KHULNA UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING &

TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
COURSE NO: EE-6303
COURSE TITLE: Power System Stability

Submitted by: -

Submitted to:-

Sheikh Abid Hossain

Program: M. Sc. in EEE
Session: January-2016
Roll No.: 1503552

Dr. Naruttam Kumar Roy

Assistant Professor
Department of EEE
KUET

Task 1

Overview of Power System in the Southern Part of Bangladesh

1.0 Introduction
Bangladesh is one of the most energy hungry nations. Noncommercial energy sources,
such as wood fuel, animal waste, and crop residues, are estimated to account for over half of
the country's energy consumption. Bangladesh has small reserves of oil and coal, but very
large natural gas resources. Renewable energy such as solar, Biogas etc. are also used to
generate electricity. Different government, semi government, non-government organization
and private companies have been working separately or jointly to meet the power demand.
Energy generation, distribution and transmission in the southern part of Bangladesh are
carried out by respectively Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB), West Zone
Power Distribution Company Limited (WZPDCL) and Power Grid Company Bangladesh
Limited (PGCL).

Figure1: Map of Electricity Generation and Transmission in the southern part of Bangladesh
1|P a ge

2.0 Generation
In the southern part of Bangladesh different conventional and non-conventional power
plants are situated. These power plants use oil, coal, gas as conventional source of energy and
solar energy as renewable energy. Biogas and Biomass are also used in domestic purpose
only.

2.1 Conventional Energy Source

BPDB Daily Generation Report of 04-09-2016 shown in Table 1 and 2 represent the
generation station, fuel and installed capacity of the southern part of Bangladesh.
Table 1: Generation Information of Khulna Zone
SL
No.

Name of Power Station

Type of Installed Derated

Fuel
Capacity Capacity

Actual
Peak
Day

Actual
Peak
Evening

Bheramara GT (Unit-1,2,3)

Diesel

60.00

46.00

0.00

31.00

Faridpur

HFO

54.00

54.00

0.00

35.00

Gopalganj Peaking

HFO

109.00

109.00

40.00

56.00

Khulna CCPP

HFO

230.00

230.00

227.00

237.00

Khulna(KPCL-1)

HFO

110.00

110.00

10.00

101.00

Khulna (KPCL-2)

HFO

115.00

115.00

49.00

115.00

Khulna Agreeco 55 MW

Diesel

55.00

55.00

21.00

47.00

Noapara (khanjahan ali)

HFO

40.00

40.00

40.00

40.00

Bheramara HVDC
Interconnector

Import

500.00

500.00

453.00

454.00

1273

1259

840

1116

Actual
Peak
Day

Actual
Peak
Evening

Total

Table 2: Generation Information of Barisal Zone

SL
No.

Name of Power Station

Type of Installed Derated

Fuel
Capacity Capacity

Barishal GT-unit-1,2

Diesel

40.00

30.00

14.00

14.00

Summit Barisal 110MW

HFO

110.00

110.00

110.00

110.00

2|P a ge

SL
No.

Name of Power Station

Type of Installed Derated

Fuel
Capacity Capacity

Actual
Peak
Day

Actual
Peak
Evening

Bhola Venture

Gas

33.00

33.00

10.00

4.00

Bhola CCPP GT-1,2,ST

Gas

194.00

194.00

67.00

62.00

377

367

201

190

Total

2.2 Renewable Energy

There are some solar power plant installed in the southern part of Bangladesh as follows:
i.

2.16 kWp at Swandip Power House

ii. 4 kWp Solar Power System at Khulna Power Station

iii. 1.6 kWp Solar Power System at Faridpur 50 MW Peaking Power Plant.
iv. 1.6 kWp Solar Power System at Goplagonj 100 MW Peaking Power Plant.

3.0 Transmission
In the southern part of Bangladesh the electricity transmission system (lines, grid
substations and national load dispatch center) is managed by the Power Grid Company of
Bangladesh Ltd. (PGCB), a public limited company. PGCB receives power from BPDB and
private sector power generation companies and transmits the electricity to BPDB, REB and
WZPDCL. The power generated by different power plants is evacuated and transmitted
through PGCB's integrated grid system by 230 kV and 132 kV transmission lines and
substations. Different types of transmission line, their length, no. of circuit and conductor
name & size are shown in Table 3, 4, 5.

Table 3: 400 KV Transmission Line

SI
No
.

Name of Lines

01

HVDC Bheramara-Bahrampur

Length
in Route
(Km)

Length in
Circuit
(Km)

No. of
circuit

27.35

54.70

Double

Conductor
Name

Size

Twin
Finch

1113
MCM

3|P a ge

Table 4: 230 KV Transmission Line

SI
No
.

Name of Lines

Length in
Route
(Km)

Length in
Circuit
(Km)

No. of
circuit

01

Khulna-Bheramara HVDC

177

353

02

Bhola-Barishal

63

125

Conductor
Name

Size

Double

Twin
AAAC

37/4.176
mm

Double

Twin
Mallard

2795
MCM

Table 5: 132 KV Transmission Line

SI
No
.

Name of Lines

Length in
Route
(Km)

Length in
Circuit
(Km)

No. of
circuit

01

Goalpara-Khulna

1.5

02

Khulna-Noapara

22.8

03

Noapara-Jessore

04

Conductor
Name

Size

Double

AAAC

804 MCM

45.6

Double

AAAC

804 MCM

22.9

55.8

Double

AAAC

804 MCM

Jessore-Jhenidah

47.5

95

Double

AAAC

804 MCM

05

Jhenidah-Kustia

43

86

Double

AAAC

804 MCM

06

Kustia-Bheramara

23

46

Double

AAAC

804 MCM

07

Goalpara-Bagerhat

45

45

Single

AAAC

804 MCM

08

Barishal-Bhandaria

49

49

Single

HAWK

477 MCM

09

Bhandaria-Bagerhat

40

40

Single

HAWK

477 MCM

10

Bagerhat-Mongla

28

28

Single

HAWK

477 MCM

11

Barishal-Potuakhali

38.2

38.2

Single

Grosbeak

636 MCM

12

Bheramara PGCBFaridpur

105

210

Double

HAWK

477 MCM

4|P a ge

4.0 Distribution System

West Zone Power Distribution Company Limited (WZPDCL) is responsible for distribution
of electricity in the southern part of Bangladesh. Presently WZPDCL's distribution network is
comprising of 33 KV, 11 kV, 11/0.4 KV and 0.4 KV lines.
Table 6: Distribution Line and Transformer Scenario in 2013-2014 and 2014-2015

Figure 2: Contribution of different distribution line in the southern part of Bangladesh

5|P a ge

5.0 Types of Load

In the southern part of Bangladesh different types of load such as domestic load, agricultural
load, industrial load and municipal load etc. are found to be used. The percentage of different
loads are shown in pie chart in figure 3. Then the energy flow chart to the different loads are
shown in figure 4.

Figure 3: Different types of load in pie chart

Figure 4: Flow Chart of energy to the different types of load

6|P a ge

6.0 Conclusion
The generating plant, transmission and distribution is expanding day by day. BPDB,
WZPDCL and PGCB have some master plan of reaching to every consumer with
uninterrupted electrical power supply. The plan not only included the expansion but also
serving quality power.

7|P a ge

Task 2

Stability Issues of GridIntegration of Renewable Energy Sources

1.0 Introduction
Renewable energy is derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly. In its
various forms, it derives directly from the sun, or from heat generated deep within the earth.
Included in the definition is electricity and heat generated from solar, wind,
ocean, hydropower, biomass, geothermal resources, and biofuels and hydrogen derived from
renewable resources [1]. Now a days the renewable energy sources have increased
significantly due to environmental issues and fossil fuels elevated cost. Because renewable
energies tend to be more variable and uncertain than conventional sources, meeting these
targets will involve changes to power system planning and operations. Grid integration is the
practice of developing efficient ways to deliver variable renewable energy (VRE) to the grid.
Good integration methods maximize the cost effectiveness of incorporating VRE into the
power system while maintaining or increasing system stability and reliability.

2.0 Types of Renewable Energy

Various types of renewable energies are described below:
i. Wind Power: Wind power is the use of air flow through wind turbines to mechanically
power generators for electricity. Wind power, as an alternative to burning fossil fuels, is
plentiful, renewable, widely distributed, clean, produces no greenhouse gas emissions
during operation, consumes no water, and uses little land. [2] The net effects on the
environment are far less problematic than those of nonrenewable power sources. Wind
power gives variable power which is very consistent from year to year but which has
significant variation over shorter time scales. It is therefore used in conjunction with
other electric power sources to give a reliable supply.
Electricity generated from wind power can be highly variable at several different
timescales: hourly, daily, or seasonally. Annual variation also exists, but is not as
significant. Because instantaneous electrical generation and consumption must remain in
balance to maintain grid stability, this variability can present substantial challenges to
incorporating large amounts of wind power into a grid system. Intermittency and the nondispatchable nature of wind energy production can raise costs for regulation,
incremental operating reserve, and (at high penetration levels) could require an increase in
the already existing energy demand management, load shedding, storage solutions or
system interconnection with HVDC cables. Fluctuations in load and allowance for failure
of large fossil-fuel generating units require reserve capacity that can also compensate for
variability of wind generation [2].
ii. Hydro Power: Hydropower or water power is power derived from the energy of falling
water or fast running water, which may be harnessed for useful purposes. Since ancient
times, hydropower from many kinds of watermills has been used as a renewable
energy source for irrigation and the operation of various mechanical devices, such
as gristmills, saw mills, textile mills, trip hammers, dock cranes, domestic lifts,
8|P a ge

and ore mills. A trompe, which produces compressed air from falling water, is sometimes
used to power other machinery at a distance. Hydroelectricity eliminates the flue gas
emissions from fossil fuel combustion, including pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitric
oxide, carbon monoxide, dust, and mercury in the coal. Hydroelectricity also avoids the
hazards of coal mining and the indirect health effects of coal emissions. As with other
forms of economic activity, hydropower projects can have both a positive and a negative
environmental and social impact, because the construction of a dam and power plant,
along with the impounding of a reservoir, creates certain social and physical changes [3].
iii. Solar Energy: Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a
range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaic, solar thermal
energy, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis. It is an important source
of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly characterized as either passive
solar or active solar depending on how they capture and distribute solar energy or convert
it into solar power. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic
systems, concentrated solar power and solar water heating to harness the energy. Passive
solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with
favorable thermal mass or light-dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally
circulate air [4].
iv. Bio Energy: Bio energy includes Biomass, Bio Gas and Bio Fuels.
a) Biomass- Biomass is organic matter derived from living, or recently living organisms.
Biomass can be used as a source of energy and it most often refers to plants or plantbased materials which are not used for food or feed, and are specifically
called lignocellulosic biomass.[1] As an energy source, biomass can either be used
directly via combustion to produce heat, or indirectly after converting it to various
forms of biofuel. Conversion of biomass to biofuel can be achieved by different
methods which are broadly classified into: thermal, chemical, and biochemical methods
[5].
b) Biogas- Biogas typically refers to a mixture of different gases produced by the
breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Biogas can be produced from
raw materials such as agricultural waste, manure, municipal waste, plant
material, sewage, green waste or food waste. Biogas is a renewable energy source and
in many cases exerts a very small carbon footprint. Biogas can be produced
by anaerobic digestion with anaerobic organisms, which digest material inside a closed
system, or fermentation of biodegradable materials. Biogas is primarily methane (CH
4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) and may have small amounts of hydrogen sulfide (H
2S), moisture and siloxanes. The gases methane, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide (CO)
can be combusted or oxidized with oxygen. This energy release allows biogas to be
used as a fuel; it can be used for any heating purpose, such as cooking. It can also be
used in a gas engine to convert the energy in the gas into electricity and heat [6].
c) Biofuel- A biofuel is a fuel that is produced through contemporary biological processes,
such as agriculture and anaerobic digestion, rather than a fuel produced by geological
processes such as those involved in the formation of fossil fuels, such as coal and
petroleum, from prehistoric biological matter. Biofuels can be derived directly from
plants, or indirectly from agricultural, commercial, domestic, and/or industrial
wastes.[1] Renewable biofuels generally involve contemporary carbon fixation, such as
9|P a ge

those that occur in plants or microalgae through the process of photosynthesis. Other
renewable biofuels are made through the use or conversion of biomass [7].
v. Geothermal Energy: Geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the
Earth. Thermal energy is the energy that determines the temperature of matter. The
geothermal energy of the Earth's crust originates from the original formation of the planet
and from radioactive decay of materials (in currently uncertain[1] but possibly roughly
equal[2] proportions). The geothermal gradient, which is the difference in temperature
between the core of the planet and its surface, drives a continuous conduction of thermal
energy in the form of heat from the core to the surface. Geothermal power is costeffective, reliable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly, but has historically been
limited to areas near tectonic plate boundaries. Recent technological advances have
dramatically expanded the range and size of viable resources, especially for applications
such as home heating, opening a potential for widespread exploitation. Geothermal wells
release greenhouse gases trapped deep within the earth, but these emissions are much
lower per energy unit than those of fossil fuels. As a result, geothermal power has the
potential to help mitigate global warming if widely deployed in place of fossil fuels. The
Earth's geothermal resources are theoretically more than adequate to supply humanity's
energy needs, but only a very small fraction may be profitably exploited. Drilling and
exploration for deep resources is very expensive [8].

3.0 Impact on System Stability

The integration and expansion of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) into the grid, requires
of an adequate operation and planning to make the interconnection and supply for future
energy demands possible. Countries like Denmark, Germany, Spain and Ireland have a
signicant percentage of their energy from RES, which use Full Rated Converters (FRC),
have experienced several challenges integrating them to the energy pool and portfolio [9].
Some of the aspects which can be affected by the inclusion of non-synchronous generation
are the frequency control and inertia, the local system protection schemes, and the oscillatory
stability [10].
i. Impact on Short-Term Frequency Stability
Traditionally, conventional synchronous generators were the main components providing
synchronizing and damping torque to the system to damp out power system oscillations and
mitigate instability. Increased penetration of wind energy could affect operation and
security of power systems in different ways. These resources are normally connected to the
grid with a power electronic interface and they do not introduce inertia to the system. Once
they displace some conventional generation, system inertia will be reduced. Moreover,
dynamics of wind turbine generators are inherently different from synchronous generators
and even though they do not introduce new oscillatory modes to the system [11], they might
alter some of the existing system modes with changing power flow paths and by interacting
with synchronous generators.
Similar to wind plants, solar PV plants consists of a large number of individual PV
modules and DC-to-AC power electronic inverters. Solar PV power generating systems
use semiconductor solar cells to directly convert sunlight into DC power which is then
converted to AC power by power electronic DC-to-AC inverters. Thus, they do not have
inertia compared to conventional synchronous generators. In addition, their dynamic
10 | P a g e

behavior and their interaction with power systems are dominated by the characteristics and
controls of the inverters [12].
Since Wind and PV inverters dont have a direct impact on the inertia of a system they
wont release any energy to the grid in the case of frequency drops. However, during times
of high wind or solar generation, wind and PV generation may replace synchronous
generation. Hence, inertia-less generation replaces generation that contributes to system
inertia. Consequently, system inertia drops during times of high wind and PV generation
leading to faster frequency drops (or increases) in the case of a sudden generation deficit
(respectively surplus), as it may occur in the case that a large generator is suddenly
disconnected from the system or that an area of the system that operates under heavy import
or export conditions is suddenly disconnected and goes into island-operation.
There are new developments in the area of wind generation trying to make the energy
stored in the inertia of a wind turbine available to the system in the case of frequency drops
(e.g. artificial inertia). However, because of the aerodynamic characteristics of a wind
turbine, there is always the risk that a wind turbine is driven out of the optimum point of
operation and hence that an increased power output (due to a frequency drop) is followed by
an active power drop because of reduced efficiency caused by the speed reduction. For this
reason, artificial inertia cannot be recommended for overcoming inertia problems of a
system [13].
ii. Impact on Voltage Stability
Voltage stability refers to the ability of a power system to maintain steady voltages at all
buses in the system after being subjected to a disturbance [14]. Power system voltage
stability mainly depends on the network strength and power transfer levels. According to
[15], generator reactive power capability, load and reactive power compensation device
characteristics, and the action of voltage control devices are the other main factors which
affect the power system voltage stability.
With increasing levels of renewable power penetration, it is required to have adequate
reactive power in the network for voltage support. Presently, most of the renewable power
generators operate at unity power factor due to grid code requirements. However, with
increasing levels of renewable energy sources in power systems, renewable power
generators will be expected to provide reactive power support to the network to maintain the
power system voltage stability in the future. Considering all these factors, modern power
systems with renewable resources require special attention on VQ instability.
Generally, modern wind and PV generators have similar reactive power control
capabilities as synchronous generators of large conventional power plants and are able to
operate in reactive power control or voltage control, as required by the system operator.
However, because many large synchronous generators connected to main transmission
levels will be disconnected during times of high wind and solar generation, their integration
can still have negative impact on voltage stability:
Reactive power cannot be transferred over long distances but must be made available
locally. However, especially wind farms are very often located in remote areas (remote from
load centers). For this reason, even if wind farms are able to deliver reactive power, it cant
be made available at the location where it is actually needed.
Many wind and PV generators are integrated into lower voltage levels than large
conventional power plants. Typical voltage control concepts however are strictly based on a
11 | P a g e

step-down concept, where step-down transformers regulate the voltage of the next lower
voltage level, which means that reactive power balancing is only possible in the direction
from higher to lower voltage levels. Therefore, reactive power capability of wind and PV
generators integrated into sub-transmission or distribution systems can typically not be
made available to the main transmission levels.
However, these issues can typically be mitigated at moderate costs by installing
additional reactive power compensation, either based on switched capacitor banks
(mechanical switched capacitors / MSCs) or static var compensators (SVCs). The required
dynamic performance of additionally required reactive power sources must be identified by
dynamic simulations looking at short-term voltage stability and transient stability aspects
[13]. For example, in case of PV plant during three-phase short circuit, the consequent
voltage drop is high. However, the PV plant has to remain connected to the grid and to
inject a certain amount of short-circuit current. Therefore, a centralized static VAR
compensation system has to be installed to supply the needed VAR since PV systems
generate active power only [16].
iii. Impact on Transient Stability
Power systems are vulnerable to several disturbances, such as three-phase short circuit
faults and sudden generator load changes, which may cause loss of synchronism and a risk
of widespread blackout in a power grid. Recent blackouts in different countries have
illustrated the vital importance of, and need for investigations into the transient stability of
power systems [17]. A smart power grid is a large distributed and complex system in which
large-scale wind energy penetration has a significant impact on the dynamic behavior of it
as well as directly influencing its transient stability. A systems capability to maintain the
synchronism of its synchronous machines in the presence of several types of disturbances is
defined as transient stability. To achieve this for the reliable and safe operation of a future
smart grid under large disturbances, it is essential to develop an intelligent decision support
system which provides better coordination of a systems protection devices to avoid loss of
synchronous operation [18].
Transient stability can be measured in terms of the critical fault clearing time. The
critical fault clearing time is the maximum fault clearing time, for which all synchronous
generators in a power system remain in synchronism.
For every power plant of considerable size, the impact of the new plant on critical fault
clearing times has to be verified. It is required that critical fault clearing times are larger
than the actual fault clearing times of the system assuming that faults in the HV
transmission system are cleared within first protection clearing times. If this can be verified,
transient instability wont have to be expected as long as protection operates according to
the concept.
If, with the addition of a new power plant, critical fault clearing times increase, the
impact of the new power plant is positive. If critical fault clearing times decrease and move
closer to actual fault clearing times, the impact is negative. It might still be tolerable as long
as critical fault clearing times remain above actual fault clearing times (e.g. 150ms).
Since wind and PV generators dont have a Transient Stability problem by themselves,
their impact (positive or negative) on Critical Fault Clearing Times can only be indirect. An
impact can result from one or a combination of the following aspects:

12 | P a g e

 Modified inertia in exporting areas (typically leading to improved Critical Fault

Clearing Times).
Increased line transfers, e.g. in the case that Renewable Generators are installed in
exporting areas.
Reduced voltage support during voltage recovery because of remote locations of RE
plants or because Renewable Generators connected to distribution levels replace
synchronous generators at main transmission levels.
Reduced synchronizing torques between remaining synchronous generators.
Generally, the impact of wind and solar generators on Critical Fault Clearing Times can
be both, positive or negative depending on which of the above aspects applies to the actual
situation. Therefore, it is not possible to make a general statement about the impact of
Renewable Generation on Critical Fault Clearing Times (positive/negative). The impact of
Renewable Generation on Critical Fault Clearing Times must be studied in each individual
case [13].

4.0 Conclusion
Recently renewable energies become popular because of scarcity and negative impact on
environment of fossils fuel. In this aspect many researcher work towards the improvement of
renewable energy generation and solve the grid integration problem. Since stability is the
main requirement of quality power transmission the addition of renewable energy to the grid
should maintain the system stable.

5.0 References
[1]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy

[2]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power#Wind_farms

[3]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydropower

[4]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy

[5]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass

[6]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogas

[7]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuel

[8]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_energy

[9]

J. Aho, A. Buckspan, J. Laks, P. Fleming, Y. Jeong, F. Dunne, M. Churchfield, L. Pao,

and K. Johnson, A tutorial of wind turbine control for supporting grid frequency
through active power control, in American Control Conference (ACC), 2012, 2012, pp.
31203131.

[10] M. Peydayesh and R. Baldick, The effects of very fasty response to frequency
fluctuation, International Association for Energy Economics, Nov. 2012.
[11] N. Modi, T. K. Saha, and T. Anderson, Damping performance of the large scale
queensland transmission network with significant wind penetration, Applied Energy,
vol. 111, no. 0, pp. 225 233, 2013.
13 | P a g e

[12] Haifeng Liu, Licheng Jin, David Le, A. A. Chowdhur, Impact of High Penetration of
Solar Photovoltaic Generation on Power System Small Signal Stability, Interational
Conference on Power System Technology, 2010
[13] Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, Impact of Variable
Renewable Energies on Power System Reliability and System Security, GIZ
Publication, August, 2013.
[14] P. Kundur, J. Paserba, V. Ajjarapu, G. Andersson, A. Bose, C. Canizares, N.
Hatziargyriou, D. Hill, A. Stankovic, C. Taylor, T. Van Cutsem, and V. Vittal,
Definition and classification of power system stability ieee/cigre joint task force on
stability terms and definitions, Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 19, no. 3,
pp. 13871401, 2004.
[15] P. Kundur, N. Balu, and M. Lauby, Power System Stability and Control, ser. The EPRI
power system engineering series: Electrical engineering. McGraw-Hill Education,
1994.
[16] Martino Bosatra, Federico Fazi, Pier Franco Lionetto, Luca Travagnin,"Foster Wheeler
Italiana Corsico (Milan- ITALY),'' Utility-Scale PV and CSP solar power plants
Performance, impact on the territory and interaction with the grid", Presented at
Power-Gen Europe 2010 Rai, Amsterdam The Netherlands June 8 10, 2010.
[17] R. Ebrahimpour, E. K. Abharian, S. Z. Moussavi, and A. A. M. Birjandi, Transient
stability assessment of a power system by mixture of experts, Internatioanl Journal of
Engineering, vol. 4, pp. 93104, 2010.
[18] M. S. Rahman, H. R. Pota and T. F. Orchi, A Multi-Agent Approach for Enhancing
Transient Stability of Smart Grids with Renewable Energy, Australasian Universities
Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC), Sept. 2013, pp. 1 6.

14 | P a g e