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Jane Austin was an English novelist. Her books are notable for the wit,
social observation and insights into the lives of early 19th century
women. She was born in 1775 in Hampshire. She began to write when
she was a teenager. Her first novel was "Sense and Sensibility" which
was published in 1811.The second novel she wrote was "Pride and
Prejudice". This novel became very famous and was appreciated. Her
next novel "Mansfield Park" was published in 1814, and then "Emma"
in 1816.In 1816 Jane became ill due to Addison's disease. She died in
Winchester on 18 July 1817. The two novels 'Persuasion' and
'Northanger Abbey' were published after her death. And a final novel
was left incomplete.
"Pride and Prejudice" was the most popular novel of Jane Austin. The
story of the novel takes place in early nineteenth century. Critics
praised Jane Austen's characterization and portrayal of everyday life.
Human weakness is a prominent element in this novel. Austin made
use of irony to expose foolishness and hypocrisy. Dialogue plays an
important role in Pride and Prejudice. Each characters speech is
appropriate. From the speech it is revealed that what they are like.
Elizabeth's talk is direct and outspoken, Mr. Bennett's speech is
sarcastic, Mr. Collin's speeches are very long and boring, Lydia's
speeches are carefree and not serious.
The incidences in "Pride and Prejudice" can be related to every day life
i.e. embarrassments, foolishness, falling in love, realizing own
mistakes, etc. Austen's works possess a timeless quality, which makes
her stories and themes as relevant today as they were two hundred
years ago.
Deviation means depart from an established course or normal
standards. There are many types of deviation like syntactic or
grammatical deviation, lexical deviation, graphological deviation,
phonological deviation, and semantic deviation. In this research the
main focus is on Semantic deviation. Semantic deviation shows that a
word or phrase can have many different meanings. A word can be
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
Dr.Sarala Krishnamurthy examined the lexis of Selman Rushdie's
Midnight Children"s.The method she applied was both qualitative and
quantitative. In this research she worked on the use of neologism,
compound words, and borrowing in the novel. According to her
examination the most important feature in Rushdie's work is the use of
neologism. The neologism is identified in two ways : morphological
and borrowing. In the novel the Indian words are given affixation, such
as Pajamas, phirangis. With these words affixation "s" is used to
convert them into plural form. The second type of neologism used is
the Indian suffix are attached to English words, such as cousin ji and
sister ji. The suffix ji in Urdu and Hindi is attached to any noun.
The third type is when with English root morpheme, Hindi root
morpheme is attached, such as: Paan shop, hot channa, Indian fauj. In
these words Paan, channa and fauj are Hindi morphemes which are
attached to English morphemes. Compound words are also formed by
taking words from both the languages. The example of compound
words is: dia lamp, where dia is the equivalent of the word lamp. The
suffix "y" is also used with words, such as: shivery, glass cloudy, house
wifery.
The affixation "ed" is also used to create neologisms. Rushdie creates
many adjectival forms by adding affix "ed". The examples are: One
eye browed, many headed, etc. The affixation "ing" is also used, which
leads to the formation of compound words, such as: lip jutting, crazy
sounding. The notable point is that all the examples given are used for
the first time in Midnight's Children and this extend the resources of
English language.
In this novel the compound words are formed in different ways. The
ways are unusual collocation, co-joined words, word clusters, and noun
phrases. The example of the each way is given below:
Unusual collocation:
1. Biriyanis of determination
2. Carrot and stick affair
Co-joined words:
1. whatsitsname - what is its name
2. Godknowswhat - God knows what
3. Talldarkhandsome - tall dark handsome
Word clusters:
1. they we should
2. patience wait
Noun Phrases:
1. two day long procession
2. losing national dice game
3. Going to pot
The last thing to be noted in the novel is borrowing. The words are
borrowed from Urdu, such as: khansamaa, maulvi saab. The names of
Hindu gods are also used, such as: ganesh, hanuman. The names of
Hindi dishes, such as: lassi, khichri, ladoo are used in the novel. The
names of Indian clothing: dupatta, kurtaa, pajama, are also made part
of the novel. Indian expressions and the words of other languages that
are spoken in India are also used in the novel. In the end Sarala
concludes that these lexis are important because it is lexical deviation
and the other reason she gives is that the usage of these words tell the
world about the Indian word expressions.
Agemo, Oluwatosin Stella examined "The stylistic analysis of some
selected poems of Wole Soyinka". He mentioned that the writer makes
use of unusual word order in the form of Anastrophe and parenthesis.
Examples are:
"In vain your bangles cast charmed circles at my feet" (Abiku).
"Caught I was, foully" (Telephone Conversation).
This word order interrupts the normal syntactical flow of the sentence,
to create emphasis and to capture the attention of the reader. The writer
has also made use of word omission, i.e. ellipsis and asyndeton.
Examples are:
"Must I weep for goats and cowries."
For palm oil and sprinkled ask? (Abiku)
"I saw your jealous eye quench the Sea's
Flourescence, dance on the pulie incessant" (Night)
This creates shortness of time, emphasis or ambiguity. The scheme of
repetition is also used in the poems. Repetition is used deliberately for
the sake of emphasis. It helps to grasp the attention of the reader. The
lexico-syntactic choices i.e. similie and metaphor are also used in
abundance in the poem. These are used to give clearness and liveliness
to words. Examples are:
Similie:
"I bear no bear no heart mercuric like the clouds" (Night).
"As lightning shrink to ant's antenna" (To my first white hairs).
Metaphor:
"I'll be the suppliant snake coiled on the doorstep" (Abiku).
The comparison is made between two words that are different from
each other and they are bond together to create similarity between
them. Instances of hyperbole, hypernyms, onomatopoeia, synecdoche,
pun, assonance, consonance are also present in the poem. The usage of
these schemes and tropes provide musical effect and color to the
poems. Graphological deviation is also present in the poem like
capitalization, bold print, and spacing. All of these things found out
together give effective meaning. To convey the meaning to the reader
and to grasp their attention the language used should be meaningful.
Soyinka use of language conveys the meaning to the reader that what
the poet wants to convey. The stylistical devices help the poet to
beautify and give rhythm to the text. By this analysis it is shown that
there is a difference between poetic and non-poetic language.
Bahaa-Eddin M. Mazid examined "A stylistic analysis of Larkin's
'Talking in Bed'. According to his analysis the lexical items, with
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. Research Question:
To analyze the semantic deviation in Jane Austin's novel "Pride and
Prejudice"
3.2. Delimitation:
The text which is to be analyzed is Pride and Prejudice. It consists of
61 chapters, but the focus will be on first 25 chapters of the novel. The
text will be analyzed semantically. The focus will be on semantic
deviations used by the writer. The real meaning inherent in the
apparent meaning will be focused.