174974resultatrapport (L) (3336870)

The Multiphase Flow Assurance and Innovation Centre
-final report-
FACE final report
Contents
Foreword by Martin S. Foss of FACE Centre Management ....................................................... 3
Foreword by J. Kristian Sveen of IFE.......................................................................................... 4
Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 5
Sammendrag ................................................................................................................................. 6
Basic facts about the Centre ......................................................................................................... 7
Financing through the life the FACE Centre ............................................................................. 12
Results key figures.................................................................................................................... 13
Results from research conducted at FACE ................................................................................ 14
Awards......................................................................................................................................... 26
International Collaboration ........................................................................................................ 26
Training of researchers ............................................................................................................... 26
Communication / Popular dissemination of knowledge ............................................................ 27
Effect of centre for the hos institution and research partners................................................... 27
Effect of centre for the company partner, public partners and society at large ....................... 27
Future prospect ........................................................................................................................... 28
Conclusions.................................................................................................................................. 28
Appendix 1: Statement of accounts for the complete period of centre financing ..................... 30
Appendix 2: List of Postdocs, candidates for PhD and MSc degrees during the centre........... 32
Appendix 3: Publication list........................................................................................................ 36
FACE final report
Foreword by Centre Manager

The Multiphase Flow Assurance Centre (FACE) was a long-term collaboration between the three
partners Institutt for Energiteknikk (IFE), the foundation for industrial research (SINTEF) and
Norwegian Technical and Natural Science University (NTNU). The objective was to deliver world
class applied and fundamental research and education focused on production, transportation and
separation of complex well fluids.
FACE, as one the Norwegian centres for research-based innovation, was initiated in August 2007
with the vision of combining surface and colloid chemistry with fluid mechanics to solve flow
assurance challenges. The original objective was to conduct fundamental research and to educate
students in topics focusing on production, transportation and separation of complex well fluids. To
achieve the FACE objective, a main goal was set: to develop generic methods able to
describe complex fluid systems in models. These models were to be incorporated into scalable and
robust multiphase flow assurance tools. The next generation modelling tools are needed by the
petroleum industry to develop new production solutions for oil and gas with complex fluids. The
two terms generic methods and complex fluid systems basically define and focus the work carried
out within FACE. The development of models delivering even more physical models have been and
continue to be essential in the development of marginal fields and fields with ever more viscous oil.
This need for improved and scalable models enabling cheaper and more robust production is more
relevant than ever in the light of recent variation in the cost of oil and gas.
The main success factor for FACE was the close cooperation between the software companies and
the scientists. This meant that the data and models developed could be quickly assessed and
included in the development of new or improved simulation tools. The significant effort put into
experimental work and development of new measurement techniques meant that new and more
accurate data on emulsions and emulsion flow were made available to the participating companies.
This knowledge was combined with the study of surfactants and how the presence of surfactants
naturally occurring in oil, such as asphaltenes, impacts the flow behaviour and viscosity of
multiphase systems.
FACE operated from 2007 until the end of 2014. IFE (Institute for Energy Technology) acted as the
host institution for the centre where the centre leader was located. The partners forming the
consortium were research institutes, national and international universities and industrial
companies. Participants of the centre slightly changed over time, and complete list can be written
as follows: CD-adapco CUNY (The City University of New York), ConocoPhillips, ENI, FMC
Technologies, GE Oil&Gas (former Vetco Gray), IFE, ETH Zurich (former KU Leuven),
Norwegian Research Council, NTNU (Norwegian University of Science and Technology),
Schlumberger (former SPT Group), Shell, SINTEF, Statoil, University of Newcastle, University of
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FACE final report
Oslo, University of Toulouse and University of Twente. The total budget (including the in-kind
contributions) for FACE Centre was 208 million NOK. The resources were used for conducting
cutting-edge research for solving industrially relevant problems and developing new technologies.
During its life time more than 100 researchers involved in different projects in FACE and these
researchers produced more than 200 publications in internationally respected journals and
conferences. In addition, many experimental/numerical toolboxes were developed and a very
valuable patent was obtained. Most importantly, more than 25 postdocs, PhD and MSc students
were educated at the FACE centre.
This final report describes the Centre and provides a brief overview of FACE.
Martin Smetstad Foss
Centre Manager
Foreword by J. Kristian Sveen Department Head, Process and Flow Technology, IFE
The history of Norwegian petroleum technology development is filled with success stories, but few
shine as bright as the Multiphase flow modelling concepts originally invented by Dag Malns and
his PhD student Kjell Bendiksen at IFE in 1979-1980. The two were originally working on a
mathematical model of the cooling cycle of IFEs boiling water reactor in Halden. They quickly
discovered that such a model could be used to model the transport of gas and condensate in a pipe.
Statoil sponsored the work from very early days and by 1984 the model was at a state where it
required verification from large scale experiments. At the time, SINTEFs large scale facility at
Tiller was recently established and in the 9 years that followed, the partnership established the
foundation of the software we now know as OLGA and a large database of reference data for
multiphase flows, which is still being used at the time of writing.
The laboratory data used in the majority of experiments used in the development of multiphase flow
simulators are normally based on simplified fluids such as model oils or, at best, diesel. Considering
that real crude oils may contain thousands of components, the laboratory experiments were to some
degree limited in validity. Both the modelling concepts and the experiments primarily focused on
the fluid mechanics of multiphase flows, thereby ignoring the coupled effects of surface (aka
colloid) chemistry. The complexity of real crude oils involves, in particular, large molecules that
have affinity to both oil and water and therefore tends to migrate to the interface between oil and
water. This may have dramatic impact on oil-water emulsification and transport.
The idea to combine research in fluid mechanics with colloid chemistry gave birth to the National
Flow Assurance Innovation Centre FACE, which combined the strengths of the original
multiphase flow partners IFE and SINTEF, with the Norwegian University of Science and
Technology (NTNU) in Trondheim. The centre was established in 2007 and produced numerous
innovations over the course of 8 years. FACE also re-established the collaboration between SINTEF
and IFE as well as strengthening of the bonds between the three institutions.
Johan Kristian Sveen
Department Head
Process and Fluid Flow Technology
IFE (host institution)
FACE final report
Summary
The vision behind FACE was quickly established as Combining Colloid Chemistry with Fluid
Mechanics to solve Flow Assurance problems, expressing the multidisciplinary aspect of the
centre. The overall idea behind the centre was to operate at the intersection between academic
research and industrial application. In particular, making the scientific results available and relevant
to the industrial partners was a focus in the centre.
The partners in the centre established several areas of innovation, defined in 2008 as
Developing model fluids and reference fluids which are able to reproduce experimentally
the behaviour of actual crude oils
Improved tools for design of fluid transport systems with surface active components and
emulsions.
Improved tools for design of flow systems including solids, hydrates and waxes
Improved tools for design of viscous fluids transport systems
Improved separator design for water/oil separation.
Furthermore the overall targets of FACE were identified as
Develop macro models that can incorporate micro/meso effects
Educate PhDs, postdocs and masters
Establish the status and gaps on relevant scientific topics
Design, synthesize and characterize model fluids to study suspension behaviour
Characterize crude oil samples from the industrial partners
Design and characterize Reference fluids, based on the crude oil characterizations, to study
emulsion and crude oil behaviour
Establish new understanding of micro/meso phenomena leading to flow assurance problems
by performing well designed experiment campaigns
Develop new models on the meso-scale to describe these phenomena
Initiate a Forum for Flow Assurance for the FACE partners
Throughout the operation of the centre, industrial priorities changed and this led to dynamic
changes in goals and targets. However, the core vision of combining fluid mechanics with colloid
chemistry remained the foundation of the centre throughout its lifetime. One of the main
achievements was the patented FACE reference fluids, which also happened to be one of the initial
centre goals. This is relatively simple model oil which mimics crude oil behaviour in multiphase
flows. The innovation implies a potentially dramatic improvement in relevance of small scale
laboratory experiments using relatively harmless oils at relatively low pressures. The FACE
reference fluids may, for example, be used in design and verification of process equipment such as
separators. The alternative would be to use a live crude oil at high pressure and temperature, but
there are only a few facilities in the world with this capability due to the very high cost involved
with this functionality. The FACE reference fluids imply that relevant experiments may be
performed in laboratories at a fraction of the cost of a live crude oil facility.
FACE also focused on high viscosity fluids and produced a huge database of multiphase flow data
for high viscosity oils, both for oil-water and for gas-oil flows.
Furthermore, a large emphasis was placed on the separation process. A key result was new
understanding of how asphaltenes behave in crude oil systems. To a large degree, asphaltenes had
previously been assumed to adsorb to oil-water interfaces in the form of clusters of molecules and
that the clusters to some degree may undergo irreversible aging. However, the results from FACE
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FACE final report
indicated that asphaltenes adsorb as single molecules (monomers) and that aging does not seem to
be important. The results have been published in a series of high impact factor international journals
and were well received by industry experts.
Sammendrag
Visjonen bak FACE ble i senterets begynnelse konkretisert gjennom uttrykket Kombinere kolloid
kjemi med fluidmekanikk for lse Flow Assurance problemer. Sken etter denne kombinasjonen
p tvers av fagomrdet ble det uttalte mlet som senteret skulle jobbe mot. Dette uttrykket markerer
den tverrfagligheten som senteret stod for og peker samtidig p hva som skulle vre mlet for all
forskningen. Forskningen skulle ligge i skjringspunktet mellom det rent akademiske og den
industrielle anvendelsen. Et spesielt fokus i senteret var gjre den akademiske forskningen
relevant og interessant for de industrielle partnerne i prosjektet.
Partnerne i senteret definerte omrdene der det meste av innsatsen skulle settes inn. FACE skulle:
Utvikle modelloljer referanseoljer i stand til reprodusere oppfrselen til ekte roljer
eksperimentelt
Lage bedre verkty for design av vske transportsystemer med overflateaktive komponenter
og emulsjoner
Utvikle bedre verkty for design av vskesystemer som inneholder faste stoffer slik som
hydrater og voks
Utvikle bedre verkty for design av transportsystemer viskse fluider
Utvikle bedre design for separatorer for vann / olje separasjon
De overordnede konkrete mlene i FACE ble s definerte.
Utvikle makromodeller som kan innlemme mikro / meso effekter
Utdanne doktorgrader, postdoktorer og mastergrader
Finne og beskrive status og hull innen relevante vitenskapelige temaer
Designe, syntetisere og karakterisere vsker for studere suspensjoners oppfrsel
Karakterisere roljeprver fra de industrielle partnere
Designe og produsere referansefluider, basert p ekte rolje, for studere emulsjoner og
hvordan rolje oppfrer seg
Etablere ny forstelse av mikro / meso fenomener som frer til Flow Assurance problemer
ved utfre godt designede eksperimenter
Utvikle nye modeller p meso-skala for beskrive disse fenomenene
Initiere et forum for Flow Assurance for deltagerne i FACE
Gjennom sentrets levetid endret de industrielle prioriteringene seg gradvis. Dette frte til stor
dynamikk med endringer i bde ml for prosjektene og metodene som ble brukt. Kjernen i
prosjektet forble uendret gjennom disse endringene selv om utseende p prosjektene endret seg
gradvis. Fokuset p mulighetene for kombinere fluidmekanikk med kolloid kjemi la grunnlaget
for prioriteringene som ble gjort gjennom hele senterets levetid. Et av de viktigste resultatene i
FACE var utviklingen av det patenterte FACE referansefluidet. Utviklingen av dette var ogs et av
sentret uttalte ml nr senteret ble etablert. Dette fluidet er et fluid som med relativt enkle
komponenter etterligner en roljes oppfrsel i en flerfasestrm. Denne utviklingen innebrer en
potensielt dramatisk forbedring i relevansen av smskala laboratorieforsk ved hjelp av relativt
harmlse oljer ved relativt lave trykk. FACE referansefluider kan for eksempel brukes i
konstruksjon og verifikasjon av prosessutstyr som for eksempel separatorer. Alternativet ville vre
bruke en ekte rolje ved hyt trykk og temperatur, noe bare et ftall anlegg i verden har mulighet
til p grunn av svrt hye kostnader forbundet med denne testingen. FACE referansefluider
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FACE final report
innebrer at relevante forsk kan utfres i laboratorier til en brkdel av prisen for en test med ekte
rolje.
FACE har ogs fokusert vsker med hy viskositet. Forsk som ble gjennomfrt produserte en stor
database med flerfasedata for hy viskositet oljer, bde for olje-vann og for gass-oljesystemer.
Videre ble det etter hvert lagt stor vekt p forsk og modellutvikling innenfor separasjon. Et viktig
resultat fra dette var ny forstelse av hvordan asfaltener oppfrer seg i rolje systemer. Tidligere
antok man at asfaltener ble adsorbert p olje-vann-grenseflater i form av klynger av molekyler, og
at klasene til en viss grad, kan underg irreversibel aldring. Resultatene fra FACE indikerte som en
motsetning til dette at asfaltener adsorberes som enkeltmolekyler (monomerer), og at aldring ikke
synes vre viktig. Resultatene er publisert i en rekke betydningsfulle internasjonale tidsskrifter,
og ble godt mottatt av bransjeeksperter.
Basic facts about the Centre

Main organization of the FACE centre comprises of a board, a reference group, centre management
and work packages. Each work package is led by a project manager. Table below shows the
organization chart of the FACE.
FACE final report
The FACE board is formed by representatives of each industrial company, Norwegian Research
Council and institutes/universities. Over the years the members of the board changed as outlined in
below table.
FACE BOARD
Representer
Simon Lo
CD-adapco
Sven Enger
ConocoPhillips Ole Lindefjell
ENI
Keld Nielsen
Kjartan Berg
Rune Fantoft
FMC
Andreas Hannisdal
Thomas Krebs
John Friedemann
Dan Friedeman
Luciano Patruno
GE Oil&Gas
Morten Wiencke
Espen Hauge
Jrgen Corneliussen
Dag Thomassen
IFE
Jan Nossen
Tore B. Gimse
Tor-Petter Johnsen
NRC
Kimberly Mayes
Bjrn Hafskjold
NTNU
yvind Weiby Gregersen
Olav Bolland
Hvard Eidsmoen
Schlumberger Jrn Sikkerbl
Tor Haugset
Davoud Tayebi
Lisa C. Paulsson
Shell
Lise Winther
Jo Jernsletten
Torstein Haarbeg
SINTEF
Kjell Arne Jacobsen
Jon Harald Kaspersen
Eli Aamodt
Per G. Grini (Chair)
Ruben Schulkes
Statoil
Pl Hedne
Merete Sjvoll
Hege Rogn (Chair)
Company
Years active
07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
FACE final report
There was a reference group who acted as advisory group at the FACE centre. It was established by
participants from the industrial partners, Norwegian Research Council, institutes, universities and
experts from foreign universities.
REFERENCE GROUP
Company
Representer
Simon Lo
CD-adapco
Nathanael Inkson
Sven Enger
CUNY
Sanjoy Banerjee
ConocoPhillips Kris Bansal
ENI
Alberto di Lullo
Randi Moe
Lars Grnnss
FMC
Andreas Hannisdal
Thomas Krebs
John Friedemann
Johan Kristian Sveen
GE Oil&Gas
Luciano Patruno
Lose Plasencia
IFE
Jan Nossen
KU Leuven
Jan Vermant
Tor-Petter Johnsen
NRC
Kimberly Mayes
NTNU
Sigurd Skogestad
Norbert Hoyer
Schlumberger Jrn Sikkerbl
Lars Hovden
Gert van Spronsen (Chair)
Shell
Peter Veenstra
SINTEF
Kjell Arne Jacobsen
Roel Belt
Per Gramme
Per Fuchs
Einar Eng Johnsen
Statoil
Bjrn Meland
Zhilin Yang
Merete Sjvoll
Berit Roble
Uni. of Twente Hans Kuipers
Years active
07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
Due to long duration of the FACE centre, there were three centre managers who led the program
through its life time. Initially Erik Holm from IFE held the position for 3 years from 2007 to 2010.
The position was later taken over by J. Kristian Sveen from IFE. He was the centre manager from
between 2010 and 2013. In the latest stage, Martin S. Foss from IFE became the centre manager for
2013 and 2014.
FACE final report
Activities in FACE centre were distributed over different projects and work packages. Some of the
projects were open from beginning to the end of the FACE centre, whereas some of them were open
for a limited period of time. Sometimes new projects were established according to needs
discovered during the exchange between industrial partners and participating institutes/universities.
The following table shows the individuals involved in centre and project management throughout
the FACE centre.
Centre
Managers:
Erik Holm, IFE

(2007-2010)
J. Kristian Sveen, IFE

(2010-2013)
Martin S. Foss, IFE

(2013-2014)
Murat Tutkun
IFE
Johan Sblom
NTNU
Harald Linga
SINTEF
Vincent Pauchard
SINTEF
Gustavo Zarruk
IFE
Roar Skartlien
IFE
Paal Skjetne
SINTEF
Tor Erling Unander

SINTEF

SINTEF
Project
managers:
The main strength of the FACE was indeed the researchers involved in the centre. The following
table lists the names of researcher who participated in activities in the different research projects.
This brought many years of experience and knowledge into the centre, ensuring good quality
research and relevant output for both industry and research community in general.
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FACE final report
In addition to these senior researchers, FACE managed to educate many Ph.D. students and
postdocs who are introduced in a separate table in the end of the report with more detailed
information regarding the subjects of thesis works, locations where the thesis were completed, and
the supervisors.
Key Researchers
Name
Roel Belt
Vincent Pauchard
Balram Panjwani
Bjrnar Lund
Martita Wolden
Paul Roger Leinan
Ivar Eskerud Smith
Tor Erling Unander
Kristian Einarsrud
Morten Langsholt
Jinsong Hua
Jan Nossen
Roar Skartlien
Olaf Skjraasen
Lan Liu
Murat Tutkun
Martin Foss
Johan Sjblom
Sebastien Simon
Ole Jrgen Nydal
Maria Fernandino
Atle Jensen
Sanjoy Banerjee
Institution
SINTEF
SINTEF
SINTEF
SINTEF
SINTEF
SINTEF
SINTEF
SINTEF
SINTEF
SINTEF
IFE
IFE
IFE
IFE
IFE
IFE
IFE
IFE & Ugelstad (NTNU)
Ugelstad (NTNU) & IFE
Ugelstad lab (NTNU)
EPT (NTNU)
EPT (NTNU)
UIO
CUNY
Main research area

Modelling of separation processes
Project manager, Separation
Modelling of separation processes
Multiphase flow modelling
Multiphase transport of viscous oil /gas
Research planning and administration
Viscous oil modelling
Multiphase flow experiments
Computational fluid dynamics, modelling
Lattice Boltzmann simulations
Mathematical modelling suspension flows
Multiphase transport of viscous oil /gas
Project manager, Multiphase flow
FACE Centre manager
Professor and activity manager
Colloid Chemistry, student supervision
Professor, Multiphase flows
Professor, Lattice Boltzmann modelling
Professor, PIV
Professor, Asphaltenes and separation
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FACE final report
Financing through the life of the FACE centre

Summary sheet for the main categories of partners (MNOK)
The following table tabulates financial contribution of the partners, companies and the Norwegian Research
Council. As one can see below, the Research Council of Norway (RCN) contributed to the project with cash
only. The industrial partners, however, paid cash and also participated into the research works which were
internally financed within companies. These in-kind contributions were extremely valuable in order to
convey some of the knowledge and experience from individual companies to the rest of the FACE centre.
Contributor
Host:
Research partners:
Companies
IFE
SINTEF
NTNU
UiO
City University of New York
ETH Zurich (KU Leuven)
University of Twente
University of Toulouse
University of Newcastle
CD-adapco
ConocoPhillips
ENI
FMC
GE Oil & Gas
Schlumberger
Shell
Statoil
RCN
Sum
Cash
3.50
5.25
5.85
4.32
4.85
4.07
15.29
13.50
80.00
136.63
In-kind Total (MNOK)

4.90
4.90
6.62
6.62
18.76
18.76
5.73
5.25
0.15
3.65
4.86
2.07
5.91
13.85
71.74
9.23
10.50
6.00
7.97
9.71
6.14
21.20
27.35
80.00
208.38
Distribution of resources (MNOK)

Use of the resources can be grouped in four main categories as shown in below table. Most of the
budget is used for personal and indirect costs, research and development costs, education of Ph.D.
students and postdocs. In addition, some of the budget was used to increase collaboration between
different partners through workshops, status meetings, courses, lectures, conferences and laboratory
visits. The priority was given to education of the students and postdocs. New equipment purchase
was limited as can be seen easily. New purchases were done when there was an immediate and
significant need for success of the project.
Type of activity
Personal and indirect costs
R&D costs
Equipment
Other costs
Total
MNOK
47.62
88.97
3.13
68.66
208.38
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The project structure during the FACE centre changed throughout the project. In the table below the
main projects of the centre are given. There were only two project continued from beginning of the
FACE centre to the end. These are the projects on separation and centre management. One can also
realize that the research related to the multiphase flow was also active during the FACE centre, but
under different names, and different projects. Initially the multiphase flow research was divided into
the two projects for three years; i.e. Flow Assurance Modelling and Flow Assurance Experiments.
This enabled each project to gain quick momentum by concentrating financial resources on
modelling and experimental activities separately. Since 2010, research related to multiphase flow
was continued under the name of, first Multiphase Flow, and later Multiphase Flow Transport.
One of the most important projects within the FACE centre was the FACE Academy. This project
was responsible for educating the Ph.D. students and Postdocs. The academy also coordinated the
research activities of the students, enabled them to access necessary facilities and resources. As
detailed later in the report, the academy graduated more than 10 Ph.D. students in 5 years, and
many Postdocs. These newly educated researchers were easily able to join industry and/or institutes
both in Norway and abroad due to the knowledge and experience gained at the FACE centre and
academy.
PROJECT STRUCTURE
Flow Assurance Modelling
Fluids and Characterization
Separation
Flow Assurance Experiments
Literature Review
Viscous oil
FACE Academy
Suspensions
Multiphase Flow
Multiphase Flow Transport
Centre Management
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
MNOK
11.94
12.10
52.70
16.40
10.80
2.70
33.43
9.55
18.92
17.50
22.34
Results - Key figures

Researchers involved in the FACE centre produced actively once the necessary momentum was
gained in the project. The research outcomes were published in most respected international journals.
In addition, our researchers took part in conferences with great reputation. Our research and research
output in these meetings and conferences were very well taken by the research community. In
addition, there were many technical reports written in different research projects. The technical
reports were able to convey more detailed information regarding the research, framework, setup and
detailed results. This kind of detailed information is not possible to disseminate through journal
publication and/or conference proceedings due to the page limits. By writing technical reports when
needed, it was possible to transfer the critical information to the next user, or next generation.
2007
Journal publications
Conference proceedings
Technical reports
Lectures/Workshops
New datasets
Software and models
PhD-degrees completed
Master degrees
2008
7
1
2009
3
1
11
1
1
1
2010
4
10
14
2011
5
6
4
2012
14
11
6
3
1
2013
8
9
10
2
1
5
3
1
2014
10
13
2
7
3
3
1
2015
18
Total
62
50
54
3
15
9
10
2
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Patents
Ph.D. student Serkan Kelesoglu and his supervisor Johan Sjblom at the FACE academy patented
the main outcome of Serkans PhD thesis. The patented work is about a blend suitable for
mimicking the behaviour of a crude oil/water blend may include a synthetic composition and brine.
Further patent details are as follows:
Name: Synthetic crude oil
Inventors: Serkan Keleolu, Johan Sjblom
Publication number: WO2011161116, CA2803492A1, EP2585566A1, US20130212929
Application number: PCT/EP2011/060370
Publication date: 29.12.2011
Filing date: 21.06.2011
Priority date: 22.06.2010
Results from research conducted at FACE

Separation Project
Separation is the only project which stayed alive throughout the FACE program. Due to industrial
importance and complexities due to fluid flow and chemical phenomena, special effort has been
dedicated to this subproject. Some of the research success and findings in this project are listed as
follows:
One of the first tasks focused on the effect of shear on separation kinetics of Grane oil. The results
indicated that the emulsions based on this oil are extremely sensitive to shear. In parallel the project
participants worked on the design of an asphaltene based model fluid that qualitatively mimics the
Grane crude. Most importantly the research conducted at different locations, i.e. New York,
Toulouse and Trondheim, benefited from each other due to willingness of different teams on
exploiting synergies between the different sub-projects.
Magnetic properties of asphaltenes solutions were confirmed by measurements of significant magnetic
moments in toluene, see figure 1. This finding can potentially lead to an industrial application for water
separation enhancement. PR was secured prior to publication of result. CFD simulations are also extended
to cope with more and more complex/realistic cases.
Figure 1. Magnetic moment, asphaltenes.
Significant progress was made on the simulation side. Dense Packed Layer (DPL) handling method was
extended to continuous separation. Simulation of vertical gravity settlers were quite straightforward and
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FACE final report
yielded expected increase of DPL height with increasing flow rate, see figure 2. Extensive simulations of
surfactant accumulation and its effect on coalescence were performed to verify physical trends (e.g. effect
of diffusion and initial surfactant concentration). Finally, DPL and surfactant modelling were coupled.
Figure 2. Simulation of DPL formation in continuous vertical separation (low flow rate).
Considerable effort was put into setting up a computer modelling platform. The objective was to integrate
most features necessary for the simulation of separation (figure 3) and for the testing of submodels (e.g.
hindrance factors, coalescence kernels and so on). Some details can be listed as:
Control of water release rate with Hartland type correlation (for both batch separation and
continuous separation).
Handling of surfactants (coupled adsorption/desorption on droplet interfaces, anisotropic
convection, diffusion).
Surfactant dependent coalescence kinetics.
Population Balance modelling of dispersed phases, with possibility for homogeneous or
inhomogeneous populations.
Figure 3. Evolution of emulsion with surfactants. Gravity drives droplets (with surfactants) towards bottom of
system. (a) Coalescence and separation free surfactants resulting in surfactant accumulation, (b) Blockage of
further coalescence and separation, (c) Accumulated surfactants redistribute in the bulk and allow for coalescence
and separation to continue.
The framework was initially implemented as a user-defined-function library in ANSYS FLUENT, which,
together with user documentation and verification studies was available to FACE-partners. A hands-on
workshop between CD-adapco and SINTEF was organized for implementation of a similar platform in
Star-CCM+. Following this, CD-adapco has successfully implemented the oil/water separation module
without surfactant and PBM in the Star-CCM+.
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FACE final report
GE Oil & Gas tested its large scale separation facility in Drammen for the Separation project. The test
used the FACE owned FBRM probe to investigate droplet sizes in the separator. The FACE reference
fluids were used in the project to investigate the effect of emulsion stability on separator performance.
This test was also designed for upscaling and qualifying the use of reference fluids for larger scale
facilities. A significant focus in the Separation project was directed toward evaluation of the GE Oil &
Gas separation data and the loop data provided as the 2013/2014 in-kind by Statoil.
The CCNY group led by Professor Banerjee produced important results such as the evaluation of the
impact of aromatic solvent on the equation of state for asphaltenes. An example of interfacial tension as a
function of relative coverage from the experiments is given in figure 4Error! Reference source not
found.. The data suggest followings:
Expansion: Behaviour similar to that in aliphatic medium provided surface pressure is comparable
Interfacial rheology: Behaviour similar as in aliphatic medium
Deviation from Langmuir EOS =3.3 molecules/nm2 at low surface pressure for interfacial
rheology
Transition in alkyl chain configuration
Figure 4. Interfacial tension as a function of relative coverage of asphaltenes.
At SINTEF a separation test cell with associated process equipment was designed for the purpose
to validate the models on coalescence and sedimentation. The design objective of the separation
cell is to produce separation data from a vertical separation column operated both in batch mode
and continuous mode. The oil-water mixture was prepared by a Silverson mixer on the inlet, and
the primary measurement was a vertical density profile obtained from a gamma ray based
densitometer.
A key issue for the activity on CFD Framework for separation has been the evaluation of input
parameters to the CFD modelling. This applies in particular to the free sedimentation zone. The
investigation has illustrated the need for additional experimental data, such as droplet size
measurements. The necessity and identification of flow characteristics to be measured during the
CFD activity has supported the design of the experimental set-up. An experimental setup seen in
figure 5 is proposed for future experimental campaigns. The density profile in the vertical
separation column is planned to be measured by a vertically traversing gamma densitometer, with
accuracy in the phase fraction of oil and water in the range 1- 3 % depending on the counting
interval and traversing speed.
16
FACE final report
Figure 5: Experimental setup for verification of coalescence.
The water release rate will be derived from the evolution of the dense packed layer (emulsion
zone). For the oil-water feed Canty Inflow will be used for droplet size distribution determination.
Similarly droplet characterisation in the settling zone is determined by FBRM.
Experimental the research group at CCNY studied the mechanisms in asphaltenes adsorption and
the effect of adsorbed layers on emulsion stabilization. The adsorption rate constant was
determined in addition to kinetic data. Similarly the surface coverage was correlated versus time
(see figure 6).
Figure 6. Surface coverage as a function of time for varying degrees of surfactant and bulk viscosity.
CD-adapco included a new rheology model describing suspensions. In particular, the prediction
performance for emulsion pressure drop in pipe flow has been improved. Also The Hartland model
has been implemented in the Star CCM+ code with promising initial performance demonstrated.
Multiphase Transport Project
In January 2010 the FACE project structure was changed to a more comprehensive one. All efforts
on multiphase transport, both related to modelling and experimental campaigns, were organized in a
new project entitled Multiphase Transport. The multiphase transport project, since then, operated as
a continuation of the work on viscous oil which had previously been established as a central part of
FACE. The overall objective of the project was to increase knowledge and understanding of
multiphase flow phenomena that was identified in a GAP analysis conducted in 2009 and to
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FACE final report
develop mechanistic flow models for these systems. The areas of focus included oil-gas and wateroil pipeline flows. The emphasis was directed mostly toward heavy oil since there was very little
relevant data available on flow with viscosity above 30 cP.
The work starting in 2010 included modelling efforts, where the focus was on initiating long-term
development of mechanistic models for two-phase pipe flow of viscous oils, and experimental
campaigns which aimed at improving the phenomenological understanding of multiphase flow in
gas-oil and water-oil systems. It was clear that the carefully conducted experiments were extremely
valuable for development of modelling framework and providing for necessary data to get correct
closure relations. The experimental tests on water-oil pipe flow as a part of Ph.D. studies of Jose
Plasencia at NTNU delivered on diameter effects on pressure drop along the pipe and behavior of
the flow around the inversion point. The experiments covered both laminar and turbulent flow
regimes. As demonstrated in figure 7, the diameter has significant effect on the viscosity of wateroil (Exxsol D80) mixture, in particular when water-cut is above 40%.
Figure 7. Relative viscosity as a function of water-cut for four different pipe diameters Oil: Exxsol D80.
The modelling efforts on multiphase transport focused on the point-model implementation in

Matlab. Models for droplet and bubble transport were also included. Initially the work on the 1-D
gas viscous oil model was developed and distributed to the FACE partners for use. As a
continuation of this work, a point-model for the oil-water systems was developed. This was done in
conjunction with the in-kind data on oil-water experiments and the 2013-2014 loop campaigns. A
publication on the models was presented at the 2013 BHRG conference on Multiphase Flow. A
comparison of the model and the experimental data for viscous oil at 170 cP is presented in figure 8.
Some fine tuning and refinement of the model was further done on the model in order to improve its
performance.
Figure 8: Comparison of model and experimental data for pressure gradient versus water-cut.
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FACE final report
Another activity on the modelling side was the CFD simulation of 2-D gas water flow using
Star-CCM+ with volume-of-fluid (VOF) method. This method was useful in tracking the gasliquid interface. The simulation was done using a uniform fine mesh on a moving reference of
frame in order to capture the slug formation and gas entrainment. Time step of the simulation
was set to capture the small scale dynamics. Figure 9 shows a snapshot of the computation of
the gas water flow.
Figure 9. 2D simulation of gas-water flow using Star-CCM+ with VOF method.
One of the most interesting activities was the work on FBRM (Focused Beam Reflectance Measurement)
and PVM (Particle Video Microscope) done by PhD student Heiner Schman. These instruments are
powerful online measurement techniques which can be used to investigate particle size distributions in
industrial processes. In the petroleum industry this can be of crucial importance when for example
investigating separation processes or determining the effective viscosity in dispersed flow. While the
FBRM provides a CLD (chord length distribution) obtained from the reflected light by a laser beam
which has to be interpreted, the PVM provides real pictures which allow obtaining a real DSD (droplet
size distribution) by post processing. However, while the FBRM can measure many thousands of droplets
every second, the capturing rate of the PVM, and hence the number of droplets, is much lower (order of 1
picture/sec). Another important issue is the ability of the FBRM to measure in dark crude oil dispersions
which is a restriction of the PVM. Nevertheless the translation of the CLD by the FBRM into a DSD is
not straightforward, and the uncertainty is governed by many factors
The objective of the study was to identify the uncertainty of FBRM measurements when comparing with
PVM. The influences of several governing factors on the measurement uncertainty and on the DSD itself
had to be identified. Furthermore, an effective method to convert the CLD to a DSD with satisfying
uncertainty was to be found. Parallel in situ measurements of FBRM and PVM were performed for
varying test variables. An effective Matlab code was developed which is capable of computing DSDs
from the in situ pictures provided by the PVM. In the course of this study, a method to convert the CLD
into a DSD was developed also.
Figure 10. Comparison of measured with converted size distribution curves.
The work on developing a conversion methodology in order to obtain droplet size distribution from
droplet chord length distribution was completed with success. An example of the conversion results is
19
FACE final report
seen in Figure 10. A series of experiments were carried out using both FBRM and PVM systems to
establish the relation between these two measurement methods. The data of these experiments have
already been analysed and a manuscript has already been published in Journal of Dispersion Science and
Technology. The methodology lays down the foundation needed for further processing of data from large
experimental campaign which was carried out at IFE during Q4 of 2013.
The interfacial turbulence work in a two-phase flow system at the UiO was extended further by
carrying out simultaneous PIV and wave field measurements using wave probes. The work was
also complemented by the hot-wire anemometry measurements, which was essentially used to
obtain spectral characteristics of the gas phase. In addition, wave measurement using conductance
probes were carried out for interface elevation time series. These measurements which were carried
throughout the PhD studies of Anis Awal Ayati at the UiO enabled us to see the complete flow
picture of stratified flow in a pipeline and shed light on both vortex dynamics and spectral
characteristics of this flow.
Figure 11. Summary of the results from the UiO campaign. Case Usl = 0.1 m/s; Usg = 2.0 m/s. 1): snapshot.
2): interface elevation time series (CP). 3): S2P-PIV velocity profiles, 4: wave spectra (WP) and low
frequency region of the U (4a) and V (4b) turbulence spectra (HW) at three different positions. 5a: Full
turbulence spectrum with 4 recognizable regions. 5b: instantaneous vortical structures in the wake of a wave
crest. 5c: 50 superimposed vortex maps.
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FACE final report
Figure 12. PIV setup at IFEs Well Flow Loop
The experience gained from the UiOs stratified flow campaign led to the ambition of reproducing
similar measurements using more realistic flow conditions closer to the industrial settings. The gasphase velocity measurements using the PIV technique was of special interest (figure 12). The goal
was to measure complete turbulent velocity profile across the gas phase in particular under high
pressure conditions. Main challenges included conducting the measurements at high operating
pressure using SF6 and Exxsol D60 and seeding the gas-phase with suitable droplets. Oil droplets
were generated by a closed system consisting of a pressurizing pump, tubing and a high-pressure
atomizing nozzle. A small amount of the oil was circulated from the bottom of the pipe into the
pressurizing pump. The output jet from the pump was then led back to the atomizing nozzle which
was fixed on the top of the pipe. Hence, oil-droplets were injected directly into the gas-phase at the
inlet of the test section. The droplet size visually appeared to be larger than those obtained with
water. PIV measurements in a vertical plane were performed in a test section located 110D
downstream from the pipe inlet and 30 D upstream from the outlet.
Figure 13: Mean velocity profiles of the SF6 in the pipe. The superficial oil velocity, Uso = 0.04m/s. The
superficial gas velocities (Usg) are 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 2.0, 2.4, 2.8, 3.2, 3.6 and 4.0 m/s. The solid squares over
the velocity profiles indicate the mean holdup level obtained using the gamma densitometer.
Figure 13 presents the mean velocity profiles for different superficial gas velocities at fixed
superficial liquid velocity. In addition it shows the hold-up level using the gamma instrument. This
figure is unique in the sense that it was the first time, this kind of complicated PIV measurement
was completed in a setup close to industrial settings. This research is a good example of
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FACE final report
collaboration between different partners, each bringing different and unique experience to the
project.
Shell, as an in-kind contribution, carried out numerical simulations of the elongated bubbles in
viscous flows. In order to investigate the effect of viscosity on the drift velocity of an elongated
bubble in a horizontal or near horizontal pipe configuration, both 2D and 3D simulations were
performed. The research revealed that the bubble drift velocity establishes power law relation with
time and Reynolds number dependent coefficients. The Reynolds number dependence of power
coefficient shows three distinct regions for low, intermediate (or transitional) and high Reynolds
numbers as shown in figure 14.
Figure 14. Reynolds number dependence of power coefficient.
The PhD work of A. H. Akselsen continues at NTNU with a focus on strategies for faster numerical
simulations of slug flows in pipe system. The work is developed under dual grid scheme method
where the equation for gas-phase is solved on a coarser grid in comparison to the liquid-phase as
shown in figure 15. This enables higher accuracy compared to the non-staggered, single pressure
computations with no substantial increase in computational time.
Figure 15. Numerical schemes used to improve simulation times using semi-staggered grids.
FACE Academy
The FACE academy was established in 2010 in order to concentrate our resources and efforts
toward educating the research students. The academy operated as a project within the FACE centre,
and Professor Johan Sblom from the NTNU acted as project leader. The academy educated more
than 20 Ph.D. students, postdocs and master students. This also resulted in many scientific
publications in leading journal and conference proceeding. In addition, the academy offered courses
and organized workshops in specific topics where the management realized needs in industry,
academy and institute sectors.
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FACE final report
The activity of the FACE academy project was mainly the research works done by the students and
postdocs. It can be summarized as follows:
Early in the academy, Post Doc Serkan Kelesoglu at NTNU prepared the second generation of
reference fluid for Heidrun crude oil and its emulsions by using Span type surfactant. Later Post
Doc Galina Rodionova joined Post Doc Serkan Kelesoglu to designing reference fluids using cheap
and easy-to-obtain chemicals which eventually mimic the properties of crude oil emulsions (i.e.,
rheology, flow properties, stability). On the numerical side, IFE researcher Roar Skartlien worked
on the Lattice Boltzmann method to simulate emulsions with different viscosity ratios and volume
fractions. This research was carried out to evaluate the net shear stress and rheology of sheared
emulsions. Example results are shown in Figure 16.
Figure 16. showing temporal evolution of emulsion structures for =1.0 viscosity ratio and 0.2/0.8 oil/water
mixture. Upper row: weak surfactant forces. Lower row: strong surfactant forces. Increased surfactant levels
gives increased total interfacial area and more droplets. Elongated filaments develop with increasing time.
PhD student Mehdi Benmekhbi completed his thesis work within the academy by writing his dissertation
on interfacial properties of surfactants. He conducted series of experiments to characterize and to model
the interfacial rheology properties of the Span 80 surfactant at the water/oil interface. He also studied
coalescence of water droplet stabilized by Span 80 with the drop-drop micromanipulator apparatus.
Sedimentation rate of water droplet under different buoyancy conditions was another subject which he
focused on during his time at the academy.
Another research that was carried out within the academy was on AC field induced destabilization of
water-in-oil oil emulsions. The focus was mainly on electrorheological approach where separation of
water-in-oil light crude oil emulsions in AC electric fields was shown. A formula for estimating the
energy input by Ultra-Turrax was suggested with reference to some limitations. The viscosity reduction as
a result of electro coalescence occurred due to the combined effect of flow regime and voltage. Increase
in temperature, frequency, and variation of the signals waveform showed the importance of obtaining the
right combination of parameters for achieving optimal destabilization of water-in-oil crude oil emulsions.
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FACE final report
Figure 17. Viscosity as a function of time (A) and relative viscosity reduction (B) for emulsions subjected to the
electric field of 4.0 kV/cm, sinusoidal waveform and 20C
Student of the academy, Srikanth Bojja, spent six weeks as an exchange student at Indian Institute of
Technology (IIT) at Hyderabad and work with Professor Sahu. Srikanth studied hydrodynamic stability of
sheared large interfaces via the Lattice Boltzmann Simulation. The results as shown in figure 18 helped
the researches to understand hydrodynamic stability of surfactant laden interfaces, diffusion and transport
of surfactant on the interface and effect from surfactant on unstable waves and wave breaking
(entrainment).
Figure 28. Lattice Boltzmann Simulation of Sheared Planar Interface: Cases with surfactant.
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FACE final report
Professor Roar Skartlien and team of students, post docs and researchers continued modeling
activities to study the dynamics of a plane interface between oil and water in a stirred or turbulent
system using lattice Boltzmann simulations. This study resulted in a phenomenological model for
the RMS fluctuations of the interface in the presence of surfactant. An example from this study is
shown in figure 19. This study received particular attention from the scientific community.
Figure 19. The characteristic pattern of the larger eddies disappeared when the walls were non-moving. For
non-moving upper and lower walls, the characteristic regular pattern of the larger eddies vanished; leaving
smaller and more randomly distributed eddies with a characteristic length scale that appeared to be larger
than the forcing scale.
Emulsion systems with surfactant receieved particular attention within the academy. The problem
has been tackled using both the Lattice Boltzmann and Dissipative Particle Dynamics (DPD)
methods. One important outcome of the research was development of the DPD simulation ocde
called DPD-SARA that can essentially handle asphaltenes, other crude oil components and
polymers, with oil and water mixtures. This approach offers a larger flexibility for changing the
structure of the molecules than Lattice Boltzmann. For example, using this framework it was
possible to visualize aggregation of model asphaltenes under different solubility conditions, and
phase inversion phenomena in oil/water emulsions due to different surfactant structures, see figure
20.
.
Figure 30. DPD simulation of phase inversion in emulsions. 50% oil, 50% water. Left: Oil-in-water
emulsion (with very small, nanoscale droplets) induced by a water soluble surfactant with packing parameter
P > 1. Right: Water-in-oil emulsion induced by changing the surfactant parameters to an oil-soluble
surfactant with packing parameter P < 1. The oil is not shown for clarity. Blue beads represent water. The
polar head of the surfactant is shown in turquoise, and the hydrocarbon tail bead is brown
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FACE final report
Awards
The research work entitled Coalescence kinetics in surfactant stabilized
emulsions: Evolution equations from direct numerical simulation by Roar
Skartlien, Brian Grimes, Paul Meakin, Johan Sjblom and Espen Sollum
were on the front cover of the American Institute of Physics, The Journal of
Chemical Physics.
The research work entitled Droplet size distributions in turbulent emulsions: Breakup criteria and
surfactant effects from direct numerical simulations by Roar Skartlien, Espen Sollum and Heiner
Shumann was selected as one the most notable the Journal of Chemical Physics articles published in
2013 that present ground-breaking research..
International cooperation
International collaboration has been a cornerstone of the project since the start. Strategic academic
partnerships have been pursued with University of Newcastle, University of Toulouse, Katholeike
Universitet Leuven (later became ETH Zurich), University of Twente and City University of New
York, with funding from the centre for two PhDs and two Postdocs. Additionally, we have
sponsored a PhD at University of Oslo who has extensive collaborations with University of
Cambridge, UK. Scientific advisors have also been recruited from Belgium and USA. All of these
international partners attended the bi-annual meetings and contributed to the scientific output from
the centre. Several status meetings were also held abroad (Rijswijk, Holland, and in Toulouse,
France), where the meetings were jointly organized by the centre and the international partners,
respectively. The centre communicated with similar centres, internationally, about potential
collaborative efforts; TMF in the UK and IHPC in Singapore. A workshop with academic
presentation was arranged in 2013 with presentations by representatives from the following
institutions; Cranfield University (UK), University of Pisa (ITA), Tulsa university (US),
Nazarbayev University (KAZ) and University of Campinas (BRA).
In addition to the international cooperation with the academic institutions the cooperation with the
international partners on scientific work is substantial. In particular the work on separation in the
centre has led to collaboration between the scientific groups of Shell in the Netherlands and the
Centre. SINTEF also nurtured a prolonged collaboration with the City University of New York and
one of the scientists connected to the centre is now working at the university in New York.
In the end of the project, the centre arranged an international conference which was also open to the
participants other than the centre members. Name of the conference was International FACE
conference: The Bridge between Colloid Chemistry and Fluid Dynamics. It was held in London,
UK during 2-4 December 2014. In total there were more than 50 scientist and researchers attending
the conference. Selected paper from the conference presentations are published in as a special issue
in the Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology with a title Special Issue: The Bridge
between Colloid Chemistry and Fluid Dynamics. These high quality papers form Issue 10 of
publication year 2015 in the journal covering pages from 1357 to 1537. Rest of the papers presented
in the conference will be assembled in a conference proceeding during 2015.
Training of researchers
By centre
company
2
By other
companies
Employment of PhD-candidates (number)

By public
By
By research
organizations university
institute
2
3
Outside
Norway
3
Other
Total
11
26
FACE final report
Communication / Popular dissemination of knowledge

FACE due to nature of the research field had strong ties with industrial organizations and
companies operating within the oil and gas. Even though the society benefits from the research
output of the FACE centre, direct dissemination of these results to public was not very extensive.
In 2013, Martin Foss as the centre leader participated in a popular research competition program
called Forskerduellen and competed against other researcher by presenting the FACE. He presented
the concept of viscosity to high school kids in strong competition with scientists working on
renewable energy and computer gaming. Even though the oil industry is not the most popular topic
among todays youth the presentation gained the approval of the audience. He received the largest
number of votes from the public spectators and won the competition. This gave FACE and oil
research a much needed exposure towards high school youth.
FACE is also introduced to a wider public by an interview in International Innovation which is
dedicated to disseminating the latest science, research and technological innovation on a global
level. In that interview, Dr. Martin Foss as the centre leader explains how FACE, a long-term
collaborative project between scientists and industry in Norway, is aiming to assuage concerns over
flow assurance within the petroleum industry
Effects of centre for the host institution and research partners

Being a virtual organization, scientific cooperation across institute lines is sometimes challenging,
but often highly rewarding. In particular the cooperation between SINTEF and IFE has resulted in a
joint focus on future projects. The universities both national and international actively involved in
different research projects within the FACE. Joint research in experimental and numerical projects
resulted in sharing knowledge and expertise and building long lasting collaboration. There have
been several Ph.D. students who had supervisors in both universities and research institutes. As part
of the FACE project several Professor II positions at NTNU was initiated and scientists from both
SINTEF and IFE held adjunct positions at NTNU during parts of the centre lifetime. These
collaborative efforts have led to strengthened bonds between the institutions paving the way for
future collaborations.
Effects of centre for the company partners, public partners and society at large
FACE staff has traditionally been in close-cooperation and contact with the industry through the inkind contributions. The partners involvement and evaluation of the centre were handled through
bilateral talks with each of the partners in the centre. This allowed communication at a level where
challenges for the centre could be identified and enabled the centre management to handle these
challenges. The talks also improved the communication in the centre allowing a more efficient inkind work process. Some of the partners expressed the need to receive even more industrially
relevant output from the centre. The centre manager has therefore worked hard to involve the
companies more in the detailed planning of the activities in the centre. As a result of this, there have
numerous new method and model developments were developed and transferred to industry. In
addition, FACE enabled institutes to generate extremely valuable datasets which were further used
by industrial partners to improve their existing codes and model. Most of these activities and further
implementation of the technologies developed within FACE were financed by individual companies
by their own resources. The level of in-kind financing is a good indicator for showing willingness
of the industry in using the results produced by the FACE centre.
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FACE final report
The contact between the partners of the centre also led to opportunities for collaboration outside the
centre. As an example of this IFE was visited by a delegation from Argentina who were in Norway
to learn about the Norwegian research sector and how the universities and scientific institutions in
Norway collaborate with the private sector. This visit would not have materialized without the
personal ties between the scientists connected through the FACE centre.
Future prospects
There have already been significant collaboration efforts between partners during the FACE. For
example, IFE and SINTEF in collaboration with Statoil applied for a large scale infrastructure grant
from the Norwegian Research Council. This application was accepted by the Council and project
was kicked off early 2014. This will upgrade complementary research facilities of IFE and SINTEF
to the most competitive level in international markets. A great portion of this research grant is also
used for equipping the world class facilities with cutting edge instrumentation. IFE and SINTEF has
been working toward finishing this infrastructure project and further marketing future projects.
The FACE initiated strong network between researcher in industry, institutes and universities. This
will grow in future and strengthen with joint industrial projects (JIP). Some of the topics which can
potentially be spin off from the FACE are; Viscous oil JIP using reference fluids (which are
developed and patented in FACE), Extending hydrate work into a JIP on hydrate nucleation and
transport, Extending suspension work into a JIP on erosion modelling and prediction.
The joint research conducted by different partners also highlighted existing fundamental research
question in relation to colloidal chemistry and fluid dynamics. The researchers have already begun
writing research proposals to address some of these open questions.
Conclusions
FACE was a collaborative research project and network between the Institute for Energy
Technology (IFE), SINTEF and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) on
one side, and the Research Council of Norway and six industry partners (Statoil, Shell, FMC
technologies, GE Oil & Gas, CD-adapco and SPT group) on the other. The goal was to develop next
generation multiphase flow models and laboratory data by combining fluid mechanics and colloid
(surface) chemistry. The idea of bringing these partners stems from the need to combine the
strengths of the Norwegian Flow Assurance cluster which is behind ~90 per cent of the software
market in multiphase flow modelling.
To a large degree, all the subprojects were focused on improving available laboratory data through
the use of more realistic model fluids. The suspensions project aimed at improving our modelling of
particle transport in liquids; we developed a new model for interaction of particles and fluid. The
multiphase transport project focused on transport of liquids in pipes and had a particular focus on
more viscous oils, as this was identified as a gap in the technology. The separation project focused
on research towards a new approach to modelling the separation process of oil and water.
Additionally, all of the subprojects had a goal of contributing to the education of candidates in the
industry. In total, FACE produced more than 25 PhDs, postdocs and masters in the period 2007-14.
The close cooperation between the partners resulted in solutions to difficult industrial problems, and
important scientific developments. The centre provided a common framework where scientifically
separate group could come together and work on interdisciplinary tasks. This also enabled different
groups and people to learn about different research and development cultures. In addition,
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FACE final report
involvement of industrial partners in different tasks and projects with great dedication made
everybody aware of the industrial needs and the centre management sometimes steered the projects
in order to better address industrial needs.
The frequent and smooth interaction between the partners, and the collaboration between the centre
management and the advisory board and reference group made the FACE Centre progress. To this
end, FACE Centre was successful in facilitating the ground for cutting edge research in an
interdisciplinary field. People associated with centre and their dedicated work were the keys in this
success. The financial resource for this Centre was graciously provided by the Norwegian Research
Council and the industrial partners.
.
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FACE final report
Appendix 1
Statement of accounts for the complete period of centre financing
Funding
Activity/Item
RCN
Host
IFE
Statoil
Conoco
Philips

Separation
Literature Review
Viscous Oils
FACE Academy
Suspensions
Multiphase Flow
Centre Management
Sum
4368 300
4448
0
17091
0
6298
0
3742 605
1065
0
12709 1225
4059
0
9133
0
7987
0
9100 2770
80000 4900
2006
1460
8061
1912
1250
206
2798
1240
3138
3725
1554
27350
1185
1093
2045
1856
1365
327
556
641
635
0
797
10500
FMC
438
395
2520
675
362
116
1174
445
697
292
856
7970
Vetco
Gray
SPT
440 496
396 275
2702 388
660 526
365 695
109 112
1349 543
418 336
1304 539
840 1186
1127 1044
9710 6140
CDadapco
ENI
421 1096
383 982
3314 553
689 1838
331 857
115 327
1285
0
491
0
608
0
417
0
1176 347
9230 6000
Shell
1096
982
5603
1839
857
327
2411
888
1849
2406
2942
21200
SINTEF
NTNU
Total
94
94
4680
106
372
0
0
0
0
647
627
6620
0
1592
5743
0
0
0
9380
1032
1017
0
0
18764
11940
12100
52700
16399
10801
2704
33430
9550
18920
17500
22340
208384
30
FACE final report
Cost
Activity/Item
Separation
Literature Review
Viscous Oils
FACE Academy
Suspensions
Multiphase Flow
Centre Management
Sum
Host (IFE)
SINTEF
7050
0
957
417
1718
23556
4392
5536
2391
2320
711
1177
6099
224
7172
5
3531
4015
5633
2244
0
318
39654
39812
NTNU
0
5813
4687
1031
54
0
17355
440
5632
0
1722
36734
Management
904
618
278
1193
1924
278
0
0
0
2253
15883
23331
In-kind
3986
4295
22461
4248
4111
534
9752
1933
5742
7370
4421
68853
Total
11940
12100
52700
16400
10800
2700
33430
9550
18920
17500
22344
208384
31
FACE final report
Appendix 2
List of Postdocs, Candidates for PhD and MSc degrees during the full period of the centre
Postdoctoral researchers with financial support from the Centre budget
Name
M/F Nationality Scientific area
Years/period Scientific topic
in the centre
Yanru Fan
F
China
Colloidal surface
2007-2009
Surfactant adsorption on
chemistry
oil-water interfaces and
self-assembly of surfactants
Serkan
M
Turkey
Colloidal surface
2010-2012
Reference fluids
Keleolu
chemistry
Nicholas Abi
M
France
Separation
2010-2011
Interface dynamics with
Chebel
asphaltenes
Tirhankar Roy
M
India
Separation
2010-2012
Droplet size distribution
measurements. Influence of
asphalthenes on droplet
coalescence.
Jun Huang
M
China
Multiphase
2009-2012
DEM simulations of
transport
particulate flows and SPH
simulations of multiphase
flows
Hatef Alidoosti
M
Iran
Multiphase
2012-2013
Two-phase flow pattern,
Khaledi
transport
liquid holdup and pressure
drop in viscous oilgas flow
Galina
F
Russia
Colloidal surface
2011-2013
Reference fluids
Rodionova
chemistry
Main contact
Prof. J.
Slblom
Prof. J.
Slblom
Prof. O.
Masbernat
Prof. O. J.
Nydal
Prof. O. J.
Nydal
Prof. O. J.
Nydal
Prof. J.
Slblom
32
FACE final report
Postdoctoral researchers working on projects in the centre with financial support from other sources
Name
M/F Nationality Source of Scientific area
Years/period Scientific topic
funding
in the centre
Brian Grimes
M
USA
NTNU
Colloidal chemistry 2007-2007
Simulation of bulk physical
properties of colloidal
suspensions using Stokesian
dynamics
Sebastien
M
France
NTNU
Colloidal chemistry 2007-2009
Dynamic interfacial
Simone
properties of the crude oils
samples
PhD candidates who have completed with financial support from the centre budget
Name
M/F Nationality Scientific area Years/period Thesis title
in the centre
Asal Amiri
F
Iran
Suspensions
2007-2010
Rheology of silica-based dispersions and
cross-sectional modeling of settling slurries
Serkan Keleolu M
Turkey
Colloidal
2007-2010
Flow Behavior of Water-in-North Sea
surface
Acidic Crude Oil Emulsions and
chemistry
Preparation of Synthetic Reference Acidic
Oils and Their Emulsions
Andy Bragg
M
U.K.
Suspensions
2008-2011
Development of the PDF Kinetic Approach
for Modelling Inertial Particle Dispersion
in Turbulent Boundary Layers
Jose Plasencia
M
Peru
Multiphase
2010-2013
Experimental Study on Two-Phase
transport
Oil/Water Dispersed Flow
Anis Ayati
M
Norway
Multiphase
2012-2015
Dynamics of Stratified Gas/Liquid Pipe
transport
Flow
Jayant Rane
M
India
Separation
2011-2013
Asphaltene Stabilised Oil-Water Interfaces
Mehdi
Benmekhbi
France
Interfacial
rheology
2009-2014
Properties of Surfactant Stabilized LiquidLiquid Interfaces and the Relation to

Emulsion Stability
Main contact
Prof. J.
Sjblom
Prof. J.
Sjblom
Main Thesis
Advisor
Prof. J.
Sjblom
Prof. J.
Sjblom
Prof. D.
Swailes
Prof. O. J.
Nydal
Prof. A.
Jensen
Prof. S.
Banerjee
Prof. J.
Sjblom
33
FACE final report
PhD candidates who have completed with other financial support, but associated with the centre
Name
M/F Nationality Source of
Scientific
Years in the Thesis title
funding
area
centre
Jostein Kolaas M
Norway
UIO
Optical
2010-2014
Optimizing of optical
techniques,
measurement techniques in
suspension
fluid mechanics with
applications to micro fluidics,
multiphase flow and water
waves
Andrea
F
Venezuela NTNU
Multiphase
2012-2014
Experiments on the droplet
Shmueli
transport
field in multiphase pipe flow
Alvarado
Tom Vervijlen M
Belgium
KU Leuven Separation
2009-2013
PhD students with financial support from the centre budget who still are in the process of finishing studies
Name
M/F Nationality Scientific area Years in
Thesis topic
the centre
Sharli Zarkar
F
India
Separation
2010-2014 Effect of Asphaltenes and Demulsifier on
Oil-Water Interfacial Properties
V.P.T.N.C.
M
India
Multiphase
2011-2014 Simulation of Two-Phase Flow with
Srikanth Bojja
transport
Surfactant Using the Lattice Boltzmann
modelling
Method
Heiner Schmann M
Germany
Multiphase
2012-2014 TBA
transport
Main Thesis
Advisor
Prof. A.Jensen
Prof. O. J.
Nydal
Prof. J.
Vermant
Main Thesis
Advisor
Prof. S.
Banerjee
Prof. M.
Fernandino
Prof. O. J.
Nydal
34
FACE final report
PhD candidates who are associated with the centre and have other financial support for ongoing thesis work
Name
M/F Nationality Source of
Scientific
Years in the Thesis title
funding
area
centre
Dirk van
M
The
FMC
Suspension
2009-2012
Dispersed Droplet Dynamics
Eijkeren
Netherland Technologies
During Produced Water
Treatment in the Oil Industry
Andreas
M
Norway
NTNU
Multiphase
2012-2015
TBA
Akselsen
transport
MSc candidates with thesis related to the centre research agenda and an advisor from the centre staff
Name
M/F Nationality Scientific area Year in
Thesis title
the centre
Fatemah
F
Iran
Lattice
2013
3D LBM Simulations of Interfaces in
Fakharian
Boltzmann
Turbulent Flow
Method
Ashwin
M
India
Multiphase
2013
Particle Transport in Stratified Gas-LiquidPadsalgikar
transport
Solid Flow
Jrgen Nordb
M
Norway
Multiphase
2013
Modelling of Gas Entrainment in Slugs
transport
through use of Simulations in StarCCM+
and Mechanistic Balance
Main Thesis
Advisor
Prof. H.W.M.
Hoeijmakers
Prof. O. J.
Nydal
Main thesis
Advisor
Prof. R.
Skartlien
Prof. O.
Shoham
Prof. M. S.
Foss
35
FACE final report
Appendix 3
List of Publications
Books
Ph.D. thesis
1. Alvarado, A. S. (2014), Experiments on the droplet field in multiphase pipe flow, PhD
thesis, NTNU, Norway.
2. Amiri, A. (2010), Rheology of silica-based dispersions and Cross-sectional modeling
of settling slurries, PhD thesis, NTNU, Norway.
3. Benmekhbi, M. (2014), Properties of Surfactant Stabilized Liquid-Liquid Interfaces
and the Relation to Emulsion Stability, PhD thesis, NTNU, Norway.
4. Bragg, A. (2011), Development of the PDF kinetic approach for modelling inertial
particle dispersion in turbulent boundary layers, PhD thesis, University of Newcastle
Upon Tyne, UK.
5. Kelesoglu, S. (2010), Flow Behavior of Water-in-North Sea Acidic Crude Oil
Emulsions and Preparation of Synthetic Reference Acidic Oils and Their Emulsions,
PhD thesis, NTNU, Norway.
6. Kolaas, J. (2014), Optimizing of optical measurement techniques in fluid mechanics
with applications to micro fluidics, multiphase flow and water waves, PhD thesis,
University of Oslo, Norway
7. Plasencia, J. (2013), Experimental Study on Two-Phase Oil/Water Dispersed Flow,
PhD thesis, NTNU, USA.
8. Rane, J. (2013), Asphaltene Stabilized Oil-Water Interfaces, PhD, the City University
of New York, New York, USA.
9. Vervijlen, T. (2013), Controlling the Dynamics of Liquid Interfaces, PhD thesis,
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium.
M.Sc. thesis
1. Abdulla, A. (2011), Estimating Erosion in Oil and Gas Pipe Line Due to Sand
Presence, Master's thesis, Blekinge Institute of Technology, Sweden.
2. Fakharian, F. (2013), 3D LBM Simulations of Interfaces in Turbulent Multiphase
Flow, Masters thesis, Technical University of Munich, Germany.
3. Khatibi, M. (2010), Study of Droplet Size Distribution of Viscous oil water Flow,
Master's thesis, NTNU, Norway.
4. Nordb, J. (2014), Modelling of Gas Entrainment in Slugs through use of Simulations
in StarCCM+ and Mechanistic Balance, Masters thesis, NTNU, Norway
36
FACE final report
5. Schaefer, E. (2011), Experiments on Surfactant Stabilized Oil-Water Dispersed Flow,

Master's thesis, NTNU, Norway.
Journal publications
1. Akselsen, A. H. & Nydal, O. J. (2015), Applying multiple grids to a multi-field model
the resolution requirements of individual fields in the two-fluid model for 1D pipe
flow, Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 36(10), 1378-1387.
2. Amiri, A., Nuland, S., ye, G. & Sjblom, J. (2012), Use of a cross sectional model
for determining rheology in settling slurries: Effect of solvent, particle size and
density, Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology 33, 1336-1345.
3. Amiri, A., ye, G. & Sjblom, J. (2009), Influence of pH, high salinity and particle
concentration on stability and rheological properties of aqueous suspensions of fumed
silica, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Eng. Aspects 349(1-3), 43 - 54.
4. Amiri, A., ye, G. & Sjblom, J. (2011), Temperature and Pressure effects on stability
and gelation properties of silica suspensions, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physiochemical
and Engineering Aspects 378(1-3), 14-21.
5. Amiri, A., ye, G. & Sjblom, J. (2012), Stability and flow induced flocculation and
stability studies of suspensions of fumed silica in mixture of water-glycerol, Journal of
Dispersion Science and Technology 33(8), 1247-1256.
6. Ayati, A. A., Kolaas, J., Jensen, A. & Johnson, G. W. (2014), A PIV investigation of
stratified gas-liquid flow in a horizontal pipe. International Journal of Multiphase
Flow, (61), 129-143.
7. Benmekhbi, M. & Simon, S. (2014), Limitations and applicability of the interfacial
shear rheology in the study of monolayer films at the air-water interface, Journal of
Dispersion Science and Technology, 35(1), 150-160.
8. Benmekhbi, M., Simon, S. & Sjblom, J. (2014), Dynamic and rheological properties
of Span 80 at liquid-liquid interfaces, Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology,
35(6).
9. Bragg, A., Swailes, D. C. & Skartlien, R. (2012), Particle transport in a turbulent
boundary layer: Non-local closures for particle dispersion tensors accounting for
particle-wall interactions, Physics of Fluids 24(10), 103304.
10. Bragg, A., Swailes, D. C. & Skartlien, R. (2012), Drift-free kinetic equations for
turbulent dispersion', Physical Review E 86(5), 12.
11. Fan, Y., Simon, S. & Sjoblom, J. (2009), Chemical destabilization of crude oil
emulsions: Effect of nonionic surfactants as emulsion inhibitors, Energy & Fuels
23(9), 4575-4583.
12. Fan, Y., Simon, S. & Sjblom, J. (2010), Interfacial shear rheology of asphaltenes at
oil-water interface and its relation to emulsion stability: Influence of concentration,
37
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solvent aromaticity and nonionic surfactant, Colloids and Surfaces A:

Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 366(1-3), 120 - 128.
13. Fan, Y., Simon, S. & Sjblom, J. (2010), Influence of nonionic surfactants on the
surface and interfacial film properties of asphaltenes investigated by Langmuir
balance and Brewster angle microscopy, Langmuir 26(13), 10497-10505.
14. Foss, M. S., Simon, S. C. & Rodionova, G. (2015), Special issue foreword: The bridge
between colloid chemistry and fluid dynamics, Journal of Dispersion Science and
Technology, 36(10), 1357-1359.
15. Furtado, K. & Skartlien, R. (2010), Derivation and thermodynamics of a lattice
Boltzmann model with soluble amphiphilic surfactant, Physical Review E, 81(6),
066704.
16. Hovden, L., Lawrence, C. & Wold, I. (2015), Use of FACE flow loop data for
validation and improvement of flow simulations, Journal of Dispersion Science and
Technology, 36(10), 1452-1457.
17. Huang, Y. J. (2011), Letter to the editor - comment on Balakin et al's model, AIChE
Journal, 57(8), 2287.
18. Huang, Y. J., Leebeeck, A. D. & Nydal, O. J. (2012), DEM simulation of particulate
flow using multi-scale time steps, International Journal of Computational Methods
9(1-10), 1240010.
19. Huang, Y, J. & Nydal, O. J. (2011), A Hybrid Algorithm of Event Driven Method and
Time Driven Method for Simulation of Granular Flows, Communications in
Computational Physics 10(4), 1027-1043.
20. Huang, Y. J. & Nydal, O. J. (2012), Coupling of discrete-element method and
smoothed particle hydrodynamics for solid-liquid problems, Theoretical and Applied
Mechanics Letters 2(1-4), 0212002.
21. Huang, Y. J. & Nydal, O. J. (2013), Body Fitted Link-cell Algorithm for Particulate
Flow Simulation in Curved Pipeline Domain, Applied Mathematics Modelling 37(5),
3504-3512.
22. Huang, Y. J., Nydal, O. J., Ge, C. & Yao, B. (2015), An introduction to discrete
element method, a meso-scale mechanism analysis for granular flow, Journal of
Dispersion Science and Technology, 36(10), 1370-1377.
23. Huang, Y. J., Nydal, O. & Yao, B. (2014), Time Step Criterions for Nonlinear Dense
Packed Granular Materials in Time-Driven Method Simulation, Powder Technology,
253, 80-88.
24. Huang, Y. J., Nydal, O. J., Yao, B. & Tian, Z. (2013), Particles Refined and
Coarsened Method for SPH Simulations in Fluid Dynamics, Computational Science &
Discovery 6(1), 015009.
38
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25. Huang, Y.J., Jalali. P. &. Hyppanen. T. (2012), Numerical simulation of the formation
of granular shock wave over cylindrical objects, Journal of Particle & Particle System
Characterization 29(2), 129-138.
26. Huang, Y. J., Chan, C. K. & Zamankhan, P. (2010), Granular jet impingement on a
fixed target, Phys. Rev. E 82(3), 031307.
27. Khaledi, H. A., Smith, I. E., Unander, T. E. & Nossen, J. (2014), Investigation of twophase flow pattern, liquid holdup and pressure drop in viscous oil-gas flow.
International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 67, 37-51.
28. Kelesoglu, S., Meakin, P. & Sjoblom J. (2011), Effect of aqueous phase pH on the
dynamic interfacial tension of acidic crude oils and myristic acid in dodecane, Journal
of Dispersion Science and Technology 32(11), 1682-1691.
29. Kelesoglu, S., Pettersen, B. H. & Sjblom, J. (2012), Characterization of water-inNorth Sea acidic crude oil emulsions by means of rheology, droplet size and laminar
flow in pipeline, Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology 33(4), 536-548.
30. Kelesoglu, S., Pettersen, B. H. & Sjblom, J. (2012), Flow properties of water-inNorth Sea heavy crude oil emulsions, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering
100, 14-23.
31. Keleolu, S., Rodionova, G., Pettersen, B. H., Foss, M. & Sjblom, J. (2015),
Preparation and characterization of reference fluids to mimic flow properties of crude
oil emulsions (w/o), Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 36(10), 14581464.
32. Kelesoglu, S., Volden, S., Kes, M. & Sjblom, J. (2012), Adsorption of naphthenic
acids onto flat mineral surfaces studied by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation
monitoring (QCM-D), Energy & Fuels 26(8), 5060-5068.
33. Kolaas, J., Drazen, D. & Jensen, A. (2015), Lagrangian measurements of two-phase
pipe flow using combined PIV/PTV, Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology,
36(10), 1473-1482.
34. Kolaas, J., Jensen, A. & Mielnik, M. (2013), Visualization and measurement of flow
in micro silicon Y-channels, European Physical Journal E: Soft Matter 36(2), 19.
35. Langsholt, M. & Zarruk, G. A. (2015), Particle transport in semi-dilute turbulent pipe
flow, Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 36(10), 1513-1526.
36. Lin, Y., Skjetne, P. & Carlson, A. (2012), A phase field model for multiphase electrohydrodynamic flow, International Journal of Multiphase Flow 45, 1-11.
37. Panjwani, B., Amiri, A., Mo, S., Fossen, M., Linga, H. & Pauchard, V. (2015), Dense
packed layer modelling in oil-water dispersions model description, experimental
verification and code demonstration, Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology,
39
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36(10), 1527-1537.
38. Pauchard, V., Rane, J. P. & Banarjee, S. (2014), Asphaltene-laden interfaces form soft
glassy layers in contraction experiments: A mechanism for coalescence blocking,
Langmuir, 30(43), 12795-12803.
39. Pauchard, V., Rane, J. P., Zarkar, S., Couzis, A. & Banarjee, S. (2014), Long-term
adsorption kinetics of asphaltenes at the oilwater interface: A random sequential
adsorption perspective, Langmuir, 30(28), 8381-8390.
40. Pauchard, V. & Roy, T. (2014), Blockage of coalescence of water droplets in
asphaltenes solutions: A jamming perspective, Colloids and Surfaces A:
Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 443, 410-417.
41. Plasencia, J., Nydal, O. J. & Schaefer, E. (2015), Effective viscosity for dispersed oilwater pipe flow in different diameters, Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology,
36(10), 1419-1431.
42. Plasencia, J., Pettersen, B. & Nydal, O. J. (2013), Pipe flow of water-in-crude oil
emulsions: Effective viscosity, inversion point and droplet size distribution, Journal of
Petroleum Science and Engineering 101, 35-43.
43. Rane, J. P., Pauchard, V., Couzis, A. & Banerjee, S. (2013), Interfacial rheology of
asphaltenes at oil-water interfaces and interpretation of the equation of state, Langmuir
29(15), 4750-4759.
44. Rane, J. P., Harbottle, D., Pauchard, V. & Banerjee, A. C. S. (2012), Adsorption
kinetics of asphaltenes at the oil-water interface and nano-aggregation in the bulk,
Langmuir 28(26), 9986-9995.
45. Rodionova, G., Kelesoglu, S. & Sjblom, J. (2014), AC field induced destabilization
of water-in-oil emulsions based on North Sea acidic crude oil, Colloids and Surfaces
A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 448(1), 60-66.
46. Rodionova, G., Pettersen, B., Kelesoglu, S. & Sjblom, J. (2014), Preparation and
characterization of reference fluid mimicking behavior of North Sea heavy crude
oil. Fuel 135, 308-314.
47. Rodionova, G. & Sjblom, J. (2015), Electrorheological behaviour of crude oil and
synthetic reference fluid emulsions, Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology,
36(10), 1388-1393.
48. Samaniuk, J. R., Hermans, E., Verwijlen, T., Pauchard V. & Vermant, J (2015), Softglassy rheology of asphaltenes at liquid interfaces, Journal of Dispersion Science and
Technology, 36(10), 1444-1451.
49. Sanderse, B., Haspels, M. & Henkes, R. A. W. M. (2015), Simulation of elongated
bubbles in a channel using the two-fluid model, Journal of Dispersion Science and
Technology, 36(10), 1407-1418.
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FACE final report
50. Schmann, H., Khatibi, M., Tutkun, M., Pettersen, B. H., Yang, Z. & Nydal, O. J.
(2015), Droplet size measurements in oil-water dispersions: A comparison study using
FBRM and PVM, Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 36(10), 1432-1443.
51. Skartlien, R., Drazen, D. A., Swailes, D. C. & Jensen, A. (2009), Suspensions in
turbulent liquid pipe flow: Kinetic modelling and added mass effects, International
Journal of Multiphase Flow, 35(11), 1017-1035.
52. Skartlien, R., Furtado, K. & Sollum, E. (2015), Multiphase flow research with a
surfactant lattice Boltzmann model, Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology,
36(10), 1360-1369.
53. Skartlien, R., Furtado, K., Sollum, E., Meakin, P. & Kralova, I. (2011), Lattice
Boltzmann simulations of dynamic interfacial tension due to soluble amphiphilic
surfactant, Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 390(12), 2291-2302.
54. Skartlien, R., Grimes, B., Arthur, B., Meakin, P., Sjblom, J. & Sollum, E. (2012),
Coalescence kinetics in surfactant stabilized emulsions: evolution equations from
direct numerical simulations, Journal Chemical Physics, 137(21), 214701.
55. Skartlien, R., Sollum, E., Akselsen, A. & Meakin, P. (2012), Direct numerical
simulation of surfactant stabilized emulsions, Morphology and shear viscosity in
starting Couette flow, Rheologica Acta 51(7), 649-673.
56. Skartlien, R., Sollum, E. & Schumann, H. (2013), Droplet size distributions in
turbulent emulsions: Breakup criteria and surfactant effects from direct numerical
simulations, Journal of Chemical Physics, 139, 174901.
57. Skartlien, R., Sollum, E., Fakharian, F. & Palmer, T. (2015), On the interfacial
roughness scale in turbulent stratified two-phase flow: 3D lattice Boltzmann numerical
simulations with forced turbulence and surfactant, International Journal of
Multiphase Flow, 69, 102-114.
58. Skjaeraasen, O., Skartlien, R. & Zarruk, G. (2015), A two-way coupled Reynolds
stress model for suspensions with comparison to experiment, Journal of Dispersion
Science and Technology, 36(10), 1493-1512.
59. Smith, I. E., Nossen, J. & Lund, B. (2015), Development of a steady-state point model
for prediction of gas/oil and water/oil pipe flow, Journal of Dispersion Science and
Technology, 36(10), 1394-1406.
60. van Eijkeren, D. F., Krebs, T. & Hoeijmakers, H. W. M. (2015), Efficient collision
detection in a simulated hydrocyclone, Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology,
36(10), 1483-1492.
61. Wilson, Z. D., Tutkun, M. & Cal, R. B. (2013), Identification of Lagrangian coherent
structures in a turbulent boundary layer, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 728, 396-416.
41
FACE final report
62. Zarkar, S., Couzis, A. & Banerjee, S. (2015), Effect of premixed asphaltenes and
demulsifier on oil-water interfacial properties, Journal of Dispersion Science and
Technology, 36(10), 1465-1472.
Conference proceedings
1. Adoosti, H. K., Ayati, A. A., Brekken, C., Foss, M., Hu, B., Jensen, A., Kjlaas, J.,
Langsholt, M., Liu, L., Nossen, J., Kazemihatami, M., Pettersen, B. H., Plasencia, J.
L., Schmann, H., Sjblom, J., Skartlien, R., Skjraasen, O., Smith, I. E., Unander, T.
E., Yang, Z. & Zarruk, G. (2014), A suite of flow loop experiments designed to
understand multiphase flow of complex mixtures in pipes, International FACE
conference: The Bridge between Colloid Chemistry and Fluid Dynamics, London,
U.K.
2. Amiri, A., Nuland, S., ye, G. & Sjblom, J. (2009), Flow induced flocculation and
Stability studies of suspension of fumed soilica in mixture of water-glycerol, 5th
Annual European rheology conference, Cardiff, UK.
3. Amiri, A., Nuland, S., ye, G. & Sjblom, J. (2010), Determining rheology of settling
suspensions, 7th North American Conference on Multiphase Technology, Banff,
Canada.
4. Ayati, A. (2012), 'A PIV investigation of smooth and wavy stratified gas-liquid pipe
flow, International Conference on Multiphase Flow, 'ICMF'.
5. Ayati, A. A., Kolaas, J., Jensen, A. & Johnson, G. W. (2012), A PIV investigation of
stratified gas-liquid flow in a horizontal pipe, THMT12: 7th International Symposium
on Turbulence, Heat and Mass Transfer, Palermo, Italy.
6. Ayati, A. A., Tutkun, M. & Jensen, A. (2014), PIV measurement of two-phase pipe
flows: Idealized air/water flow at atmospheric pressure and more realistic oil/SF6 flow
at high pressure, International FACE conference: The Bridge between Colloid
Chemistry and Fluid Dynamics, London, U.K.
7. Banerjee, S. (2014), The role of asphaltenes in emulsification and demulsification: A
review of City College and FACE related research, International FACE conference:
The Bridge between Colloid Chemistry and Fluid Dynamics, London, U.K.
8. Bojja, S. & Fernandino, M. (2014), Orr-Sommerfeld stability analysis of two-fluid
Couette flow with surfactant using Chebyshev collocation method, 10th International
Conference on CFD in Oil & Gas, Metallurgical and Process Industries, Trondheim,
Norway.
9. Bragg, A., Swailes, D. & Skartlien, R. (2010), Closure approximations in particle
dispersion coefficients derived from pdf kinetic equations, 7th International
Conference on Multiphase Flow, ICMF 2010, Tampa, Florida.
10. Diaz, M. J., Akselsen, A. H. & Nydal, O. J. (2013), Experiments on severe slugging in
an S-riser system with viscous liquids, 8th International Conference on Multiphase
Flow, ICMF 2013, Jeju, Korea.
11. Einarsrud, K. E., Panjwani, B. & Pauchard, V. (2014), A pragmatic approach to CFD
42
FACE final report
modelling of separation processes, 10th International Conference on CFD in Oil &

Gas, Metallurgical and Process Industries, Trondheim, Norway.
12. Foss, M. (2010), FACE referansefluider: Et stort skritt fremover for
flerfaseforskningen, Design og drift av flerfase for olje og gass 2010, Oslo, Norway.
13. Foss, M. (2012), Next generation multiphase flow experiments, Design og drift av
flerfase for olje og gass 2012, Oslo, Norway.
14. Foss, M. & Kelesoglu, S. (2011), Development of artificial oil to match conventional
heavy crude oil properties in pipeline multiphase flow, 22nd Annual Oil Field
Chemistry Symposium, Geilo, Norway.
15. Foss, M. & Morland, B. (2013), Investigation of the effect of salt on a methane/H2S
hydrates in the presence of monoethylene glycol, 24th Oilfield Chemistry Symposium,
Geilo, Norway.
16. Foss, M. & Kaasa, B. (2014), Hydrate induced scale formation, 25th Oilfield Chemistry
Symposium, Geilo, Norway.
17. Holms, K. (2014), Comparison of FlowManager against viscous oil data,
International FACE Conference: The Bridge between Colloid Chemistry and Fluid
Dynamics, London, U.K.
18. Hua, J., Nordb, J. & Foss, M. (2014), CFD Modelling of gas entrainment at a
propagating slug front, 10th International Conference on CFD in Oil & Gas,
Metallurgical and Process Industries, Trondheim, Norway.
19. Huang, Y.J. & Nydal, O. J. (2012), Coupling of DEM and SPH for simulations of
solid-liquid flows in pipeline, 8th KSME (The Korean Society of Mechanical
Engineers) JSME (The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers), Thermal and Fluids
Engineering Conference, Korea.
20. Inkson, N. (2014), Validation of the multiphase rheology model using STARCCM+,
10th International Conference on CFD in Oil & Gas, Metallurgical and Process
Industries, Trondheim, Norway.
21. Inkson, N., Plasencia, J. & Lo, S. (2014), Predicting emulsion pressure drop in pipe
through CFD multiphase rheology models, 10th International Conference on CFD in
Oil & Gas, Metallurgical and Process Industries, Trondheim, Norway.
22. Kolaas, J. & Jensen, A. (2011), Time-resolved Combined DPIV/PTV measurements of
two-phase turbulent pipe flow, 13th European Turbulence Conference, Warsaw,
Poland.
23. Lin, Y., Skjetne, P. & Carlson, A. (2010), Phase-field model for electro-hydrodynamic
flow, 7th International Conference on Multiphase Flow, ICMF 2010, Tampa, FL.
24. Mo, S., Fossen, M. & Panjwani, B. (2014), Oil-water separation model development,
International FACE Conference: The Bridge between Colloid Chemistry and Fluid
43
FACE final report
Dynamics, London, U.K.

25. Mullins, O. C., Pomerantz, A. E., Zuo, J. Y., Andrews, A. B., Dong, C., Elshahawi,
H., Seifert, D. J., Rane, J. P., Banerjee, S. & Pauchard, V. (2013), Asphaltene
nanoscience and reservoir fluid gradients, tar mat formation and the oil-water
interface, SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans, Louisiana.
26. Nossen, J. & Lawrence, C. (2011), Pressure drop in laminar slug flow with heavy oil,
8th North American Conference on Multiphase Technology, Banff, Alberta, Canada.
27. Nuland, S. (2010), Hydrate slurry transport, Flow Assurance 2010, Abardeen, U.K.
28. Pauchard, V. & Roy, T. (2012), Droplet size measurements for water in oil emulsion
during stirred reactor experiments: Effect of asphaltenes adsorption, 23rd Oil Field
Chemistry Symposium, Geilo, Norway.
29. Pauchard V., et al. (2013), Readdressing interfacial rheology of asphaltenes covered
interfaces by a classical Langmuir equation of state, PetroPhase 2013, IFP Energies
Nouvelles, Rueil-Malmaison, France.
30. Plasencia, J. & Nydal, O. (2010), Influence of the pipe diameter in dispersed oil-water
flows, 7th International Conference on Multiphase Flow, ICMF 2010, Tampa, Florida.
31. Plasencia, J., Schaefer, E. & Nydal, O. J. (2012), Pipe flow of water in oil emulsions
in different pipe diameters, 8th International Conference on Multiphase Technology,
Banff, Alberta, Canada.
32. Rane, J., Harbottle, D., Couzis, A., Pauchard, V. & Banerjee, S. (2011), Adsorption
kinetics of asphaltenes at an oil-water interface, 85th ACS Colloid and Surface Science
Symposium, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
33. Rane, R. (2012), Adsorption kinetics of asphaltenes at the oil-water interface and
nano-aggregation in the bulk, PetroPhase 12, The 15th International Conference on
Petroleum Phase Behavior and Fouling, St. Petersburg, Florida.
34. Schaefer, E. (2012), Pipe flow of water in oil emulsion in different pipe diameters, 8th
North American Conference on Multiphase Technology, BHR Group, Banff, Canada.
35. Schmann, H., Kazemihatami, M. & Nydal, O. J. (2013), Oil-water flushing
experiments with complex pipe geometry, 8th International Conference on Multiphase
Flow, ICMF 2013, Jeju, Korea.
36. Schmann, H., Kazemihatami, M., Yang, Z., Diaz A., Mariana J. C. & Nydal, O.J.
(2014), Liquid-liquid displacement in a horizontal and inclined pipe section, 9th North
American Conference on Multiphase Technology, Banff, Alberta, Canada.
37. Skartlien, R., Sollum, E., Kjeldby, T. B., Meakin, P. & Furtado, K. (2010), Simulation
of oil/water interfacial dynamics in the presence of surfactant, using the Lattice
Boltzmann approach, 7th International Conference on Multiphase Flow, ICMF 2010,
Tampa, FL.
44
FACE final report
38. Skjaeraasen, O. (2013), Two-phase Reynolds-stress modelling of particle-laden

turbulent channel flow with closure relations derived from particle kinetic theory, 8th
International Conference on Multiphase Flow, ICMF 2013, Jeju, Korea.
39. Skjaeraasen, O., Skartlien, R. & Zarruk, G. (2010), A two-way coupled Reynolds
stress model for suspensions with comparison to experiment, 7th International
Conference on Multiphase Flow, ICMF 2010, Tampa, Florida.
40. Smith, I. E., Nossen, J. & Unander, T. E. (2013), Improved holdup and pressure drop
predictions for multiphase flow with gas and high viscosity oil, 16th International
Conference on Multiphase Production Technology, Cannes, France.
41. Sveen, J. K. (2012), Multiphase Flow Assurance Innovation Centre, FACE, IQPC
Flow Assurance and Integrated Production Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
42. Sveen, J. K. (2012), Long distance multiphase transport, Transatlantic Science Week,
Petroleum Session, Houston, Texas.
43. Sveen, J. K. (2013), Introduction to Particle Image Velocimetry, 1st Workshop on
Advances in Quantitative Analogue Modelling (AiQAM), Potsdam, Germany.
44. van Eijkeren, D. (2013), The influence of the history force in Lagrangian particle
tracking applied to swirling flow produced water treatment, 8th International
Conference on Multiphase Flow, ICMF 2013, Jeju, Korea.
45. van Eijkeren, D. & Hoeijmakers, H. W. M. (2011), History force and drag correlation
in a Lagrangian method applied to oil-water separation, 8th International Conference
on CFD in Oil & Gas, Metallurgical and Process Industries, Trondheim, Norway.
46. van Eijkeren, D. & Hoeijmakers, H. W. M. (2010), Influence of the history term in a
Lagrangian method for oil-water separation, 7th International Conference on
Multiphase Flow, ICMF 2010, Tampa, Florida.
47. van Eijkeren, D. F. & Hoeijmakers, H. W. M. (2012), History force and inertia effects
applied to swirling flow produced water treatment, 9th International Conference on
CFD in the Minerals and Process Industries, Melbourne, Australia.
48. Zarruk, G. A., Johny, J. P. & Jensen A. (2011), Accuracy of PIV and PTV
measurements in bubbly flows, The 7th International Symposium on Measurement
Techniques for Multiphase Flows, Tianjin, China.
49. Zarruk, G. A., Skjraasen, O. & Skartlien, R. (2010), Experimental investigation of
particle fluid interaction in turbulent channel flow, 7th International Conference on
Multiphase Flow, ICMF 2010, Tampa, Florida.
45
FACE final report
Technical reports
1. Amiri, A. (2013), FACE separation experiments, Technical report, GE Oil&Gas.
2. Belt, R. (2013), Preliminary work on the FACE oil/water point model, Technical
Report, SINTEF.
3. Brekken, C. (2013), Experimental study on emulsion formation and stability in a pipe
flow, Internal Report, SINTEF.
4. Brekken, C. (2010), Viscous oil modelling - FACE internal expert group
recommendations, Technical report, SINTEF.
5. Darmana, D. & Pauchard, V. (2012), Coupling CFD to Hartland model for simulation
of gravity separators, Technical report, SINTEF.
6. De Malmazet, E., Risso, F., Masbernat, O. & Pauchard, V. (2012) Coalescence of
water drops with a contaminated water/oil interface in the presence of micro-particles,
Technical report, University of Toulouse.
7. Einarsrud, K. E. (2012), Surfactants and blockage of coalescence in CFD simulation,
Technical report, SINTEF.
8. Einarsrud, K. E., Panjwani, B. & Pauchard, V. (2013), CFD framework for separation
of hydrocarbons, Technical report, SINTEF.
9. Foss, M. (2013), Report on HSE laboratory inspections 2012-2013, Technical report,
IFE.
10. Foss, M. & Keleolu, S. (2014), Preparation of tailored fluids mimicking transport
and separation properties of crude oils and their emulsions, Technical memo, IFE.
11. Foss, M. (2010), Technical memo status report 1 -reference fluids, Technical Report,
IFE.
12. Fossen, M. (2010), Executive summary of the analysis of the Porsgrunn separation
data set provided as an in kind contribution by Statoil, Technical report, SINTEF.
13. Fossen, M. (2010), Separation experiments and crude oil properties - Analysis of batch
settling experiments delivered as in-kind to FACE by Statoil, Technical report,
SINTEF.
14. Holms, K. (2008), Linear stability analysis of liquid jets, Technical report, IFE.
15. Hovden, L. & Wold, I. (2013), OLGA 7.2 comparison with Statoil in-kind data (IFE
WFL loop), Technical note no. 341010017533/1, Schlumberger (former SPT Group).
16. Inkson, N. (2013), Generalized Newton models for suspensions and emulsion,
Technical report, CD-adapco.
46
FACE final report
17. Ivanov, I. (2011), Literature study on liquid films in relation to drops and bubbles,
Technical report, Statoil.
18. Karnik, A., Tandon, M. & Lo, S. (2011) Investigation of hindered settling and osmotic
pressure in oil-water separation, Technical report, CD-adapco.
19. Karnik, A., Tandon, M. & Lo, S. (2012) Investigation of binary coalescence and interphase mass transfer in oil-water separation, Technical report, CD-adapco.
20. Krampa, F. (2009), FACE project viscous oil database: v1.0, Technical report,
SINTEF.
21. Langsholt, M. (2008), IFEs low pressure loop Planning of the reconstruction to
accommodate FACE suspension experiments, Technical report, IFE.
22. Langsholt, M. (2010), Cleaning of the Well Flow Loop after the FACE reference oil
campaigns, Technical memo, IFE.
23. Langsholt, M. (2012), Multiphase pipe flow experiments on viscous Newtonian and
non-Newtonian oils and oil-water emulsions, Internal report, IFE.
24. Langsholt, M. & Zarruk, G. (2010), The low pressure loop at IFE modified for FACE
suspension work, Technical report, IFE.
25. Larsson, P.-E. (2009), Is dissipative particle dynamics a useful tool to model emulsion
formation and coalescence? Technical report, SINTEF.
26. Lawrence, C. (2008), Effect of surfactant in liquid-liquid flows - Initial thoughts,
Technical memo, IFE.
27. Lawrence, C. (2009), Orr-Sommerfeld calculation for the stability of two-layer
pressure driven flow, Technical report, IFE.
28. Lo, S. & Tomasello, A. (2010), Single phase flow simulation of squared channel in the
FACE suspensions project, Technical report, CD-adapco.
29. Lo, S. & Tomasello, A. (2010), Summary report on turbulent channel simulation with
an Euler-Euler and Lagrangian description, Technical report, CD-adapco.
30. Lo, S. (2010), Two-phase, turbulent channel simulation with an Euler-Euler
description, Technical report, CD-adapco.
31. Lo, S. (2010), Two-phase, turbulent channel simulation with an Euler-Lagrange
description, Technical report, CD-adapco.
32. Lo, S. (2008), STAR-CD modelling of closed-channel experiment. Technical report,
CD-adapco.
33. Lo, S. (2008). Tutorial FACE-channel: Modelling Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in an
oil-water interface, Technical report, CD-adapco.
47
FACE final report
34. Lo, S. (2009), Investigation of numerical parameters in simulation of oil-in-water jet

experiments. Technical report, CD-adapco.
35. Lund, B. (2009), Executive summary of FACE reports on viscous oils, Technical
report, SINTEF.
36. Lund, B. & Smith, I. E. (2013), A point model for gas-liquid pipe flow, Technical
report, SINTEF.
37. Magnusson, H. (2009), Production of model particles. Technical report, SINTEF.
38. Nossen, J. (2009), A literature study of multiphase flow with viscous oils, Technical
report, IFE.
39. Nossen, J. & Fuchs, P. (2009), FACE gap analysis for viscous oils, Technical report,
IFE.
40. Nuland, S. (2009), Cross sectional flow model programmers guide, Technical
report, IFE.
41. Nuland, S. (2009), Particle migration and settling mechanisms in pipe flow a
literature survey for FACE, Technical report, IFE.
42. Nuland, S. (2010), Statistical moments to describe particle size distribution, Technical
report, IFE.
43. Plasencia, J. (2013), Liquid-liquid gravity separators, Technical report, GE Oil & Gas.
44. Rodionova, G., Norrman, J. & Sjoblom, J. (2014), General procedure for generating
reference fluids, Technical report, Ugelstad Laboratory, NTNU.
45. Salim, A., Masbernat, O., Roig, V. & Bech, K. (2010) Hydrodynamic study of a
continuous horizontal liquid-liquid settler, Technical report, University of Toulouse.
46. Skjaeraasen, O. & Skartlien, R. (2010), A model of turbulent dispersions with 2-way
coupling, part 1: Fundamentals and derivation, Technical report, IFE.
47. Smith, I. E. & Nossen, J. (2010), Comparison of OLGA simulations and experiments
on high viscosity oils, Technical report, SINTEF.
48. Spasov, Y. (2014), Implementation of the Hartland model for oil/water separation in
Star-CCM+, Technical report, CD-adapco.
49. Srland, G. H. (2008), Development of a fast and accurate method for determination
of oil in water and water in oil droplets, Technical report, Anvendt Teknologi AS.
50. Srland, G. H. (2008), Characterization of emulsions by NMR, Technical report,
Anvendt Teknologi AS.
48
FACE final report
51. Unander, T. E. (2011) SINTEF viscous oil transport campaign - plan for experiments,
52. Unander, T. E. (2013) Performance of gamma based three-phase fraction meters,
53. Westad, F. (2011), Analysis and prediction of oil samples measured with LC-MS,
Technical report, CAMO Software.
54. Zarruk, G. (2009), Dilute suspensions: a review of experimental observation on
particle-laden wall-bounded flows, Technical report, IFE.
55. Zhang, Y. (2012), Direct impact erosion test for UNS N06625 and UNS S32750,
Technical report, GE Oil&Gas.
49

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The Multiphase Flow Assurance and Innovation Centre

FACE final report

FACE final report

Foreword by Centre Manager

FACE final report

FACE final report

FACE final report

FACE final report

Basic facts about the Centre

FACE final report

FACE final report

FACE final report

Erik Holm, IFE

J. Kristian Sveen, IFE

Martin S. Foss, IFE

Tor Erling Unander

Jon Harald Kaspersen

FACE final report

Main research area

FACE final report

Financing through the life of the FACE centre

In-kind Total (MNOK)

Distribution of resources (MNOK)

FACE final report

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Results - Key figures

FACE final report

Results from research conducted at FACE

Figure 1. Magnetic moment, asphaltenes.

FACE final report

FACE final report

Figure 4. Interfacial tension as a function of relative coverage of asphaltenes.

FACE final report

Figure 5: Experimental setup for verification of coalescence.

FACE final report

The modelling efforts on multiphase transport focused on the point-model implementation in

FACE final report

Figure 9. 2D simulation of gas-water flow using Star-CCM+ with VOF method.

Figure 10. Comparison of measured with converted size distribution curves.

FACE final report

FACE final report

Figure 12. PIV setup at IFEs Well Flow Loop

FACE final report

Figure 14. Reynolds number dependence of power coefficient.

FACE final report

FACE final report

FACE final report

FACE final report

Employment of PhD-candidates (number)

FACE final report

Communication / Popular dissemination of knowledge

Effects of centre for the host institution and research partners

FACE final report

FACE final report

FACE final report

Flow Assurance Modelling

FACE final report

FACE final report

FACE final report

Properties of Surfactant Stabilized LiquidLiquid Interfaces and the Relation to

FACE final report

FACE final report

FACE final report