1.

Domestic shower
(a)

The diagram below shows part of the heating circuit of a domestic shower.

Cold water enters the shower unit and flows over an insulated heating element. The
heating element is rated at 7.2 kW, 240 V. The water enters at a temperature of 14 C and
3
leaves at a temperature of 40 C. The specific heat capacity of water is 4.2 10
1 1
J kg K .
(i)

Define specific heat capacity.

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(1)

(ii)

Estimate the flow rate of the water.

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(4)

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(iii)

Suggest two reasons why your answer to (a)(ii) is only an estimate.

1.

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2.

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(2)

(iv)

Calculate the current in the heating element when the element is operating
at 7.2 kW.
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(2)

(v)

Explain why, when the shower unit is switched on, the initial current in the
heating element is greater than the current calculated in (a)(iv).
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(2)

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(b)

In some countries, shower units are operated from a 110 V supply. A heating
element operating with a 240 V supply has resistance R240 and an element
operating from a 110 V supply has resistance R110.
Show that for heating elements to have identical power outputs

R110
0.21.
R240
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(3)
(Total 14 marks)

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2.

(a)

Draw the complete diagram of the circuit that uses a potential divider, ammeter,
voltmeter and cell to measure the current-voltage characteristics for component
X.

(3)

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(b)

The graph shows the current-voltage characteristics for the component X.

Component X is now connected across the terminals of a cell of emf 2.0 V and
negligible internal resistance. Use the graph to show that the resistance of X is
0.83 .
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(2)

(c)

A resistor of constant resistance 1.0 is connected in series with the cell in (b)
and with X. Use the graph to deduce that the current in the circuit is 1.3 A.
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(3)
(Total 8 marks)

3.

Electromagnetic induction
(a)

State Lenzs law.

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(1)

(b)

A long solenoid is connected in series with a battery and a switch S. Several

loops of wire are wrapped around the solenoid close to its midpoint as shown
below.

The ends of the wire are connected to a high resistance voltmeter V that has a
centre zero scale (as shown in the inset diagram). The switch S is closed and it is
observed that the needle on V moves to the right and then drops back to zero.
Describe and explain, the deflection on the voltmeter when the switch S is reopened.
Description: ...........................................................................................................
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Explanation: ...........................................................................................................
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(4)
(Total 5 marks)

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4.

This question is about the emf induced in a coil.

(a)

Define magnetic flux.

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(2)

(b)

A coil is rotated at constant speed in a region of uniform magnetic field.

The graph shows the variation with time t of the emf induced in the coil for one
cycle of rotation.

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(i)

On the graph label, with the letter T, a time at which the flux linkage in the
coil is a maximum.
(1)

(ii)

Use the graph to determine the rate of change of flux at t = 4.0 ms. Explain
your answer.
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(2)

(iii)

Calculate the root mean square value of the induced emf.

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(1)
(Total 6 marks)

5.

This question is about electric fields and electrical resistance.

(a)

State, in terms of electrons, the difference between a conductor and an insulator.

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(1)

(b)

Suggest why there must be an electric field inside a current-carrying conductor.

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(3)

(c)

The magnitude of the electric field strength inside a conductor is 55 N C .

Calculate the force on a free electron in the conductor.
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(1)

(d)

Define resistance.
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(1)

(e)

A resistor made from a metal oxide has a resistance of 1.5 . The resistor is in the
2
3
form of a cylinder of length 2.2 10 m and radius 1.2 10 m. Calculate the
resistivity of the metal oxide.
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(2)

(f)

The manufacturer of the resistor in (e) guarantees its resistance to be within

10 % of 1.5 provided the power dissipation in the resistor does not exceed 1.0 W.
Calculate the maximum current in the resistor for the power dissipation to be equal
to 1.0 W.

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(2)

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(g)

Three of the resistors in (f) are connected in the circuit below.

The cell has an emf of 2.0 V and negligible internal resistance.

(i)

Define emf.
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(1)

(ii)

Determine the minimum and the maximum power that could be dissipated
in this circuit.
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(3)
(Total 14 marks)

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6.

This question is about gravitational and electric fields.

(a)

The equation for the magnitude of the gravitational field strength due to a point
mass may be written as below.

KX
2
Y= s
The equation for the magnitude of the electric field strength can also be written in
the same form.
In the table identify the symbols used in the equation.
Symbol

Gravitational field quantity

Electrical field quantity

Y
K
X
s
(4)

(b)

The magnitude of the electrostatic force between the proton and electron in a
hydrogen atom is FE. The magnitude of the gravitational force between them is
FG.

FE
Determine the ratio FG .
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(3)
(Total 7 marks)

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