XHMEIA

KAI
TOY YOEPOY

,
, ,
E B/ E
,
-





, /
, E-
, ,
E B/ E

I
X, Z

POEKTYTIKE EPAIE

... / II / 2.2.1 / 2.2.1.:

. B
...

:

.


.

.

75% T 25%

XHMEIA

ANTI POOOY
T
, ,
, ,
.
T
,
.


.

T ,
.
:
.
.
. ,
.

:
. , ,
, .


.
:
, , .
, ,
.
.

ENOTHTA 1

A
E

A
T
A

I
E
- BA

A ...
1. , ,
, .. ;
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
2. . , . ;
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
3. pH , ; .
.................................................................................................................................................

o
4. ( ).
. ................................. ................................. ............................... .............................. (.............)
. ................. ................................. 7.
. .................................
, ................................. pH .
5. ( ).
pH = 3 , pH
............. .............
6. i, ii, iii
.
:
i. , ii. , iii. .
7. cola, : , , .
.
O

i. Cola
ii.
iii.

.
.
.

I. .................................................
II. .................................................
III. .................................................

8. pH :
. , . , . , . .
.
.................................................................................................................................................
9. , , ,
. , , . ,

, , HCl.
. ;
............................................................................................................................................
. ;
............................................................................................................................................
10. 4 .., M .
. ;
......................................................................................................................
. ;
......................................................................................................................

ENOTHTA 1
11. .
:
HO
HCl(g) ...................................... + ................................
H2SO4(aq) 2..................................... + ................................
CH3COOH(aq) ................................ + ................................
2

. ;
i.........................................................................................................................................
.
..
. 2
.
ii. ............................................................................................................
ii. ............................................................................................................
.
;
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
12.

1. tuboflo
2.
3.

pH

14
8
9

4.
5.
6.

pH

12
11
10

pH.
.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
13.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

36,5 g/L

pH

11,0
1,0-2,0
5,0
4,1
3,5
5,6
6,0
0,0

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

40 g/L
16.

pH

11,9
6,6
9,9
8,4
7,4
10,5
14,0
4,5

pH.
.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................

o
14. N :
. pH = 7,5 pH = 8 :

. pH = 12 zax pH = 10 :

15. pH
. pH.

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.

pH

. 1
. 4
. 7
. 10
. 14

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.

..................
..................
..................
..................
..................

16. I II.
I

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

II

.
.
.
.

Ca(OH)2
NaOH
3
KOH

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

..................
..................
..................
..................

17. pH .
I

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

II

HCl
KOH
KOH
HCl

. 12
. 3
. 1
. 14

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

..................
..................
..................
..................

18. , :
NaOH(s)

HO

Na+(aq)

..................

Ca(OH)2(s)

..................

2OH(aq)

NH3(g)+ H2O(l)

NH+4(aq)

..................

OH(aq)

..................

HO
2

HO

K (aq)

19. pH = 12 (NaOH). ;
. pH > 12.

. pH < 12.

. pH = 12.

ENOTHTA 1
.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
20. pH = 12 .
;
. pH > 12.

. pH < 12.

. pH = 12.

.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
21. ;
KOH

HCl

H2SO4

Ca(OH)2

.
22.
. , , .

:
. ;
. ;
E

i.
ii.
iii.

pH

5
9
7

...............................................................................................................................................
23. pH = 2 pH = 10; .
. HCl pH = 4

. NaOH pH = 13

. NaOH pH = 10

24. :
E

i.
ii.
iii.

pH

6
11
7

, ;
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................

10

o
25. pH :
E

i. 1
ii. 2
iii. 3

pH

2,1
11,0
6,4

. pH ;
..........................................................................................................................................
. ;
..........................................................................................................................................
. pH 2, 1;
.
..........................................................................................................................................
pH ;
.
...............................................................................................................................................
26. . , .............................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
. ( ):
1. CaCO3

2. H3PO4

3. MgCl2

4. KOH

5. Ca(OH)2

6. Na2CO3

7. NH4Cl

8. Na2SO4

; .........................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
27. , : +
,
: +
, :
+ [],
+ .... ,
28. .
.
1.
2.
3.

A.
B.
.

...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................

11

ENOTHTA 1
29. .
1. .................................................................... 2. .............................................................
3. .................................................................... 4. .............................................................
30. .
.

A.
B.
.
.
E.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Na
NaCl
CaSO4
BaSO4
HNO3

A.
B.
.
.
E.

..................
..................
..................
..................
..................

. .
....................... ,
....................... .......................
....................... ....................... .
....................... ...................... . CaSO4 ....................... , .......................
31. .
....................... .......................
....................... ( .............) ....................... ( Cl-). , ....................... .......................
....................... ....................... , .
:
H2O(I) [................................]

..................

+ ..................

Na+(aq)

+ ..................
..................

, ....................... ....................... .
....................... .......................
....................... . ,
....................... ......................., :
NaCl(s)

HO

..................

..................

, ....................... ,
, ....................... . ....................... , ,
....................... , o, .
32. .
.
. :

12

o
T

cola

.................................... :
....................................
....................................
%w/v,
....................................

.
:
A

....................................
....................................

100mL
.

. . ....................... , , ....................... . ....................... 7%w/v. 20 mL ...............g

.
33. . 50 19 , .
.
,
.
T

H2SO4
NH3
Na2CO3
NaOH
HNO3

.............................................

......................................................

.............................................

......................................................

.............................................

......................................................

.............................................

......................................................

.............................................

......................................................

. ,
:
:....................................................................................................................
: .....................................................................................................................
: ......
.......................................................................................................................................
34. ......................................
...................................., .
, ............................ ........................................ .
pH
.
:

13

ENOTHTA 1
M pH

pH ;
.............................................................................

;
.............................................................................

, ;
.............................................................................

pH , ;
.............................................................................

35. pH ;
..........................................................................................................
;
..........................................................................................................
;
.............................................................................................................

;
..........................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................
:
1. ;.............................................................
.....................................................................................................

H
E
E X

2. ;..........................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
3. , ;........................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
4. ; ........................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
5. ; .............................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
36. . ;
...........................................................................................................................................

14

o
.

; .............................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................

;..........................
..........................................................................................................................

; ...........................
...............................................................................................

. ; ......................
...........................................................................................................................................
. ; .
...........................................................................................................................................
. : 10-16-15. ;
...........................................................................................................................................
37. ;
.
. , .
...........................................................................................................................................
. , NOX ,
.
.............................................................................................................
.
.
..............................................................................................
. .
..............................................................................................

H

.
A
T. M
E E

38.
, .
. ;
........................................................................................................
.
;
...........................................................................................................................................
.
.
...........................................................................................................................................

15

ENOTHTA 1
.
,
.
!!!
.
.........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
39. ;
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
pH
;
.............................................................................................................
;
.............................................................................................................

O
pH: 5,5

40. N .
12.
8.
10.
. N ,
1.

2.
.
3.
11.
13.
1. H H+

4.
OH
.
2. O
9.
14.

.
3. T .
5.
6.
4.
7.
.
5. M pH < 7
25C.
6. T NH3
.
7. T pH > 7 25C.
8. T .
9. pH < 4,5.
10. T .
11. O , .
12. T .
13. E
.
14. H pH 25C.
H :

16

o


1. 5.4, ,

.
2. 5.4,

.
.
3.

.
. .
.
.
. .

4. ,
:
. ,
guano
. .
B (guano)

www.fertiliser.com
www.batcom.org

5. pH ,
- 1 kg . , :
H OH 1kg
pH -
pH

:
.

17

ENOTHTA 1
1kg .
:
.

6. (3) , (2)
(2), :
N2

3H2

2NH3

2, 2 3
-196 C, -253 C 33 C,
2 2 .
7.

90,
N.
I
,

.

To

,
, ,

().
.
http://www.epa.gov/maia/html/eytroph.html
http://www.defra.gov.uk/environ/
http://librarythinkquest.org/CO111040/
www.qub.ac.yk/.../images/

8. ,
(, National
Geographic, Experiment-) .
, .
9. , ;

.................

.................

.................

.................

.................

.................

.................

.................

.................

.................

.................

.................

.................

.................

.................

.................

.................

.................

10

.................

.................

2 , 3-4 .

11

.................

.................

12

.................

.................

13

.................

.................

14

.................

.................

15

.................

.................

16

.................

.................

17

.................

.................

1 2 .

18

o
1 , .
.
2 , .
.
. .
; ;
10. .
.
. SO2
.
.
;
. :



, .
www.ec.gc.ca/acidrain
www.epa.gov/airmarkets
www.CEIS
http://librarythinkquest.org/

H
Pinatubo
I 1991

SO2, 2


,


H2SO4.

11.
,
.
. .
.
.
www.ec.gc.ca/acidrain
www.epa.gov/airmarkets
www.CEIS

12. :
. ,
,
,
.
. , ,
.
www.ec.gc.ca/acidrain
www.epa.gov/airmarkets
www.CEIS

O Luxor
A

19

ENOTHTA 1
13. ,
, ...
,

,
..... , ... (www.dei.gr),
,

:
1.
2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

;
; , ;

; , .
;
:
. ,
.
. , .
. ,
.

.
.

, ;

pH

pH

:

10
T :

.
1
10.




.
.
EIMA

pH

.............................

.............................

.............................

.............................

,
.

.............................

.............................

.............................

.............................

.............................

10

.............................

,
.

20

;
:

&

B &

:
o
[http://www.aua.gr/diamesG.html ]

...
[http://www.auth.gr/agro/geoponia.html],

:
,

:
..... http://www.minenv.gr

..: www.dei.gr
http://www.carolina.com/fastplants/pdfs/ ()

www.1911encyclopedia/
Alkali Manufacture
www.alkasoft.com

(-)

http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment
www.CEIS (center for environmental
information and statistics: air quality)

http://www.environment_agency.gov.uk/

http://www.enviroliteracy.org/
www.plugged-in.org/
www.fertilizer.com

www.nationalgeographic.com/news

21

ENOTHTA 1

.............................................................. .......................................................

......................... ......................... ...............................................

1.1
pH
1. : , , .
. pH:
.............................................................
.............................................................

pH

.............................................................
.............................................................

. :
......................., pH ......................., ......................., pH .......................

1.2
p
1. , pH :

2. .
. pH ;
............................................................................................................................................
. - . p ; .
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................

1.3

1. sprite . ,

, :

sprite
2.
;
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................

22

o
1.4

1. pH = 1, pH = 3
pH = 5,5. pH,
,
;
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................

1.5

1. ;
.
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
2. ;
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
3. ;
.................................................................................................................................................
4. ;
.
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
5. , 1 Zn 2 Fe.
HCl ;
.
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................

1.6

1. , ;
.................................................................................................................................................
2. ;
.................................................................................................................................................
3. ,
;
.
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................

23

ENOTHTA 1
1.7

.
. ;
.................................................................................................................................................
. - . .
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.
.
.................................................................................................................................................
. , ;
.

.


.

O
O

.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................

24

E Y T E P H
.............................................................. .......................................................

......................... ......................... ...............................................

2.1

1. : , ,
.
. pH:
.............................................................
.............................................................

pH

.............................................................
.............................................................

. :
......................., pH ......................., ......................., pH .......................

2.2

, .
,
:

2.3

pH = 12, pH = 10,5
pH = 9. pH,
, ;
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................

2.4
p
1. , pH :

25

ENOTHTA 1

T P I T H
.............................................................. .......................................................

......................... ......................... ...............................................

3.1

1. .
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
2. 20 mL 50 mL .
. ; .
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
3. , , .
, :

6
7
8
TIME pH

T pH

26

10

12

T E TA P T H
.............................................................. .......................................................

......................... ......................... ...............................................

4.1

1. . .
..........................................................................................................................................
.
.
..........................................................................................................................................
. .
..........................................................................................................................................
. , .
..........................................................................................................................................

4.2

1. , ;
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
2. :

3. N , .

........................: H+(aq) + OH(aq) ................(......) ......................
........................ ........................ . A
.................... , ......................
........................ . A , ........................ , ........................ .

27

ENOTHTA 2

TAINOMHH TN TOIXEIN
TOIXEIA ME IIAITEPO ENIAEPON

A ...
1. . Newlands
; ...............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
. Newlands
; ..........................................................
............................................................................................................................................
. Mendeleev Newlands;
............................................................................................................................................
2.
. :

28

1. ..........

2. ..........

3. ..........

4. ..........

5. ..........

6. ..........

7. ..........

8. ..........

9. ..........

10. ..........


. ; .........................................................................................
. ; ..........................................................
. ;..................................................................................................
. ;...........................................................
. ;...........................................................
............................................................................................................................................
. ; .................................................................................................
.
: ..............................

:...........................

: ............................

3. , , o:
....................
....................... ,
....................... ,
.......................
.......................

.......... +2 20(l) .......... + .......... + .......... .

K
..................... ,
....................... .
pH ....................... 7
....................... .
....................... .......................
....................... .
4. .

A
B

.
. ..............
. , , . ..........................................................
. , , ...................................................................................
. . ..................................................................................................
. . ..........................
. ..........................................................

29

ENOTHTA 2
5. a ,
.
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................

6. . :
.....Na(s) + .....H2O() ........ + ........ + ........ [ 1: 1]
.............

+ .....H2O() 2K+

+ ........ + ........ [ 2: 2]

. 1,
; ................................................................
. 2,
; ....................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
. . ...................................
. 2;
H+ = OH

H+ > OH

H+ < OH

7. . ; ........................................................................................
.
; ................................................................................
. .................................................
. , 1
(Fe) 2 (n), , ;
............................................................................................................................................
, .
............................................................................................................................................
8. :
. ...........................................................................
. ...................................................................
9.
2 .
. .
. .

30


. .
. .
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
10. - A
.
B
:
. ; .....................

.......................................................................................................

. ;
....................................................................................................... E

. ; ....................................................... T
. ;....................... Z
. ; ................................................................................... H

11. :
1
M

Li

Ne

Cl

Ar

Ca

Br

Kr

Sr

Xe

Na Mg
K

He

Al

. 1
.
. 2
.

2
M

. 3
, , .
.

4.

3
A

.
. ,
;
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................

31

ENOTHTA 2
12.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

;
..........................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................
13. :
He

H
Li

Na Mg
K

Al

Ne

Cl

Ar

Ca

Br

Kr

Sr

Xe

. .
.
1

.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
. .......
14. . , . :
70% Ag, 26% Sn, 3% Cu 1% Zn
. , ; .....................................
................................................................................................
.

.
15. 17 .
. ; ..................................
.........................................................................................
.
17 .

32

F
Cl
Br
I

9
17
35
53

(C)

-188
-35
59
184

(C)

-220
-101
-7,2
114


1. ;
................................................................................................................................................
2. 17 ;
.
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
3. , ; .........................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
4.
;................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
16. N 10.
. 11.
12.

1.
. N
.
9.
14.
1. H 13.

2.
H+ 4.
3.
...
2. E 5.

6.
.
7.
3. T


8.
.
4.
, , .
5. .
6. T H+
.
7. .
8. T .
9. O .
10. M .
11. T .
12. B 17
Ag+.
13. .
14. M .
H :

33

ENOTHTA 2
17.




.

A. A

. X

B. X

18. A
B
HCl(aq).
. HCl.
A

. HCl
.
A

19. , , .

M

C

....................................

....................................

:
..........................................

....... ................:
..........................................

..................................
..................................
..................................

A


:
K

1. ..............................
2. ..............................
3. ..............................

............. + ................ .....................

...................................
.

34


20. ;
.
A

B
A

T
B

21. :
O2

Si

Al

Fe

Ca

. ................ ........................
.
.....................................................................................
. ................ ...................
. ...........................
22.


.
.
.
,
.
A.

B.

As

4 , 17

.
1, 2, 17 18
.
j.Emsley, Natures Building Blocks, Oxford University Press, 2003.
www.webelements.com
http://www.chemistrycoach.com/history_of_chemistry.htm

A. Lavoisier



.

,

1787


Methode de nomenclature
chimique.






,


.

35

ENOTHTA 2
THN TAINOMHH TN TOIXEIN
1. :
, ,
.
, . , 30% .
.
;
. ;
. ;
. [www.webelements.com],
Al, Cu, Fe, Sn.
. , : l
.
. , , .

IEYYNH TAMOY
YOH AOYMINIOY

. ;
.

, .
.
. ,
,
.
, ,
, .
www.earth911.org
http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/aluminum
www.aluminum.org

2. .
, . , , ().
.
.
. .
.
.
. ,

.
.
.

36


.
.
.
: www.webelements.com/, :
M

(g/cm3)

Al

13

660C

2,7

328C

11,3

13

30
K

3. Mendeleev . , . ,
Eca- ..
O Mendeleev
Eca- 1871

O ............................
1886

1.
2. : 5,5 g/cm3
3. : 73,4
4. : 800 C
5. O2 cO2
EcO
.

: www.webelements.com,
,


.
.
Mendeleev,

.
.
.

37

ENOTHTA 2
4. DDT
20 .
.
http://www.chem.duke.edu/~jds/cruise_chem/pest/pest1.html
http://www.epa.gov/history/publications
http://eces.org/archive/ec/pollution/pesticides.shtml

H
A,
NAA

.
.
.
.
.
.
.

5.
N .
77 5
,

,
:

. ;
;
;

;
;
;

;
-,
;
www.epa.gov/sunwise/kids/kids_ozone.html
www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk/tour
www.nas.nasa.gov/About/Education/Ozone
http://www.ciesin.org/TG/OZ

38

.

1981



,





.

1984

;

E

endeleev,
. T ( )

tkins, ,
.

B,
. Z

P. Levi, T ,
. , (
)

..
http://www.materials.uoi.gr

:
...: http://www.dei.gr
www.depa.gr
()

http://www.metal.ntua.gr, :2107722070

X [,
, , , ]
http://www.chem.uoa.gr
http://www.chem.auth.gr
http://www.chemistry.uoc.gr

[, , ]
http://www.geol.uoa.gr
www.geo.auth.gr
www.geo.uopatras.gr
http://www.uoi.gr/ximiko

http://www.mred.tuc.gr/

[ -]
http://www.fmenr.duth.gr
http://www.uoi.gr/.dpfr/tmima

www.alhellas.pechiney.com
&
. 1 19500 .


www.hnmc.uoc.gr

www.webelements.com

www.epa.gov

http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment

http://sciencehowstuffworks.com/iron.htm

: , ,

http://www.efunda.com/materials
http://www.engr.sisu.edu/cme

39

ENOTHTA 2

E M T H
.............................................................. .......................................................

......................... ......................... ...............................................

5.1

1. . ;
..........................................................................................................................................
. ........................................
..........................................................................................................................................
2. 23
11Na. :

3. ; .................
.................................................................................................................................................
, . .........................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
4. a
, .
; ............
.....................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................
5.
. ..............................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
6. pH ; ......................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
7. ; ..............
.................................................................................................................................................
8.
...................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
9. , ;
.................................................................................................................................................

40

5.2

1. NaHCO3.
, ; ..................................................................
..................................................................................................................
2. 1 aI 2 Cl, 3 CO3. .
;
........................................................................................

E K T H
.............................................................. .......................................................

......................... ......................... ...............................................

6.1 6.2

1.
CuSO4 5H2O.
.

...........................................................................................................
2 ,
. ; ........................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
3. 10 ;.......................
.................................................................................................................................................
4.
................................................................................................
5. ;
....................................................................................................................................................
6. A , . ; ...............................
.................................................................................................................................................
7. , , . .............................................................................................................
8. .........
.................................................................................................................................................

41

ENOTHTA 2

E B O M H
.............................................................. .......................................................

......................... ......................... ...............................................

7.1

1. ;..................................................
............................................................................................................
2.
; ..............................................................................................
3. ...............................................
.................................................................................................................................................
4. - ;..................................
.................................................................................................................................................
5. ; .........................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
6. ; .....................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................

O O H
.............................................................. .......................................................

......................... ......................... ...............................................

8.1
,

1. , ; ..............
2. :

42

NaCl(aq)

AgNO3(aq)

KBr(aq)

AgNO3(aq)

Kl(aq)

AgNO3(aq)

3. :
O

................................


................................

...................................
KBr
...................................
...................................
AgBr
...................................
...................................

....................................................................
....................................................................
....................................................................
....................................................................
....................................................................
....................................................................
....................................................................

4. 20 g NaI 10% w/w, .........g

NaI ..............g .
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
5. 250 mL NaI 10% w/v, .....g
NaI, .................... ....................
.................... mL.
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
6. :
NaCl

NaBr

NaI

...............................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................

43

ENOTHTA 3

H XHMEIA TOY ANPAKA

A ...
1. .
.......................
....................... ....................... . ....................... .......................
.
....................... ...................... . , .......................
....................... .
.......................

44

A
B


2. .
.
A: T

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

B:

CH3CH=CH2
CH3CH3
CH2=CH2
CH3CCH
CH3CH2CH3
CHCH

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

........................
........................
........................
........................
........................
........................

. 1, 4, 5 ; ..........................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
. 1, 3 ;................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
. 4, 6 ; ...............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
3. . ;............................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
. ;
............................................................................................................................................
. ; ................................................................................................................................
. ; .................................................................................................................
. :
CH4

........O2

CO2

..................

CO C :
CH4

........O2

.................. +

..................

CH4

........O2

.................. +

..................

. .

13

10

................................................................
4. .
.
C2H6

........O2

.................. +

..................

C3H4

........O2

.................. +

..................

C2H4

........O2

.................. +

..................

45

ENOTHTA 3
.

.
..................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................
.
.
C7H16, C2H6, C5H12, C4H10, C8H18
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
5. . : .
. ...................................................................
.............................................................................................................
. ;
; ......................................
.............................................................................................................
.
;................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
. 80 , C
.
A. K B. A C

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

5-12
>20
10-15
1-4
>25

. X

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

........
........
........
........
........

6. , .
O
C

78,5

100

117

.................................................................................................................................................
7. . ; .................................................................................................................
. ;..............................................................................
. ....................... :
98

46

90

86


.
, ....................... .
,
....................... ....................... .
.

,
.


.
1. ;
...........................................................................................................

, 100
0.



80% ,
80 .

2. ,
;.........................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.
;.......................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
8. . :

CO2

9. . :

CO2

10. . , : . , . PVC, . , .

To

11. .
.

:
. , .

. , .

47

ENOTHTA 3
12. .
; ......................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
. ....................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
13. .


.
. ...............................................................
.
..............................................................
...............................................................................
. T ; ................................
...........................................................................................................................................
. ;................................................................
. , . ; .................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
14. . ;............................................
............................................................................................................
. ; ..................
............................................................................................................
. ;........................
...........................................................................................................................................
.
. ........................................................................................................
. ; ............
...........................................................................................................................................
, . .
...........................................................................................................................................
15. , .
. 40 (40%vol).

48


. 40%vol; .............................................................................................................
. , ;
. 10%vol. ................
..........................................................................................................................................
16.
.
. ....................................................
. .
.....................................................................................................
.
.
..........................................................................................................................................
. . .......................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
17. ; ...................................................................
; ..............................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
3 .
1. ..........................................................................................................................................
2. ..........................................................................................................................................
3. ..........................................................................................................................................
18. ;..........................................................................
...........................................................................................................
;............................................................
19. ; .......................................
..............................................................................................................
;
. .............................................................
..............................................................................................................
:
1. ..........................................................................................................................................
2. ..........................................................................................................................................
3. ..........................................................................................................................................
, ,
; ..........................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................

49

ENOTHTA 3
20.

.

A:

B: T

21. , (. 101),
:
4,2%w/v, 4,5% w/v 3,8% w/v. 250 mL.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
22. 9 kcal/g . 2.500 kcal
.
35%
,
;
...............................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
23. , , ; . ...........................
...............................................................................................................................................
24. ;
........................................................................................................................
;
........................................................................................................................
25.
.
. .
.........................................................................................
. . ..............................................................................
.........................................................................................
. : ....................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.
.
CO2 .
..........................................................................................................................................

50


TH XHMEIA TOY ANPAKA
N 9 ,
.

1. TO ETPEAIO
,
,
,
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
http://www.schoolscience.co.uk/content/4/chemistry/fossils
http://sciencehowstuffworks.com/oil
http://www.umich.ed/~gs265/society/waterpollution.htm
http://www.thinkquest.org/library

2. ANPO KAI IATPOH: TH XEH TOY THN KAOPIZEI H ANAKH, O TOO,

O XPONO, H KOYTOYPA OA MAZI;

51

ENOTHTA 3

;

E A

... /

O O

X
... / :
(1999)

/
http://www.auth.gr/agro

: 2105907897

/
: 2310791361


: 2105907897

: 2510 246030
/
: 2310791361

: 2810379308

: 2310269555

www.depa.gr

www.elpe.gr
..
http://www.materials.uoi.gr

, [ - ]
http://www.fmenr.duth.gr
http://www.uoi.gr/.dpfr/tmima
www.hnmc.uoc.gr


http://www.aua.gr

http://www.nua.gr
www.plastics.com
www.CEIS (center for environmental
information and statistics)
www.efet.gr/prostheta, www.nut.uoa.gr

http://chemmovies.unl.edu/chemistry
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/carboncycle
http://www.sert.gr/pro/drastiriotites
http://www.fuelcells.org
http://thinkquest.org/library/site_sum.html

http://www.apme.org

52

.
, , ,
..

http://europa.eu.int/comm/envoronment/
www.epa.gov

www.enn.com

E N AT H
.............................................................. .......................................................

......................... ......................... ...............................................

9.1

1. :
To

..........................

..........................

..........................

..........................

................. ................... ................

..........................

....................................................

..........................

9.2

1. . ; .........................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
. , ; ...........................
.....................................................................................................................
. , ; ; ............................................................
.....................................................................................................................

53

ENOTHTA 3
. ;.......................................................
...............................................................................................
. , , .
; .................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
. ; ...............................
............................................................................................................................................
. ; ;...........................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
. ; ................................
............................................................................................................................................
2. ,
,
, .
. ................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................

E K AT H
.............................................................. .......................................................

......................... ......................... ...............................................

10.1

1. .
%w/v

%v/v

%w/w

2. : 40 % vol 40.
; ..........................................................................
..................................................................................................................
3. 50 mL , mL ;.....................................................................
..................................................................................................................

54

4. 0,8 g/mL,
mL 50 mL ; ............
..........................................................................................................................
5. 10 % vol 10.
,
150 mL 50 mL ; ...............................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................

E N E K AT H
.............................................................. .......................................................

......................... ......................... ...............................................

11.1

1. ; ..................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
2. ; .................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
3. ;
.................................................................................................................................................
4. ; .......................................................................
5.

11.2

1.
4-5 .
;.................................................................................................................................
2. ;......................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
3. , , .

55

M E K , O
E B
. T ,
. K

7
N 1129 15/21 M 1946 (EK 1946, 108, A).

A ,
(copyright), ,
I.