersmith Grove
London W6 7HA
e: info@psenterprise.com
w: www.psenterprise.com
t: +44 20 8563 0888
f: +44 20 8563 0999
gPROMS Process Model Library Documentation: PML:Heat Exchange

Release 4.2
PML:Heat Exchange
Release 4.2
December 2015
Copyright 1997-2015 Process Systems Enterprise Limited

Process Systems Enterprise Limited
5th Floor East
26-28 Hammersmith Grove
London W6 7HA
United Kingdom
e: support.gproms@psenterprise.com
w: www.psenterprise.com
Trademarks
gPROMS is a registered trademark of Process Systems Enterprise Limited ("PSE"). All other registered and pending
trademarks mentioned in this material are considered the sole property of their respective owners. All rights reserved. Legal
notice No part of this material may be copied, distributed, published, retransmitted or modified in any way without the prior
written consent of PSE. This document is the property of PSE, and must not be reproduced in any manner without prior
written permission.
Disclaimer
gPROMS provides an environment for modelling the behaviour of complex systems. While gPROMS provides valuable
insights into the behaviour of the system being modelled, this is not a substitute for understanding the real system and any
dangers that it may present. Except as otherwise provided, all warranties, representations, terms and conditions express
and implied (including implied warranties of satisfactory quality and fitness for a particular purpose) are expressly excluded
to the fullest extent permitted by law. gPROMS provides a framework for applications which may be used for supervising a
process control system and initiating operations automatically. gPROMS is not intended for environments which require failsafe characteristics from the supervisor system. PSE specifically disclaims any express or implied warranty of fitness for
environments requiring a fail-safe supervisor. Nothing in this disclaimer shall limit PSE's liability for death or personal injury
caused by its negligence.
2

Release 4.2
Introduction
The gPROMS Process Model Library (PML) is a collection of models of commonly used processing equipment. The library
is designed to enable the user to quickly construct process flowsheet models that are suitable for use in steady state and
dynamic simulation, parameter estimation and optimisation studies.
The library includes:
steady-state and dynamic modelling
rigorous modelling of liquid and vapour mass and energy hold-up
separation models that can describe phase appearance and disappearance
reactor models for use with equilibrium and kinetic reactions
The library models employ an accurate representation of pressure-flow dynamics within the flowsheet; flow reversal
phenomena are handled robustly.
The model code is open to the user, making it easier for you to develop customised company specific models.
The models have fully integrated support for a variety of rigorous physical property packages such as Infochems Multiflash
and other Cape-Open compliant packages.
This document describes the contents of the PML Heat Exchange library.
3

Release 4.2
Contents
1
Heat exchanger ....................................................................................................................................... 6
Heat exchanger tubular ......................................................................................................................... 18
Heater .................................................................................................................................................... 31
Heater tubular ........................................................................................................................................ 37
Heat pipe ............................................................................................................................................... 47
Heat pipe tubular ................................................................................................................................... 55
4
gPROMS Process Model Library Documentation: PML:Heat Exchange: Heat exchanger

Release 4.2
Heat exchanger
5

Release 4.2
Heat exchanger
Model type: Reversible connector - algebraic.
1.1
Model icon
1.2
Model description
This model calculates the heat exchanged between a hot stream and a cold stream. The model uses two instances of the
lumped PML heater_pipe model (see Section 5) to calculate the fluid flowrate and the change in fluid temperature for both
the hot and the cold streams. The mean temperature difference is calculated using either the log-mean or Underwood
methods.
The fluid heat transfer coefficients can be described by a fixed value or a simple relationship which varies the fluid heat
transfer coefficient according to the fluid flow rates in the heat exchanger and includes fouling resistance. The model can be
used to describe both counter-current and co-current flow situations.
Model assumptions1
1.3
1.4
The fluid streams do not change phase during the simulation.
There is no temperature cross-over.
Parameters
Symbol
Definition
Units
gPROMS Name
Default Value
Comp1
List of components in the pipe1 stream
pipe1_no_components
Also see the heat pipe sub model (Section 5).
6

Release 4.2
1.5
Symbol
Definition
Units
gPROMS Name
Default Value
PhysPro
ppipe1
Physical property foreign object of the

pipe1 stream
pipe1_phys_prop
Comp2
List of components in hot stream
pipe2_no_components
PhysPro
ppipe2
Physical property foreign object of the

pipe2 stream
pipe2_phys_prop
Fscale
Flow scale: used for equation scaling
kg/s
flow_scale
Pscale
Pressure scale: used for equation scaling
Pa
pressure_scale
1E5
Escale
Energy scale: used for equation scaling
energy_scale
1E3
hscale
Enthalpy scale: used for equation scaling
J/kg
enthalpy_scale
1E3
Flow
Low flow threshold
kg/s
low_flow_threshold
1E-1
Tsmall
Small temperature difference
small_differential_temperature
1E-1
N1
Small positive number
small_positive_number
1E-10
Flow correction power
flow_correction_power
0.8
Units
Symbol
Sub-models used
gPROMS model name
Pipe1
Heat pipe
Pipe1
Pipe2
Heat pipe
Pipe2
7

Release 4.2
1.6
Ports
gPROMS Name
Port Type
Port Category
Content
in
Portset
in
pipe1_inlet
PMLMaterial
ConnectorPort
x in,pipe1, h in,pipe1,
in
P in,pipe1, Fin,pipe1,
xin,pipe1, hin,pipe1
pipe1_outlet
PMLMaterial
ConnectorPort
x out,pipe1, h out,pipe1,
in
P out,pipe1, Fout,pipe1,
xout,pipe1, hout,pipe1
pipe2_inlet
PMLMaterial
ConnectorPort
x in,pipe2, h in,pipe2,
in
P in,pipe2, Fin,pipe2,
xin,pipe2, hin,pipe2
pipe2_outlet
PMLMaterial
ConnectorPort
x out,pipe2, h out,pipe2,
in
P out,pipe2, Fout,pipe2,
xout,pipe2, hout,pipe2
pipe2
pipe1_inlet_temperature
PMLControl
ControlPort
signal
Tpipe1,in
pipe1_outlet_temperature
PMLControl
ControlPort
signal
Tpipe1,out
pipe2_inlet_temperature
PMLControl
ControlPort
signal
Tpipe2,in
pipe2_outlet_temperature
PMLControl
ControlPort
signal
Tpipe2,out
in
in
in
pipe1
in
in
1.7
pipe1
pipe2
in
Variables
Symbol
Definitions
Units
gPROMS Name
gPROMS Type
Upipe1
Pipe1 heat transfer

coefficient
W/m .K
pipe1_heat_transfer_coefficient
heat_transfer_coeff
Upipe2
Pipe2 heat transfer

coefficient
W/m .K
pipe2_heat_transfer_coefficient
heat_transfer_coeff
Overall heat transfer

coefficient
W/m .K
heat_transfer_coefficient
no_type_gezero
UA

coefficient
W/K
UA_value
no_type_gezero
Fouling resistance
m .K/W
fouling_resistance
no_type_gezero
0
Upipe1
Design pipe1 heat transfer

coefficient
W/m .K
design_pipe1_heat_tranfer_coeffici
ent
Heat_transfer_coeff
0
Upipe2
Design pipe2 heat transfer

coefficient
W/m .K
design_cold_pipe2_transfer_ceffici
ent
Heat_transfer_coeff
8

Release 4.2
1.8
Symbol
Definitions
Units
gPROMS Name
gPROMS Type
0
Fpipe1
Design pipe1 mass

flowrate
kg/s
design_pipe1_mass_flowrate
mass_flowrate
0
Fpipe2
Design pipe2 mass

flowrate
kg/s
design_pipe2_mass_flowrate
mass_flowrate
pipe1
Pipe1 flow coefficient
kg/s Pa
pipe1_flow_coefficient
Linear_flow_coefficient
pipe2
Pipe2 flow coefficient
kg/s Pa
pipe2_flow_coefficient
Linear_flow_coefficient
heat_transfer_area
Area
Heat transfer area
Multipass correction factor
multipass_correction_factor
no_type_gezero

energy rate
J/s
overall_heat_transfer_energy_rate
energy_rate
Tin
Inlet differential
temperature
in_differential_temperature
differential_temperature
Tout
Outlet differential
temperature
out_differential_temperature
Tmean
Mean differential
temperature
mean_differential_temperature
Tlimit
Limit differential
temperature
limit_differential_temperature
Selectors
1.9
Definition
gPROMS Name
Possible Values
Default value
Heat exchanger type
exchanger_type
counter_current_flow,
co_current_flow
co_current_flow
Temperature driving
force
deltaTemp
logmean, underwood
Logmean
Heat transfer coefficient

function
HTC_coefficient
constant, calculate
Choice of specification
UA_htc_choice
UA, individual_htc
Constant
Individual_htc
Topology
Stream variables:
9

Release 4.2
=
=
=
=
pipe1_ inlet
pipe1_ outlet
pipe2 _ inlet
pipe2 _ outlet
1.10
pipe1.in
pipe1.out
pipe2.in
pipe2.out
Set
The following parameters are set in the model section:
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
pipe1_ phys _ prop

pipe1_ components
pipe1.phys _ prop
pipe1.components
pipe2 _ phys _ prop
pipe2 _ components
pipe2.phys _ prop
pipe2.components
1.11
pipe1_ inlet.phys _ prop

pipe1_ inlet.components
pipe1_ inlet.phys _ prop
pipe1_ inlet.components
pipe2 _ inlet.phys _ prop
pipe2 _ inlet.components
pipe2 _ inlet.phys _ prop
pipe2 _ inlet.components
Equations
Control port variables:
signal
Tpipe1,in
signal
Tpipe1,out
si gnal
Tpipe2,in
pipe1.Tin
=
=
pipe1.Tout
pipe2.Tin
signal
Tpipe2,out
pipe2.Tout
Connecting sub-models variables:

IF
pipe1.Tentry > pipe2.Tentry
THEN
Q = pipe1.Q = pipe2.Q
ELSE
10

Release 4.2
Q = pipe1.Q = pipe2.Q
pipe1 = pipe1.
pipe2 = pipe2.
Heat transfer coefficient:

CASE: HTC_coefficient
Constant
calculate
0
Upipe1 = Upipe1
0
Upipe2 = Upipe2
IF pipe1.F > Flow THEN

Upipe1 = U
0
pipe1
pipe1.F
0
Fpipe1
ELSE
F
0
Upipe1 = Upipe1
0low
Fpipe1
IF pipe2.F > Flow THEN

Upipe2 = U
0
pipe2
pipe2.F
0
Fpipe2
ELSE
Upipe2 = U
0
pipe2
F
0low
Fpipe2
Overall heat transfer coefficient:
U=
1 + 1 +R
Upipe1 Upipe2
11

Release 4.2
Heat transfer rate:

CASE: UA_htc_choice
Individual_htc
UA
Q = UA Tmean
Q = f U A Tmean
Temperature driving force:

CASE: exchanger_type
counter_current_flow
IF pipe1.Tentry > pipe2.Tentry THEN

Tin = pipe1.Tentry pipe2.Texit
Tout = pipe1.Texit pipe2.Tentry
IF Tin < Tout THEN
Tlimit = Tin
ELSE
Tlimit = Tout
ELSE
Tin = pipe2.Tentry pipe1.Texit
Tout = pipe2.Texit pipe1.Tentry
IF Tin < Tout THEN
Tlimit = Tin
ELSE
Tlimit = Tout
12

Release 4.2
co_current_flow
IF pipe1.Tentry > pipe2.Tentry THEN

Tin = pipe1.Tentry pipe2.Tentry
Tout = pipe1.Texit pipe2.Texit
Tlimit = pipe1.Texit pipe2.Texit
ELSE
Tin = pipe2.Tentry pipe1.Tentry
Tout = pipe2Texit pipe1.Texit
Tlimit = pipe2.Texit pipe1.Texit
Mean temperature difference:

CASE: deltaTemp
logmean
IF Tlimit > Tsmall THEN

Tmean =
( Tin Tout + N1)
Tin
LOG
Tout
+ N1
ELSE
Tmean
Underwood
Tin Tout )
T
(
Tlimit
=
+ NI limit + Tlimit 1
Tsmall
LOG Tin + N1
Tsmall
Tout

IF Tlimit > Tsmall THEN

3
Tmean
1
1
= 0.5 SGN ( Tin ) Tin 3 + SGN ( Tout ) Tout 3
ELSE
3
Tmean
1
1
Tlimit
= 0.5 SGN ( Tin ) Tin 3 + SGN ( Tout ) Tout 3
Tsmall
Tlimit
+ Tlimit 1
Tsmall
13

Release 4.2
1.12
Foreign objects used
Fluid properties are taken from a physical property package complying with the gPROMS physical property interface.
1.13
Specifications
The user is guided in making the specifications for the model from the specification dialog, shown below:
The specification dialog box supports a number of configuration modes:
Heat exchanger type: this allows the user to choose between co-current and counter-current heat exchanger type
of flow.
Temperature driving force: this corresponds to the mean_differential_temperature in the model
14

Release 4.2
Heat transfer coefficient function: this corresponds to the options available to keep heat transfer coefficient in pipe1
and pipe2 as constant or calculate them as a function of flowrate.
Parameter specification
Low flow threshold (htc) (Advanced): Below this flowrate the this low flow threshold will be used to calculate the
heat transfer coefficient instead of the real flowrate
Low flow threshold (pipe 1) (Advanced): Below this flowrate the heat will not be added to the pipe to prevent very
high or low temperatures.
Low flow threshold (pipe 2) (Advanced): Below this flowrate the heat will not be added to the pipe to prevent very
high or low temperatures.
Variable specification
In order to satisfy the degrees of freedom for the model the user needs to ASSIGN appropriate number of variables of the
heat exchanger. The user is guided in making these specifications for the model from the specification dialog. The following
is the list of process variables involved in the heat exchanger model:
Pipe1 heat transfer coefficient, Upipe1
Pipe2 heat transfer coefficient, Upipe2
Overall heat transfer coefficient, U
Fouling resistance, R
Design pipe1 heat transfer coefficient,
0
Upipe1
Design pipe2 heat transfer coefficient,
0
Upipe2
Design pipe1 mass flowrate,
0
Fpipe1
Design pipe2 mass flowrate,
0
Fpipe2
Pipe1 flow coefficient, pipe1
Pipe2 flow coefficient, pipe2
15

Release 4.2
Heat transfer area, A
Multipass correction factor, f
Overall heat transfer energy rate, Q
Inlet differential temperature, Tin
Outlet differential temperature, Tout
Mean differential temperature, Tmean
Connections to the control Ports are optional.

Initial conditions
No initial condition is necessary as the model is static.
16
gPROMS Process Model Library Documentation: PML:Heat Exchange: Heat exchanger tubular
Release 4.2
Heat exchanger tubular
17
Release 4.2
Heat exchanger tubular
Model type: Irreversible connector - dynamic.
2.1
Model icon
2.2
Model description
This distributed model describes the heat exchange between a fluid (either gas or liquid) flowing inside of a tube (or bundle
of tubes) and a fluid (gas or liquid) flowing counter-currently through the shell. The model uses two instances of the PML
heater_pipe_tubular model (see Section 6) to calculate the fluid flowrate and the change in fluid temperature for both the
tube and shell streams. The user can define the exchanger operation mode (co or counter-current flow) using the flow
direction CASE statements in the lower level models.
The fluid heat transfer coefficients can be described by a fixed value or a simple relationship which varies according to the
fluid flow rates in the heat exchanger. The fluid heat transfer coefficients are used to characterise the rate of heat transfer
to and from the tube metal mass.
Model assumptions2
2.3
The tube metal is modelled as an axially distributed system.
Thermal conduction in the tube metal is negligible in the axial direction and infinitely fast in the radial direction.
2.4
Parameters
Symbol
Definition
Units
gPROMS Name
Default Value
Array size
CompT
List of components in the tube stream
tube_no_components
PhysPropT
Physical property foreign object of the tube

stream
tube_phys_prop
Also see the tubular heat pipe sub model (Section 6).
18
Release 4.2
Symbol
Definition
Units
gPROMS Name
Default Value
Array size
CompS
List of components in the shell stream
shell_no_components
PhysPropS
Physical property foreign object of the shell

stream
shell_phys_prop
NG
Number of grids
no_grids
Fscale
kg/s
flow_scale
Pscale
Pa
pressure_scale
1E5
Escale
energy_scale
1E3
hscale
J/kg
enthalpy_scale
1E3
Flow
Low flow threshold
kg/s
low_flow_threshold
1E-1
0.8
fD
Flow direction indicator
flow_direction_indicator
_shell
-1
pos_norm
pos_norm
NG+1
pos_rev
pos_rev
NG+1
Pi
pi
3.141592
TTinit
Tube initial temperature
Tube_fluid_temperatur
e_i
300
Tsinit
Shell initial temperature
shell_fluid_temperature
_i
300
Tminit
Tube metal initial temperature
Tube_metal_temperatu
re_i
300
2.5
2.6
Distribution domains
Symbol
Domain description
Interval
gPROMS name
Normalised axial domain
[0 : 1]
axial
Units
Symbol
Sub-models used
gPROMS model name
Tube
Tubular heat pipe
tube
Shell
Tubular heat pipe
shell
Fm_inlet
Flow multiplier
Flow_multiplier_inlet
Fm_outlet
Flow multiplier
Flow_multiplier_outlet
19
Release 4.2
2.7
Ports
gPROMS Name
Port Type
Port Category
Content
in
in
tube_in
PMLMaterial
ConnectorPort
x t,in, h
h t,in
tube_out
PMLMaterial
ConnectorPort
x t,out, h t,out, P
x t,out, h t,out
shell_in
PMLMaterial
ConnectorPort
x s,in, h
h s,in
shell_out
PMLMaterial
ConnectorPort
x s,out, h s,out, P
x s,out, h s,out
in_tube_temperature
PMLControl
ControlPort
signal
TT,in
out_tube_temperature
PMLControl
ControlPort
signal
TT,out
in_shell_temperature
PMLControl
ControlPort
signal
TS,in
out_shell_temperature
PMLControl
ControlPort
signal
TS,out
in
in
t,in
,P
t,in
in
in
in
2.8
Portset
in
s,in
,P
in
in
in
, F t,in, x t,in,
t,out
s,in
in
, F t,out,
, F s,in, x s,in,
s,out
, F s,out,
Tube_Flow
Tube_Flow
Shell_Flow
Shell_Flow
Variables
Symbol
Definitions
Units
gPROMS Name
gPROMS Type
Array Size
NT
Number of tubes
no_tubes
no_type_gezero
UT
Heat transfer coefficient of

the tube side
W/m . K
tube_heat_transfer_coefficie
nt
no_type_gezero
US
Heat transfer coefficient of

the shell side
W/m . K
shell_heat_transfer_coefficie
nt
no_type_gezero
U0T
Design heat transfer

coefficient of the tube side
W/m . K
design_tube_heat_transfer_c
oefficient
no_type_gezero
U0S

coefficient of the shell side
W/m . K
design_shell_heat_transfer_c
oefficient
no_type_gezero
FT0
Design mass flowrate of

the tube side
kg/s
tube_design_mass_flowrate
mass_flowrate
FS0
Design mass flowrate of

the shell side
kg/s
shell_design_mass_flowrate
mass_flowrate
Tube flow coefficient
kg/s. Pa
tube_flow_coefficient
linear_flow_coefficie
nt
20
Release 4.2
Symbol
Definitions
Units
gPROMS Name
gPROMS Type
Array Size
Shell flow coefficient
kg/s. Pa
shell_flow_coefficient
linear_flow_coefficie
nt
DI,T
Tube inner diameter
tube_inner_diameter
diameter
DO,T
Tube outer diameter
tube_outer_diameter
diameter
Tube length
tube_length
length
DI,S
Shell inner diameter
shell_inner_diameter
diameter
QFluxT
Tube wall to tube heat flux
J/m. s
tubewallTotube_heat_flux
heat_flux
axial
QFluxS
Tube wall to shell heat flux
J/m. s
tubewallToshell_heat_flux
heat_flux
axial
QFluxS,c
Tube wall to shell heat flux

calculated
J/m. s
tubewallToshell_heat_flux_ca
lc
heat_flux
TT
Tube fluid temperature
tube_fluid_temperature
temperature
axial
TS
Shell fluid temperature
shell_fluid_temperature
temperature
axial
TS,c
Shell fluid temperature

calculated
shell_fluid_temperature_calc
temperature
Tube metal temperature
tube_metal_temperature
temperature
axial
Tube metal mass
kg
tube_metal_mass
mass
tube_metal_mass_density
mass_density
tube_metal_specific_heat_ca
pacity
no_type_gezero
Cp
2.9
2.10
Tube metal mass density
kg/m
Tube metal specific heat

capacity
J/kg. K
Selectors
Definition
gPROMS Name
Possible Values
Default value

function
HTC_coefficient
constant, calculate
constant
Set
21
axial
axial
Release 4.2
tube _ phys _ prop
= tube _ in.phys _ prop
tube _ no _ components
= tube _ in.components
tube.in.phys _ prop
tube.in.components
tube.phys _ prop
tube.components
shell _ phys _ prop
= shell _ in.phys _ prop
shell _ no _ components = shell _ in.components
2.11
shell.in.phys _ prop
shell.in.components
shell.phys _ prop
= shell _ in.components
shell.components
= shell _ in.components
Boundary conditions
At tubular heat exchanger inlet (z = 0):
QFlux T (0) = 0
QFlux S (0) = 0
At tubular heat exchanger outlet (z = 1):
QFlux T (1) = 0
QFluxS (1) = 0
2.12
Topology
Shell side variables:
22
Release 4.2
shell _ in = shell.in
shell _ out = shell.out
tube _ in = Fm,inlet .inlet
Fm,inlet .outlet = tube.inlet
tube _ out = Fm,outlet .outlet
Fm,outlet .inlet = tube.outlet
2.13
Equations
signal
TT,in
signal
TT,out
signal
TS,in
signal
S,out
= tube.T ( 0 )
= tube.T (1)
= shell.T ( 0 )
=
shell.T (1)
Tube inlet variables:
tube.F = FT,in / NT
in
tube.Pinin = PT,in
tube.xinin,i = xinT,in,i = x T,in,i
tube.hinin =
in
T,in
i = CompT
= hT,in
Tube outlet variables:
tube.F = FT,out / NT
in
in
tube.Pout
= PT,out
tube.xinout,i = xinT,out,i = x T,out,i
tube.hinout =
in
T,out
i = Comps
= hT,out
Tube port connections
23
Release 4.2
Fm,inlet .fm = 1/ NT
Fm,outlet .fm = NT
Connecting sub-model variables with tube side variables:
QFlux T
TT
tube.L
tube.
Connecting sub-model variables with shell side variables:
QFlux S
= tube.QFlux
=
tube.T
= shell.QFlux
TS
shell.T
shell.L
shell.
Geometry of the heat exchanger:
tube.A
shell.A =
2
DI,T
4
2
2
DI,S
NT DO,T
24
Release 4.2
Heat transfer coefficients calculations:

UT = U0T
constant
Us = U0s
IF tube.F > Fflow THEN
calculate
tube.F
FT0
NT
UT = U0T
ELSE
Flow
FT0
NT
IF shell.F > Fflow THEN
UT = U0T
shell.F
US = U
FS0
0
S
ELSE
F
US = U low
FS0
0
S
Tube side heat flux for a single tube per unit length:
QFluxT (z) = UT Tm (z) TT ( z )
z [0,1]
Shell side heat flux per unit length:
QFluxS (z) = NT US Tm (z) TS ( z )
z [0,1]
Tube metal mass for a single tube:
25
Release 4.2
m = L m
2
2
DO,T DI,T
4
Heat balance across tube metal:
QFluxS (z) DO,T
dTm (z)
m Cp
= 2 QFlux T (z) DI,T
dt
NT
z (0,1)
Inversion of domain for countercurrent flows:
IF fD > 0 THEN
TS,c = TS
QFlux S,c = QFlux S
ELSE
TS,c (pos _ norm(i)) = TS (pos _ rev(i))
i = 1,NG + 1
QFlux S,c (pos _ norm(i)) = QFlux S (pos _ rev(i))

2.14
2.15
Specifications
26
Release 4.2
The specification dialog supports the following configuration mode:
Flow configuration: this corresponds to whether if the flow is co-current or counter current.
Heat transfer coefficient function: this corresponds to the options available to keep heat transfer coefficient in the
shell and tube side as constant or calculate them as a function of flowrate.
Connectivity
The Models inlet and outlet material Ports must be correctly connected.
Parameters
The values of the following parameters should be specified:
Numerical discretisation methods used for the axial, z
27
Release 4.2
Number of grids for numerical discretisation, NG
The specification dialog sets a default value for the numerical discretisation method and the order of approximation for the
shell and tube side.
Variables
The following variables must be specified:
Number of tubes, NT
Tube inner diameter, DI,T
Tube outer diameter, DO,T
Tube length, L
Design tube mass flowrate,
Design tube heat transfer coefficient,
Tube flow coefficient, T
Tube metal mass density,
Tube metal heat specific capacity, Cp
Shell inner diameter, DI,S
Design shell mass flowrate,
Design shell heat transfer coefficient,
Shell flow coefficient, S
FT0
U0T
FS0
U0S
28
Release 4.2
Initial conditions
The user must provide initial conditions for each of the state variables. The following options are supported from the model
specification dialog:
1.
steady state
Applicable limits
dETube,z
dt
dEShell,z
dt
dTm,z
dt
2.
dynamic: Specify
Counter current
Co-current
=0
z (0,1]
z (0,1]
=0
z [0,1)
z (0,1]
z [0,1]
z [0,1]
=0
TTinit , TSinit ,Tminit

Applicable limits
Counter current
Co-current
TT,z = TTinit
z (0,1]
z (0,1]
TS,z = TSinit
z [0,1)
z (0,1]
Tm,z = Tminit
z [0,1]
z [0,1]
29
gPROMS Process Model Library Documentation: PML:Heat Exchange: Heater

Release 4.2
Heater
30

Release 4.2
Heater
3.1
Model icon
3.2
Model description
This model calculates the heat input rate to a fluid stream. It can be used as a heater or a cooler.
The model uses the lumped PML heater_pipe model (see Section 5) as a sub model this calculates the fluid flowrate and
the change in fluid temperature.
Model assumptions3
3.3
3.4
The model does not calculate the variation in temperature along the pipe length.
Parameters
Symbol
Definition
Units
gPROMS Name
Default
Value
Comp
List of components
components
PhysProp
Physical property foreign object
phys_prop
Fscale
kg/s
fow_scale
Pscale
Pa
pressure_scale
1E5
Escale
energy_scale
1E3
hscale
J/kg
enthalpy_scale
1E3
Also see the heat pipe sub model (Section 5).
31

Release 4.2
3.5
Symbol
Definition
Units
gPROMS Name
Default
Value
Flow
Low flow threshold
kg/s
low_flow_threshold
1E-3
Units
3.6
Symbol
Sub-models used
gPROMS Model Name
Pipe
Heat_pipe
Pipe
Port Type
Port Category
Ports
gPROMS Name
Content
in
Portset
in
Inlet
PMLMaterial
ConnectorPort
x in, h in, P in, Fin, xin,

hin
outlet
PMLMaterial
ConnectorPort
x out, h out, P
xout, hout
temperature_in_measurement
PMLControl
ControlPort
Tinsignal
temperature_out_measurement
PMLControl
ControlPort
signal
Tout
energy_input
PMLControl
ControlPort
Qsignal
in
3.7
in
in
in
out
, Fout,
in
In
Variables
Symbol
3.8
Definitions
Units
2
gPROMS Name
gPROMS Type
heat_transfer_area
area
Heat transfer area
W/m .K
no_type_gezero
Th
Heater temperature
heater_temperature
Temperature
Topology
Stream variables:
inlet = Pipe.inlet
outlet = pipe.outlet
32

Release 4.2
3.9
Set
= inlet.phys _ prop
phys _ prop
no _ components = inlet.no _ component

3.10
Equations
Tinsignal
signal
Tout
Qsignal
= Pipe.Tin
= Pipe.Tout
=
Pipe.Q
External heat input rate:
Pipe.Q = U A ( Th Pipe.T )
3.11
3.12
Specifications
33

Release 4.2
The specification dialog supports the following configuration option:
Heat input; this corresponds to how heat input to the unit is specified. The following options are available:
o
Specify heater temperature
Specify heater energy capacity
Controlled heater energy requirement
Connectivity
The following parameters must be specified:
Low flow threshold (Advanced): Below this flowrate the heat will not be added to the to prevent very high or low
temperatures.
34

Release 4.2
The following variables must be ASSIGned by the user:
Heat transfer coefficient, U
Heat transfer area, A
Heater temperature, Th or the heat input rate Q

o
Note these should not be specified if the energy_input control Port is connected to.
The following variable needs to be ASSIGNed for the pipe sub-model:
Heater pipes flow coefficient,
Initial conditions
35
gPROMS Process Model Library Documentation: PML:Heat Exchange: Heater tubular

Release 4.2
Heater tubular
36

Release 4.2
Heater tubular
4.1
Model icon
4.2
Model description
This distributed model describes the heat exchange between a fluid (either gas or liquid) flowing inside a tube (or bundle of
tubes) and the tube wall which is itself subjected to an external heat input term. The model can be used as a heater or a
cooler.
The model uses the PML heater_pipe_tubular model (see Section 6) as a sub model this calculates the fluid flowrate and
the change in fluid temperature along the length of the heater/cooler.
Model assumptions4
4.3
The heat transfer within the tube metal is sufficiently fast so that there is negligible temperature variation in the tube
metal and thus the tube metal can be treated as a single lumped mass.
4.4
Parameters
Symbol
Definition
Units
gPROMS Name
Default
Value
Comp
List of components
components
PhysProp
phys_prop
NG
Number of grids
no_grids
Fscale
kg/s
flow_scale
Also see the tubular heat pipe sub model (Section 6).
37
Array
Size

Release 4.2
Definition
Units
gPROMS Name
Default
Value
Pscale
Pressure scale: used for equation

scaling
Pa
pressure_scale
1E5
Escale
Energy scale: used for equation

scaling
energy_scale
1E3
hscale
Enthalpy scale: used for equation

scaling
J/kg
enthalpy_scale
1E3
Flow
Low flow threshold
kg/s
low_flow_threshold
1E-1
0.8
Pi
pi
3.141592
pos_nor
m
pos_norm
NG+1
pos_rev
pos_rev
NG+1
TTinit
Pipe initial temperature
pipe_fluid_temperature_i
300
Tminit
Tube metal initial temperature
Tube_metal_temperature_i
300
Heating_protection_small_
hp
4.5
4.6
Array
Symbol
flow
Symbol
Domain description
Interval
gPROMS
name
Normalised axial domain for tubular heat pipe
[0 : 1]
axial
Units
Symbol
Sub-models used
gPROMS model name
Pipe
Heat_pipe_tubular
Pipe
38
1E-3
Size

Release 4.2
4.7
Ports
gPROMS Name
Port Type
Port Category
Content
in
Portset
in
Inlet
PMLMaterial
ConnectorPort

hin
outlet
PMLMaterial
ConnectorPort
x out, h out, P
xout, hout
energy_input
PMLControl
ControlPort
Qsignal
temperature_in_measurement
PMLControl
ControlPort
Tinsignal
temperature_out_measurement
PMLControl
ControlPort
signal
Tout
in
4.8
in
in
in
out
, Fout,
In
In
Variables
Symbol
Definitions
Units
gPROMS Name
gPROMS Type
Array Size
NT
Number of tubes
no_tubes
no_type_gezero
Tin
Inlet temperature
in_temperature
temperature
Tout
Outlet temperature
out_temperature
temperature
External heat input rate
J/s
heat_input_rate
energy_rate
Design mass flowrate
kg/s
design_mass_flowrate
mass_flowrate

coefficient
W/m K
design_heat_transfer_coefficient
no_type_gezero
W/m K
no_type_gezero
QFlux
Heat flux
J/m.s
heat_flux
heat_flux
tube_axial
Tube metal temperature
tube_metal_temperature
temperature
Tube metal mass
kg
tube_metal_mass
mass
tube_metal_mass_density
mass_density
Tube metal mass density
kg/m
Tube metal specific heat

capacity
J/kg. K
tube_metal_specific_heat_capaci
ty
no_type_gezero
DI
Tube inner diameter
inner_diameter
no_type_gezero
Do
Tube outer diameter
outer_diameter
no_type_gezero
Tube length
length
length
Flow_coeffiecient
Linear_flow_coefficie
nt
Cp
39

Release 4.2
4.9
Selectors
4.10
Definition
gPROMS Name
Possible Values
Default value
Heat transfer coefficient function
HTC_coefficient
constant, calculate
constant
Set
phys _ prop
components
= inlet.phys _ prop
= inlet.components
pipe.in.phys _ prop
pipe.in.components
4.11
= inlet.phys _ prop
= inlet.components
Boundary conditions
At tubular heater inlet (z = 0):
pipe.h(0) = hinin
T(0) = Tin
At tubular heater outlet (z = 1):
pipe.h(1) = hout
T(1) = Tout
4.12
Equations
Pipe inlet variables:
40

Release 4.2
= Fin / NT
pipe.F
1
Pscale
pipe.Pinin
pipe.x inin,i
1
hscale
hin
1
= Pscale
Pinin
x inin,i
1
hscale
= x in,i
hinin
Pipe outlet variables:
pipe.F = Fout / NT
in
in
pipe.Pout
= Pout
pipe.xinout,i = x inout,i = x out,i
pipe.hinout = pipe.hout
signal
in
signal
out
T
T
= Tin
= Tout
Connecting sub-model variables:
QFlux = pipe.QFlux
D
4
L
2
I
i = Comp
Control variable:
Qsignal
i = Comp
pipe.A
pipe.L
pipe.
z ( 0,1)
Heat transfer coefficient calculation:
41

Release 4.2
constant
U = U0
calculate
IF pipe.F > Fflow THEN
U = U0
pipe.F
F0
NT
ELSE
U = U0
Heat flux per unit length
QFlux(z) = U Tm T ( z )
z (0,1)
Tube metal mass:
m = L m
Flow
F0
NT
2
Do DI2
4
Heat balance across tube metal:
dTm
Q
m Cp
= L DI QFlux(z) +
dt
NT
m
4.13
z [0,1)
4.14
Specifications
42

Release 4.2
The specification dialog supports the following configuration mode:
Heat transfer coefficient function: this corresponds to the option available to keep heat transfer coefficient as either
constant or calculate them as a function of flowrate.
Connectivity
##
Numerical discretisation methods used for the tube axial, z
##
The specification dialog sets default values for these parameters
43

Release 4.2
In order to satisfy the degrees of freedom for the model the user needs to ASSIGN appropriate number of process variables.
The user is guided in making these specifications for the model from the specification dialog. The following is the list of
process variables involved in the model:
Number of tubes, NT
Tube inner diameter, DI
Tube outer diameter, Do
Tube length, L
Tube metal mass density, r
Design heat transfer coefficient, U
Design mass flowrate, F
External heat input rate, Q
Note the External heat input rate should not be specified if the energy_input control Port is connected to.
Tube metal heat specific capacity, Cp
The following variables need to be assigned for the pipe sub-model:
Pipe flow coefficient,
Flow coefficient,
Initial conditions
1.
steady state
44

Release 4.2
dTm
=0
dt
dpipe.E
=0
dt
2.
dynamic
Tmi = Tminit i = 1,...NS

pipe.TFi = TFinit i = 1,...NS
45
gPROMS Process Model Library Documentation: PML:Heat Exchange: Heat pipe

Release 4.2
Heat pipe
46

Release 4.2
Heat pipe
5.1
Model icon
5.2
Model description
This model is used as a sub-model in the heater and heat exchanger models - it is not designed to be used separately. It
calculates the change in temperature of a flowing fluid when subjected to an external heat input term.
5.3
5.4
Model assumptions
A linear relationship is assumed between the mass flowrate and the pressure difference across the pipe.
The model does not calculate the variation in temperature along the pipe length.
No phase change during the simulation.
Parameters
Symbol
Definition
Units
gPROMS Name
Default Value
Comp
List of components
components
PhysProp
phys_prop
Fscale
kg/s
fow_scale
Pscale
Pa
pressure_scale
1E5
Escale
energy_scale
1E3
hscale
J/kg
enthalpy_scale
1E3
Flow
Low flow threshold
kg/s
low_flow_threshold
1E-3
47

Release 4.2
5.5
Ports
gPROMS Name
Port Type
Port Category
Content
in
in
Inlet
PMLMaterial
ConnectorPort

hin
Outlet
PMLMaterial
ConnectorPort
x out, h out, P
xout, hout
temperature_measurement
PMLControl
ControlPort
T signal
Energy_input
PMLControl
ControlPort
Qsignal
in
5.6
5.7
Portset
in
in
in
out
In
, Fout,
in
Variables
Symbol
Definitions
Units
gPROMS Name
gPROMS Type
Heater pipe mass flowrate
kg/s
mass_flowrate
mass_flowrate
Tin
Inlet temperature
in_temperature
temperature
Tout
Outlet temperature
out_temperature
temperature
Tentry
Stream temperature at
pipe entrance
entry_temperature
temperature
Texit
Stream temperature at
pipe exit
exit_temperature
temperature
Heat input rate
J/s
heat_input_rate
energy_rate
Flow coefficient
kg/s Pa
flow_coefficient
linear_flow_coefficient
Flow exponent
flow_exponent
no_type
Pressure difference
Pa
differential_pressure
Direction of fluid flow
flow_direction
no_type
Selectors
Definition
gPROMS Name
Possible Values
Default value
Fluid phase
phase
liquid, gas
liquid
48

Release 4.2
5.8
Set
5.9
phys _ prop
= inlet.phys _ prop
components
= inlet.components
Equations
Stream variables:
F = Fin = Fout
Qsignal = Q
Fluid properties based of the flow direction:
49

Release 4.2
IF F > 0 THEN
x in,i = x inin,i
i = Comp
in
x out,i = xin,i
i = Comp
1
hscale
(h
in
hinin = 0
Tout = T signal
Tentry = Tin
Texit = Tout
N =1
ELSE
x in,i = x inout,i
i = Comp
x out,i = x
i = Comp
1
hscale
in
out,i
(h
out
hinout = 0
Tin = T signal
Tentry = Tout
Texit = Tin
N = 1
Energy balance:
IF F > Flow THEN

0 = F (hin hout ) + Q
ELSE
0 = (hin hout ) +
(Flow N)
Pressure drop:
in
P = Pinin Pout
50

Release 4.2
Mass flowrate:
1
Fscale
F=
1
Fscale
SGN ( P )
Physical properties calculation:

CASE: phase
Gas
hscale
1
hscale
Liquid
1
hscale
1
hscale
5.10
hin =
hout =
hin =
hout =
1
hscale
1
hscale
1
hscale
1
hscale
PhysProp.VapourEnthalpy(Tin, Pinin , x in )
in
PhysProp.Vapourenthalpy(Tout, Pout
, x out )
PhysProp.LiquidEnthalpy(Tin, Pinin, x in )
in
PhysProp.Liquidenthalpy(Tout, Pout
, x out )
5.11
Specifications
51

Release 4.2
The specification dialog supports the following configuration option:
Heat input; this corresponds to how heat input to the unit is specified. The following options are available:
o
Specify heater temperature
Specify heater energy capacity
Controlled heater energy requirement
Connectivity
The following parameters must be specified:
Low flow threshold (Advanced): Below this flowrate the heat will not be added to the to prevent very high or low
temperatures.
52

Release 4.2
The following variables must be ASSIGned by the user:
Heat input rate, U
Heater pipes flow coefficient,
Initial conditions
53
gPROMS Process Model Library Documentation: PML:Heat Exchange: Heat pipe tubular
Release 4.2
Heat pipe tubular
54
Release 4.2
Heat pipe tubular
6.1
Model icon
6.2
Model description
This distributed model is used as a sub-model in the tubular heater and heat exchanger models - it is not designed to be
used separately. It describes the flow of a fluid (liquid or gas) through a pipe with an external heat flux term. This model can
be used to model both forward and backward flow conditions by providing the appropriate value for the flow direction
Selector. However, this is an irreversible flow model, i.e. no change of flow direction is allowed during simulation. This allows
the user to model co-current and counter-current flows in the tubular heat exchanger model.
6.3
Model assumptions
A linear relationship is assumed between the mass flowrate and the pressure difference across the pipe.
The flow does not reverse during the simulation.
There is no change in phase along the pipe and during the simulation.
Plug flow.
6.4
Parameters
Symbol
Definition
Units
gPROMS Name
Default Value
Comp
List of components
components
PhysProp
phys_prop
NG
Number of grids
no_grids
Fscale
kg/s
flow_scale
55
Array Size
Release 4.2
Symbol
Definition
Units
gPROMS Name
Default Value
Pscale
Pa
pressure_scale
1E5
Escale
energy_scale
1E3
hscale
J/kg
enthalpy_scale
1E3
Pi
pi
3.141592
pos_norm
m
pos_norm
NG+1
pos_rev
pos_rev
NG+1
temperature_i
300
Tinit
Iinitial temperature
Heating_protection_
hp
6.5
6.6
1E-3
small_flow
Symbol
Domain description
Interval
gPROMS
name
Normalised axial domain for tubular heat pipe
[0 : 1]
axial
Ports
gPROMS Name
Port Type
Port Category
Content
Inlet
PMLMaterial
ConnectorPort

hin
outlet
PMLMaterial
ConnectorPort
x out, h out, P
xout, hout
in
in
6.7
Array Size
in
in
Porset
in
in
out
, Fout,
In
in
Variables
Symbol
Definitions
Units
gPROMS Name
gPROMS Type
Array Size
Fluid mass flowrate
kg/s
mass_flowrate
mass_flowrate
Pave
Average pressure
Pa
average_pressure
pressure
Flow coefficient
kg/s Pa
flow_coefficient
no_type_gezero
Flow exponent
flow_exponent
no_type
56
Release 4.2
Symbol
Definitions
Units
gPROMS Name
gPROMS Type
Array Size
Differential pressure
Pa
area
area
Tube area
Tube length
length
length
Tube radius
radius
length
QFlux
Heat flux
J/m.s
heat_flux
heat_flux
axial
mass_density
mass_density
axial
volume_specific_internal_ener
gy
volume_energy
axial
Fluid mass density
kg/m
Fluid volumetric
specific internal energy
J/m
EI
Fluid mass specific

internal energy
J/kg
mass_specific_internal_energy
mass_specific_energy
axial
Fluid mass specific

enthalpy
J/kg
mass_specific_enthalpy
axial
Fluid temperature
fluid_temperature
temperature
axial
Energy flowrate
J/s
energy_flowrate
energy_rate
axial
QFlux_calc
Heat flux
J/m.s
heat_flux_calc
heat_flux
axial
mass_density_calc
mass_density
axial
volume_specific_internal_ener
gy_calc
volume_energy
axial
_calc
Fluid mass density
kg/m
E_calc
Fluid volumetric
specific internal energy
J/m
EI_calc
Fluid mass specific

internal energy
J/kg
mass_specific_internal_energy
_calc
mass_specific_energy
axial
H_calc
Fluid mass specific

enthalpy
J/kg
mass_specific_enthalpy_calc
axial
T_calc
Fluid temperature
fluid_temperature_calc
temperature
axial
Q_calc
Energy flowrate
J/s
energy_flowrate_calc
energy_rate
axial
6.8
Selectors
Definition
gPROMS Name
Possible Values
Default value
Fluid phase
phase
liquid, gas
liquid
57
Release 4.2
6.9
Boundary conditions
IF F 0 then
h(0) = hinin
h(1) = hout
1 dE(1)
1
=
hscale dt
hscale
1 Q(1) QFlux(1)
A L z +
ELSE
h(0) = hout
h(1) = hinin
1 dE(0)
1
=
hscale dt
hscale
6.10
1 Q(0) QFlux(0)
A L z +
Equations
Area
A = r2
Stream variables:
58
Release 4.2
F = Fin = Fout
xin,i = x out,i
IF F 0 then
in
xin,i = xin,i
1
hscale
i = Comp
hin =
1
hscale
hinin
ELSE
x out,i = xinout,i
1
hscale
hout =
i = Comp
1
hscale
hinout
Differential pressure:
in
P = Pinin Pout
Mass flowrate:
1
Fscale
F=
1
Fscale
SGN ( P )
Energy balance:
IF F > hp then
1 dE _ calc(z)
1
=
hscale
dt
hscale
1 Q(z) 2QFlux(z)
A L z +
ELSE
1 dE _ calc(z)
1
=
hscale
dt
hscale
1 Q(z)
A L z
z [0,1)
Energy flow calculation:
59
z [0,1)
Release 4.2
1
Escale
Q _ calc(z) =
Escale
hscale
E _ calc(z) =
1
Escale
EI _ calc(z) _ calc(z)
z (0,1)
EI _ calc(z) =
Pave
1
h _ calc(z)
hscale
_ calc(z)
Average pressure:
1
Pscale
z (0,1)
F h _ calc(z)
Energy holdup:
Escale
Relationship between volumetric specific internal and mass specific internal energy:
Pave =
1
Pscale
(P
in
in
in
+ Pout
Mapping:
60
z (0,1)
Release 4.2
IF F 0 then
Qflux _ calc = Qflux
_ calc =
1
hscale
1
hscale
1
hscale
E _ calc =
EI _ calc =
H _ calc =
1
hscale
1
hscale
1
hscale
E
EI
H
T _ calc = T
1
1
Q _ calc =
Q
Escale
Escale
ELSE
Qflux _ calc(pos _ norm(i)) = Qflux(pos _ rev(i))
_ calc(pos _ norm(i)) = (pos _ rev(i))
1
1
E _ calc(pos _ norm(i)) =
E(pos _ rev(i))
hscale
hscale
1
hscale
1
hscale
EI _ calc(pos _ norm(i)) =
H _ calc(pos _ norm(i)) =
1
hscale
1
hscale
EI (pos _ rev(i))
i=1,NG+1
H(pos _ rev(i))
T _ calc(pos _ norm(i)) = T(pos _ rev(i))

1
1
Q _ calc(pos _ norm(i)) =
Q(pos _ rev(i))
Escale
Escale
Physical properties calculations:
61
Release 4.2
CASE: phase
gas
_ calc(z) = PhysProp.VapourDensity(T _ calc(z),Pave ,xinin )

h _ calc(z)
1
=
PhysProp.VapourEnthalpy(T _ calc(z),Pave ,xinin )
hscale
hscale
liqui
d
(z) = PhysProp.LiquidDensity(T _ calc(z),Pave ,xinin )

h _ calc(z)
1
=
PhysProp.LiquidEnthalpy(T _ calc(z),Pave ,xinin )
hscale
hscale
6.11
z (0,1)
z ( 0,1)
z ( 0,1)
z (0,1)
6.12
Specifications
62
Release 4.2
Connectivity
##
Numerical discretisation methods used for the tube axial, z
##
The specification dialog sets default values for these parameters
63
Release 4.2
In order to satisfy the degrees of freedom for the model the user needs to ASSIGN appropriate number of process variables.
The user is guided in making these specifications for the model from the specification dialog. The following is the list of
process variables involved in the model:
Tube length, L
Cross sectional area, A
Heat flux, Qflux
Flow exponent
Flow coefficient,
Initial conditions
steady state
dT
=0
dt
dynamic
T = T init
64

PML Heat Exchange

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

PML Heat Exchange

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

PML:Heat Exchange

gPROMS Process Model Library Documentation

Process Systems Enterprise Limited

gPROMS Process Model Library Documentation: PML:Heat Exchange

Copyright 1997-2015 Process Systems Enterprise Limited

gPROMS Process Model Library Documentation: PML:Heat Exchange

steady-state and dynamic modelling

rigorous modelling of liquid and vapour mass and energy hold-up

separation models that can describe phase appearance and disappearance

reactor models for use with equilibrium and kinetic reactions

gPROMS Process Model Library Documentation: PML:Heat Exchange

Heat exchanger ....................................................................................................................................... 6

Heat exchanger tubular ......................................................................................................................... 18

Heater tubular ........................................................................................................................................ 37

Heat pipe ............................................................................................................................................... 47

Heat pipe tubular ................................................................................................................................... 55

gPROMS Process Model Library Documentation: PML:Heat Exchange: Heat exchanger

gPROMS Process Model Library Documentation: PML:Heat Exchange: Heat exchanger

Model type: Reversible connector - algebraic.

The fluid streams do not change phase during the simulation.

There is no temperature cross-over.

List of components in the pipe1 stream

Also see the heat pipe sub model (Section 5).

gPROMS Process Model Library Documentation: PML:Heat Exchange: Heat exchanger

Physical property foreign object of the

List of components in hot stream

Physical property foreign object of the

Flow scale: used for equation scaling

Pressure scale: used for equation scaling

Energy scale: used for equation scaling

Enthalpy scale: used for equation scaling

Low flow threshold

Small temperature difference

Small positive number

Flow correction power

gPROMS model name

gPROMS Process Model Library Documentation: PML:Heat Exchange: Heat exchanger

Pipe1 heat transfer

Pipe2 heat transfer

Overall heat transfer

Overall heat transfer

Design pipe1 heat transfer

Design pipe2 heat transfer

gPROMS Process Model Library Documentation: PML:Heat Exchange: Heat exchanger

Design pipe1 mass

Design pipe2 mass

Pipe1 flow coefficient

Pipe2 flow coefficient

Heat transfer area

Multipass correction factor

Overall heat transfer

Heat exchanger type

Heat transfer coefficient

gPROMS Process Model Library Documentation: PML:Heat Exchange: Heat exchanger

The following parameters are set in the model section:

pipe1_ phys _ prop

pipe1_ inlet.phys _ prop

Connecting sub-models variables:

pipe1.Tentry > pipe2.Tentry

gPROMS Process Model Library Documentation: PML:Heat Exchange: Heat exchanger

Heat transfer coefficient:

IF pipe1.F > Flow THEN

IF pipe2.F > Flow THEN

Overall heat transfer coefficient: