Electronic Circuits - P. Raja

Scilab Textbook Companion for
Electronic Circuits
by P. Raja1
Created by
Amit Sexana
B.Tech
Electronics Engineering
UPTU
College Teacher
Mr. Sunil Kumar
Cross-Checked by
Lavitha Pereira
May 26, 2016
1 Funded
by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Textbook Companion and Scilab
codes written in it can be downloaded from the Textbook Companion Project
section at the website http://scilab.in
Book Description
Title: Electronic Circuits
Author: P. Raja
Publisher: Umesh Publications, Darya Ganj, New Delhi
Edition: 2
Year: 2012
ISBN: 978-93-8017613-0
Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.
Exa Example (Solved example)
Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)
AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular
Example of the above book)
For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means
a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.
Contents
List of Scilab Codes
1 Operational Amplifiers
2 MOSFET
23
3 Bipolar Junction Transistors
44
4 Differential Amplifiers
74
5 Feedback Amplifiers
91
6 Oscillators
106
7 Examintion Paper
114
List of Scilab Codes

Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
1.1
1.2
1.3
2.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.22
1.24
1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
2.1
2.2
Value of Rf . . . . . . . . . . .
Output voltage . . . . . . . . .
Inverting amplifier . . . . . . .
Value of ID and VDS . . . . .
Maximum and minimum closed
Voltage gain . . . . . . . . . .
Range of voltage gain . . . . .
Range of output voltage . . . .
The value of R1 and R2 . . . .
Ouptut voltage . . . . . . . . .
Inverting op amp . . . . . . . .
Gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Value of Ao fb fr . . . . . . . .
3dB frequency and gain . . . .
Device operate region . . . . .
Drain current . . . . . . . . . .
4
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loop gain
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5
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20
21
23
25
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.22
2.23
2.24
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.16
3.17
3.18
3.19
3.20
Value of VGS RS and RD . . . . . . . . . . .

Value required of R . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Value of R and VD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Effective resistance between drain and source
Voltages at all nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Value of ID and VDS . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Design a bias circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bias point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Largest value of RD . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Resistance value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Required value of VGS and minimum value of
Value of RD and RS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Required value of R and W . . . . . . . . . .
Required value of gate width . . . . . . . . .
Value of V1 V2 V3 V4 and V5 . . . . . . . .
Labelled current and voltage . . . . . . . . .
Voltage gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Value of CS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Midband gain and upper 3 dB frequency . . .
Value of IE IB IC and VC . . . . . . . . . . .
Value of alpha and bita . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bias voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Design a fixed bias circuit . . . . . . . . . . .
Operating point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Q point values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Collector to base bias circuit . . . . . . . . .
Value of RB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Operating point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Voltage gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
All node voltages and currents . . . . . . . .
All node voltage and all branch current . . .
All node voltage and all branch current . . .
Region in which Q point lie . . . . . . . . . .
Value of Bita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Value of alpha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Value of Is Ic and VBE . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transistor model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Labelled current and voltage . . . . . . . . .
5
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VDS
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26
27
27
28
29
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32
33
34
35
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37
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39
40
42
42
44
45
45
47
47
48
49
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50
51
52
53
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55
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56
57
58
58
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
3.21
3.22
3.23
3.24
3.25
3.27
3.28
3.29
3.30
3.31
3.32
3.33
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.10
5.11
Value of Bita and labelled voltage . . . . . . . . .

The emitter base and collector voltage and current
Value of VE VC and alpha bita . . . . . . . . . . .
Current flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Voltage gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Value of VB VC and VE . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Value of VE and VC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Value of VB IB IE IC VC alpha and bita . . . . .
DC voltage and value of gm . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Input resistance and overall voltage gain . . . . . .
Input resistance and overall voltage gain . . . . . .
Value of alpha bita and Is . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Value of ic1 and vce1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Value of VOV and VGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Required values of WbyL . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Value of VOV gm ro and Ad . . . . . . . . . . . .
Differential gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CMRR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Value of VE VC1 and VC2 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Input differential signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Input differential resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Three components of input offset voltage . . . . .
Value of Gm Ro Ad Acm and CMRR . . . . . . .
Value of Gm Ro Ad and Rid . . . . . . . . . . . .
Value of VOV and VGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ratio of W and L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Value of VOV gm ro and Ad . . . . . . . . . . . .
Voltage at emitter and outputs . . . . . . . . . . .
Percentage of output which is feedback to input . .
Value of alpha and bita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Value of fL and fH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Value of Bita and Af . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fraction of the output that is feebback to input . .
Fraction of the output voltage feedback . . . . . .
Percentage reduction in stage gain . . . . . . . . .
Bandwidth of a feedback amplifiers . . . . . . . . .
Value of Av bita Avf Ri Rif Ro Rof . . . . . . . .
Value of Avf Rif Rof and bita . . . . . . . . . . . .
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60
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74
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80
81
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84
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86
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88
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93
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95
95
96
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
5.12
5.19
5.20
5.21
5.22
5.23
5.24
5.25
5.26
5.28
5.29
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.14
1.b
2.a
2.c
3.b
Value of D Gmf Rif and Rof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Percentage change in Af . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Percentage gain deduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Open loop gain and loop gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Value of AB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gain densitivity factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Upper and lower 3dB frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Value of alpha and bita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Value of alpha and bita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gain input resistance and output resistance of the closed
loop amp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Closed loop voltage gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Minimum gain of the amplifier to provide oscillation .
The frequency of oscillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wein Bridge oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Frequency of oscillations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Operating frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Operating frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Frequency of oscillaiton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Value of fs and fp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Frequency of oscillaiton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Value of C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Frequency of oscillaiton and minimum gain . . . . . .
The range of capacitance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The value of V1 and V0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The value of ID and VD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ON resistance of an NMOS transistor . . . . . . . . .
The value of RE RB and delta ICQ . . . . . . . . . .
97
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100
101
102
103
103
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113
114
114
115
116
Chapter 1
Operational Amplifiers
Scilab code Exa 1.1 Value of Rf

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
// Exa 1 . 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
G = -100;
R1 = 2.2; // i n kohm
R1 = R1 *10^3; // i n ohm
// Formula G=Rf /R1
Rf = -G * R1 ;
disp ( Rf *10^ -3 , The v a l u e o f Rf i n kohm i s )
Scilab code Exa 1.2 Output voltage

1 // Exa 1 . 2
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
// Given d a t a
Rf = 200; // i n kohm
R1 = 2; // i n kohm
vin =2.5; // i n mV
vin = vin *10^ -3; // i n v o l t
G = - Rf / R1 ;
vo = G * vin ; // i n V
disp ( vo , The o u t p u t v o l t a g e i n v o l t i s : )
Scilab code Exa 1.3 Inverting amplifier

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
// Exa 1 . 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
G = -10;
Ri = 100; // i n kohm
R1 = Ri ; // i n kohm
R1 = R1 *10^3; // i n ohm
// Formula G=R2/R1
R2 = R1 * abs ( G ) ; // ohm
disp ( R1 *10^ -3 , V a l u e o f R1 i n kohm i s : )
disp ( R2 *10^ -6 , and v a l u e o f R2 i n Mohm i s : )
Scilab code Exa 2.3 Value of ID and VDS

1 // Exa 2 . 3
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a
6 Vt = 0.7; // i n V
7 I_D = 100; // i n
A
8 I_D = I_D *10^ -6; // i n A
9 // When
10 V_GS = 1.2; // i n V
11 V_DS = V_GS ; // i n V
12 // At t h i s c o n d i t i o n , d e v i c e
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
i s in saturation region
, so
I D= unCox W/ ( 2 L ) ( V GSVT) 2
unCoxWby2L = I_D /( V_GS - Vt ) ^2;
// For
V_DS = 3; // i n V
V_GS = 1.5; // i n V
// I n t h i s c o n d i t i o n , d e v i c e i s i n s a t u r a t i o n r e g i o n
, so
I_D = unCoxWby2L *( V_GS - Vt ) ^2; // i n A
disp ( I_D *10^6 , For V DS= 3V and V GS= 1 . 5 V, The
A i s : )
value of I D in
// For
V_GS = 3.2; // i n V
r_DS = 1/(2* unCoxWby2L *( V_GS - Vt ) ) ; // i n
disp ( r_DS , For V GS = 3 . 2 V, D r a i n t o s o u r c e
r e s i s t a n c e in
i s : )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
// Exa 1 . 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
R1 = 100; // i n kohm
R2 = 500; // i n kohm
V1 = 2; // i n v o l t
Vo = (1+ R2 / R1 ) * V1 ; // i n v o l t
disp ( Vo , Output v o l t a g e f o r n o n i n v e r t i n g a m p l i f i e r
in v o l t )
10

1
2
3
4
5
6
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20
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23
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25
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27
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29
30
31
32
// Exa 1 . 5
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
Rf = 1; // i n Mohm
Rf = Rf *10^6; // i n ohm
// P a r t ( a )
V1 =1; // i n v o l t
V2 =2; // i n v o l t
V3 =3; // i n v o l t
R1 = 500; // i n kohm
R1 = R1 *10^3; // i n ohm
R2 = 1; // i n Mohm
R2 = R2 *10^6; // i n ohm
R3 = 1; // i n Mohm
R3 = R3 *10^6; // i n ohm
Vo = - Rf *( V1 / R1 + V2 / R2 + V3 / R3 ) ; // i n v o l t
disp ( Vo , ( a ) Output v o l t a g e i n v o l t i s : )
// P a r t ( b )
V1 = -2; // i n v o l t
V2 =3; // i n v o l t
V3 =1; // i n v o l t
R1 = 200; // i n kohm
R1 = R1 *10^3; // i n ohm
R2 = 500; // i n kohm
R2 = R2 *10^3; // i n ohm
R3 = 1; // i n Mohm
R3 = R3 *10^6; // i n ohm
Vo = - Rf *( V1 / R1 + V2 / R2 + V3 / R3 ) ; // i n v o l t
11
33
disp ( Vo , ( b ) Output v o l t a g e i n v o l t i s : )
Scilab code Exa 1.6 Maximum and minimum closed loop gain
1 // Exa 1 . 6
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a
6 disp ( Minimum c l o s e d
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
l o o p v o l t a g e g a i n f o r R2=0 and
R1= 2 kohm )
R2 =0;
R1 =2; // i n kohm
R1 = R1 *10^3; // i n ohm
Av_min = (1+ R2 / R1 )
disp ( Av_min )
disp ( Maximum c l o s e d l o o p v o l t a g e g a i n f o r maximum
v a l u e o f R2=100 kohm and R1= 2 kohm )
R2 =100; // i n kohm
R1 =2; // i n kohm
Av_max = (1+ R2 / R1 )
disp ( Av_max )

1 // Exa 1 . 7
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a
6 V1 = 745; // i n
7 V2 = 740; // i n
V
V
12
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
V1 = V1 *10^ -6; // i n v o l t
V2 = V2 *10^ -6; // i n v o l t
CMRR =80; // i n dB
Av =5*10^5;
// ( i )
// CMRR i n dB= 20 l o g ( Ad/Ac )
Ad = Av ;
Ac = Ad /10^( CMRR /20) ;
// ( i i )
Vo = Ad *( V1 - V2 ) + Ac *( V1 + V2 ) /2;
disp ( Vo , Output v o l t a g e i n v o l t i s : )
// Note : I n t h e book , t h e r e i s c a l c u l a t i o n e r r o r t o
e v a l u a t e t h e v a l u e o f Ac , s o t h e v a l u e o f Ac i s
wrong a n s t o e v a l u a t e t h e o u t p u t v o l t a g e t h e r e i s
also calculation error
Scilab code Exa 1.8 Voltage gain

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// Exa 1 . 8
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
R1 = 1; // i n Mohm
Ri = R1 ; // i n Mohm
Rf =1; // i n Mohm
A_VF = - Rf / R1 ;
disp ( A_VF , V o l t a g e g a i n i s : )

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// Exa 1 . 1 0
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clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
V1 =2; // i n V
V2 =3; // i n V
Rf =3; // i n kohm
R1 =1; // i n kohm
disp ( Output v o l t a g e when o n l y 2V v o l t a g e s o u r c e i s
a c t i n g in v o l t )
Vo1 = (1+ Rf / R1 ) * V1 ;
disp ( Vo1 ) ;
disp ( Output v o l t a g e due t o 3V v o l t a g e s o u r c e i n
v o l t )
Vo2 = (1+ Rf / R1 ) * V2 ;
disp ( Vo2 ) ;
Vo = Vo1 + Vo2 ; // i n v o l t s
disp ( Vo , T o t a l o u t p u t v o l t a g e i n v o l t s )
Scilab code Exa 1.11 Range of voltage gain

1 // Exa 1 . 1 1
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a
6 Rf =500; // i n kohm
7 min_vvs = 0; // minimum v a l u e o f
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variable r e s i s t o r in
ohm
max_vvs = 10; // maximum v a l u e o f v a r i a b l e r e s i s t o r i n
ohm
Ri_min = 10+ min_vvs ; // i n kohm
Ri_max = 10+ max_vvs ; // i n kohm
// Av= Vo/ Vi= Rf / Ri
disp ( C l o s e d l o o p v o l t a g e g a i n c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o Ri (
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min ) i s )
Av = - Rf / Ri_min ;
disp ( Av )
disp ( and c l o s e d l o o p v o l t a g e g a i n c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o
Ri ( max ) i s )
Av = - Rf / Ri_max ;
disp ( Av )
disp ( Thus t h e c l o s e d l o o p g a i n o f t h e c i r c u i t can
be a d j u s t e d a t any v a l u e b e t w e e n 25 t o 50 w i t h
the help of v a r i a b l e r e s i s t o r . )
Scilab code Exa 1.12 Range of output voltage

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// Exa 1 . 1 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
Rf =200; // i n kohm
R1 = 20; // i n kohm
// Av= Vo/ Vi= Rf / Ri
Av = - Rf / R1 ;
Vi_min = 0.1; // i n V
Vi_max = 0.5; // i n V
// Vo= Av Vi
Vo_min = Av * Vi_min ; // i n V
Vo_max = Av * Vi_max ; // i n V
disp ( Output v o l t a g e r a n g e s from + string ( Vo_min ) + V
t o + string ( Vo_max ) + V )
Scilab code Exa 1.13 The value of R1 and R2

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// Exa 1 . 1 3
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2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a
6 Rf = 250; // i n kohm
7 // Output v o l t a g e e x p r e s s i o n , Vo= 5Va+3Vb
8 // and we know t h a t f o r a d i f f e r e n c e a m p l i f i e r
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circuit ,
// Vo= Rf /R1Va + [ R2 / ( R1+R2 ) ] [ 1 + Rf /R1 ] Vb
// Comparing b o t h t h e e x p r e s s i o n , we g e t
// Rf /R1Va= 5Va , o r
R1 = Rf /5; // i n kohm
disp ( R1 , The v a l u e o f R1 i n kohm )
// and
R2 = 3* R1 ^2/( R1 + Rf -3* R1 )
disp ( R2 , The v a l u e o f R2 i n kohm )
// Note : Answer i n t h e book i s wrong

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// Exa 1 . 1 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
Vi_1 = 150; // i n
V
Vi_2 = 140; // i n
V
Vd = Vi_1 - Vi_2 ; // i n
V
Vd = Vd *10^ -6; // i n V
Vc = ( Vi_1 + Vi_2 ) /2; // i n
V
Vc = Vc *10^ -6; // i n V
// Vo= AdVd(1+Vc / (CMRRVd ) )
// ( i ) For Ad=4000 and CMRR= 100
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Ad =4000;
CMRR = 100;
Vo = Ad * Vd *(1+ Vc /( CMRR * Vd ) ) ; // i n v o l t
disp ( Vo *10^3 , Output v o l t a g e i n mV )
// ( i i ) For Ad=4000 and CMRR= 1 0 5
Ad =4000;
CMRR = 10^5;
Vo = Ad * Vd *(1+ Vc /( CMRR * Vd ) ) ; // i n v o l t
disp ( Vo *10^3 , Output v o l t a g e i n mV )

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// Exa 1 . 1 5
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
R1 =4.3; // i n kohm
R2 =33; // i n kohm
R3 =33; // i n kohm
Vi = 80; // i n
V
Vi = Vi *10^ -6; // i n v o l t
A1 = 1+ Rf / R1 ;
A2 = - Rf / R2 ;
A3 = - Rf / R3 ;
A = A1 * A2 * A3 ;
Vo = A * Vi ; // i n v o l t
disp ( Vo , Output v o l t a g e i n v o l t s i s : )
Scilab code Exa 1.16 Ouptut voltage

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// Exa 1 . 1 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
R1 = 33; // i n k
R2 = 10; // i n k
R3 = 330; // i n k
V1 = 50mV s i n ( 1 0 0 0 t ) ;
V2 = 10mV s i n ( 3 0 0 0 t ) ;
Vo1 = R3 / R1 *50*10^ -3;
Vo2 = R3 / R2 *10*10^ -3;
// Vo= Vo1Vo2 ;
disp ( Output v o l t a g e i s + string ( - Vo1 ) + s i n ( 1 0 0 0 t
) + string ( - Vo2 ) + s i n ( 3 0 0 0 t ) )

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// Exa 1 . 1 7
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
R1 =10; // i n kohm
R2 =150; // i n kohm
R3 =10; // i n kohm
R4 =300; // i n kohm
V1 = 1; // i n V
V2 = 2; // i n V
Vo = [(1+ R4 / R2 ) *( R3 * V1 /( R1 + R3 ) ) -( R4 / R2 ) * V2 ];

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// Exa 1 . 1 8
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
R1 =12; // i n kohm
V1 = -0.3; // i n V
Vo = (1+ Rf / R1 ) * V1 ; // i n V
disp ( Vo , Output v o l t a g e r e s u l t i n v o l t s i s : )
// P a r t ( b )
Vo = 2.4; // i n V
// We know , Vo= (1+ Rf /R1 ) V1
V1 = Vo /(1+ Rf / R1 ) ;
disp ( V1 *10^3 , I n p u t v o l t a g e i n mV t o r e s u l t i n an
output of 2. 4 Volt i s )

// Exa 1 . 1 9
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
Rf =68; // i n kohm
R1 =33; // i n kohm
R2 =22; // i n kohm
R3 =12; // i n kohm
V1 = 0.2; // i n V
V2 = -0.5; // i n V
V3 = 0.8; // i n V
Vo = - Rf / R1 * V1 + ( - Rf / R2 ) * V2 + ( - Rf / R3 ) * V3 ; // i n
volts
14 disp ( Vo , Output v o l t a g e i n v o l t s i s : )
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// Exa 1 . 2 0
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
R1 =20; // i n kohm
V1 = 1.5; // i n V
Vo1 = V1 ;
Vo = - Rf / R1 * Vo1 ; // i n v o l t s
Scilab code Exa 1.22 Inverting op amp

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// Exa 1 . 2 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
vo = -10; // i n V
i_f = 1; // i n mA
i_f = i_f *10^ -3; // i n A
// Formula vo= i f Rf
Rf = - vo / i_f ; // i n
// The o u t p u t v o l t a g e , vo= (v1 +5 v2 )
// vo= Rf /R1 v1 Rf /R2 v2 ;
// Comparing e q u a t i o n s ( i ) and ( 2 )
R1 = Rf /1; // i n
R2 = Rf /5; // i n
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(i)
( ii )
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disp ( Rf *10^ -3 , The v a l u e o f Rf i n

disp ( R1 *10^ -3 , The v a l u e o f R1 i n
disp ( R2 *10^ -3 , The v a l u e o f R2 i n
k
k
k
i s : )
i s : )
i s : )

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// Exa 1 . 2 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
R1 = 9; // i n k
R2 = 1; // i n k
R3 = 2; // i n k
R4 = 3; // i n k
// The o u t p u t v o l t a g e , vo1= (1+R1/R2 ) va
vo1BYva = (1+ R1 / R2 ) ; //
(i)
// V o l t a g e a t node va= R4 v1 / ( R3+R4 )
vaBYv1 = R4 /( R3 + R4 ) ; //
( ii )
// From ( i ) and ( i i )
vo1BYv1 = vo1BYva * vaBYv1 ; //
( iii )
vo2BYva = (1+ R1 / R2 ) ; //
( iv )
vaBYv2 = R3 /( R3 + R4 ) ; //
(v)
( iii )
// T o t a l o u t p u t vo= vo1 + vo2
disp ( T o t a l v o l t a g e i s + string ( vo1BYv1 ) + v1 + +
string ( vo2BYv2 ) + v2 )

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// Exa 1 . 2 5
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
R1 = 9; // i n k
R2 = 1; // i n k
R3 = 2; // i n k
R4 = 3; // i n k
vo1BYva = (1+ R1 / R2 ) ; //
(i)
vaBYv1 = R4 /( R3 + R4 ) ; //
( ii )
( iii )
vo2BYva = (1+ R1 / R2 ) ; //
( iv )
vaBYv2 = R3 /( R3 + R4 ) ; //
(v)
( iii )
// The o u t p u t v o l t a g e , vo3= (R1/R2 ) v3
vo3BYv3 = ( - R1 / R2 ) ; //
(i)
// T o t a l o u t p u t vo= vo1 + vo2 + vo3
disp ( T o t a l v o l t a g e i s + string ( vo1BYv1 ) + v1 + +
string ( vo2BYv2 ) + v2 + string ( vo3BYv3 ) + v3 )
Scilab code Exa 1.26 Gain

1 // Exa 1 . 2 6
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a
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// o m e g a t= Ao omega b
// 2 %pi f t = Ao2 %pi f b
// f t = Ao f b
// P a r t ( i )
Ao1 = 10^5;
f_b1 = 10^2; // i n Hz
f_t1 = Ao1 * f_b1 ; // i n Hz
// P a r t ( i i )
Ao2 = 10^6;
f_t2 = 10^6; // i n Hz
f_b2 = f_t2 / Ao2 ; // i n Hz
// P a r t ( i i i )
f_b3 = 10^3; // i n Hz
f_t3 = 10^8; // i n Hz
Ao3 = f_t3 / f_b3 ;
// P a r t ( i v )
f_b4 = 10^ -1; // i n Hz
f_t4 = 10^6; // i n Hz
Ao4 = f_t4 / f_b4 ;
// P a r t ( v )
Ao5 = 2*10^5;
f_b5 = 10; // i n Hz
f_t5 = Ao5 * f_b5 ; // i n Hz
disp ( f_t1 , The v a l u e o f f t 1
disp ( f_b2 , The v a l u e o f f b 2
disp ( Ao3 , The v a l u e o f Ao3 i s
disp ( Ao4 , The v a l u e o f Ao4 i s
disp ( f_t5 , The v a l u e o f f t 5
Scilab code Exa 1.27 Value of Ao fb fr

1 // Exa 1 . 2 7
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
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in
in
:
:
in
Hz i s : )
Hz i s : )
)
)
Hz i s : )
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// Given d a t a
Ao = 86; // i n dB
A = 40; // i n dB
f =100; // i n kHz
f = f *10^3; // i n Hz
// From 20 l o g ( S ) = 20 l o g ( Ao/A) , where S , s t a n d s
f o r s q r t (1+( f / f b ) 2 )
S = 10^(( Ao - A ) /20) ;
// S= s q r t (1+( f / f b ) 2 )
fb = f / sqrt ( S ^2 -1) ; // i n Hz
Ao = 10^( Ao /20) ;
ft = Ao * fb ; // i n Hz
disp ( Ao , The v a l u e o f Ao i s : )
disp ( fb , The v a l u e o f f b i n Hz i s : )
disp ( round ( ft *10^ -6) , The v a l u e o f f t i n MHz i s : )
Scilab code Exa 1.28 3dB frequency and gain

1 // Exa 1 . 2 8
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a
6 Ao = 10^4; // i n V/V
7 f_t = 10^6; // i n Hz
8 R2byR1 = 20;
9 omega_t = 2* %pi * f_t ;
10 omega_3dB = omega_t /(1+ R2byR1 ) ;
11 f3dB = omega_3dB /(2* %pi ) ; // i n Hz
12 disp ( f3dB *10^ -3 , 3dB f r e q u e n c y o f t h e c l o s e d
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loop
a m p l i f i e r i n kHz i s : )
f3dB = 0.1* f3dB ; // i n Hz
voBYvi = - R2byR1 / sqrt (1+(2* %pi * f3dB / omega_3dB ) ^2) ;
voBYvi = abs ( voBYvi ) ; // i n v / v
disp ( voBYvi , Gain i n v / v i s : )
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Chapter 2
MOSFET
Scilab code Exa 2.1 Device operate region

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// Exa 2 . 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
V_S = 0; // As s o u r c e i s c o n n e c t e d t o
V_G = 1.5; // i n V
V_D = 0.5; // i n V
Vt = 0.7; // i n V
// P a r t ( a ) V D= 0 . 5 ; / / i n V
V_D = 0.5; // i n V
V_DS = V_D - V_S ; // i n V
V_GS = V_G - V_S ; // i n V
if V_GS < Vt then
disp ( At V D = 0 . 5 , t h e d e v i c e
r e g i o n )
elseif V_DS <= ( V_GS - Vt ) then
r e g i o n );
else
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ground
i s in cut o f f
i s in triode
i s in saturation
r e g i o n );
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21 end
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23 // P a r t ( b ) V D= 0 . 9 ; / / i n V
24 V_D = 0.9; // i n V
25 V_DS = V_D - V_S ; // i n V
26 V_GS = V_G - V_S ; // i n V
27 if V_GS < Vt then
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i s in cut o f f
r e g i o n )
disp ( At V D = 0 . 9 , t h e d e v i c e i s i n t r i o d e
r e g i o n );
else
disp ( At V D = 0 . 9 , t h e d e v i c e i s i n s a t u r a t i o n
r e g i o n );
33
34 end
35
36 // P a r t ( c ) V D= 3 ; / / i n V
37 V_D = 3; // i n V
38 V_DS = V_D - V_S ; // i n V
39 V_GS = V_G - V_S ; // i n V
40 if V_GS < Vt then
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disp ( At V D = 3 , t h e d e v i c e
i s in cut o f f
r e g i o n )
disp ( At V D = 3 , t h e d e v i c e i s i n t r i o d e
r e g i o n );
44 else
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disp ( At V D = 3 , t h e d e v i c e i s i n s a t u r a t i o n
r e g i o n );
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47 end
27
Scilab code Exa 2.2 Drain current

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// Exa 2 . 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
unCox = 100; // i n
A /V2
unCox = unCox *10^ -6; // i n A/V2
L = 1; // i n
m
L = L *10^ -6; // i n m
W =10; // i n
m
W = W *10^ -6; // i n m
V_GS = 1.5; // i n V
Vt = 0.7; // i n V
// For V DS= 0 . 5 V
V_DS = 0.5; // i n V
if V_DS <= ( V_GS - Vt ) then
I_D = unCox * W / L *[( V_GS - Vt ) * V_DS - V_DS ^2/2];
disp ( I_D *10^6 , The d e v i c e i s i n t r i o d e r e g i o n .
SO t h e d r a i n c u r r e n t i n t h e t r i o d e r e g i o n i n
A i s : )
else
I_D = unCox * W /(2* L ) *( V_GS - VT ) ^2
disp ( I_D *10^6 , The d e v i c e i s i n s a t u r a t i o n
r e g i o n . SO t h e d r a i n c u r r e n t i n t h e
saturation region in
A i s : )
end
// For V DS= 0 . 9 V
V_DS = 0.9; // i n V
if V_DS <= ( V_GS - Vt ) then
I_D = unCox * W / L *[( V_GS - Vt ) * V_DS - V_DS ^2/2];
disp ( I_D *10^6 , The d e v i c e i s i n t r i o d e r e g i o n .
So t h e d r a i n c u r r e n t i n t h e t r i o d e r e g i o n i n
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A
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i s : )
else
I_D = unCox * W /(2* L ) *( V_GS - Vt ) ^2
disp ( I_D *10^6 , The d e v i c e i s i n s a t u r a t i o n
r e g i o n . So d r a i n c u r r e n t i n t h e s a t u r a t i o n
region in
A i s : )
31 end
Scilab code Exa 2.4 Value of VGS RS and RD

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// Exa 2 . 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
I_D = 0.4; // i n mA
I_D = I_D *10^ -3; // i n A
Vt = 0.7; // i n V
V_SS = -2.5; // i n V
V_DD = 2.5; // i n V
unCox = 100; // i n
A /V2
W = 32; // i n m
L = 1; // i n m
// V GSVt= V OV
// I D= unCox W/ ( 2 L ) (V OV) 2
V_OV = sqrt ( I_D /( unCox * W /(2* L ) ) ) ; // i n V
V_GS = V_OV + Vt ; // i n V
disp ( V_GS , The v a l u e o f V GS i n v o l t i s : )
V_G = 0;
// Formula V GS= V GV S
V_S = V_G - V_GS ; // i n V
R_S = ( V_S - V_SS ) / I_D // i n
disp ( R_S *10^ -3 , The v a l u e o f R S i n k
i s : )
V_D = 0.5; // i n V
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26 R_D = ( V_DD - V_D ) / I_D ; // i n

27 disp ( R_D *10^ -3 , The v a l u e o f R D i n
i s : )
Scilab code Exa 2.5 Value required of R

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// Exa 2 . 5
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
V_DD = 3; // i n V
I_D = 80; // i n
A
I_D = I_D *10^ -6; // i n A
Vt = 0.6; // i n V
unCox = 200; // i n
A /V2
L = 0.8; // i n
m
L = L *10^ -6; // i n m
W =4; // i n
m
W = W *10^ -6; // i n m
// V GSVt= V OV
// I D= unCox W/ ( 2 L ) (V OV) 2
V_D = 1; // i n V
V_G = V_D ; // i n V
R = ( V_DD - V_D ) / I_D ; // i n
disp ( R *10^ -3 , The v a l u e o f R i n k
i s : )
Scilab code Exa 2.6 Value of R and VD

1 // Exa 2 . 6
2 clc ;
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clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
V_DD = 10; // i n V
I_D = 0.4; // i n mA
I_D = I_D *10^ -3; // i n A
Vt = 2; // i n V
unCox = 20; // i n
A /V2
L = 10; // i n
m
L = L *10^ -6; // i n m
W =100; // i n
m
W = W *10^ -6; // i n m
V_S = 0; // i n V a s s o u r c e i s c o n n e c t e d t o g r o u n d
// I D= unCox W/ ( 2 L ) (V OV) 2
V_D = V_GS ; // i n V
R = ( V_DD - V_D ) / I_D ; // i n
disp ( R *10^ -3 , The v a l u e o f R i n k
i s : )
Scilab code Exa 2.7 Effective resistance between drain and source
1 // Exa 2 . 7
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a
6 KnWbyL = 1; // i n mA
7 KnWbyL = KnWbyL *10^ -3; // i n A
8 Vt = 1; // i n V
9 V_DS = 0.1; // i n V
10 V_D = V_DS ; // i n V
11 V_GS = 5; // i n V
12 V_DD = V_GS ; // i n V
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13 // Formula I D= KnW/L [ ( V GSVt ) V DSV DS 2 / 2 ]

14 I_D = KnWbyL *[( V_GS - Vt ) * V_DS - V_DS ^2/2]; // i n A
15 R_D = ( V_DD - V_D ) / I_D ; // i n
16 disp ( R_D *10^ -3 , The r e q u i r e d v a l u e o f R D i n k
: )
Scilab code Exa 2.8 Voltages at all nodes

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// Exa 2 . 8
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
KnWbyL = 1; // i n mA/V2
KnWbyL = KnWbyL *10^ -3; // i n A/V2
Vt = 1; // i n V
V_DD = 10; // i n V
R_D = 6; // i n k
R_D = R_D *10^3; // i n
R_S = 6; // i n k
R_S = R_S *10^3; // i n
R_G1 = 10; // i n M
R_G1 = R_G1 *10^6; // i n
R_G2 = 10; // i n M
R_G2 = R_G2 *10^6; // i n
V_G = V_DD * R_G2 /( R_G1 + R_G2 ) ; // i n V
// V S= R S I D
// V GS= V GV S= V GR S I D
// Formula I D= KnW/2L ( V GSVt ) 2 , P u t t i n g t h e
v a l u e o f V GS , We g e t
// 18 I D 2 25 I D +8= 0
// I D= 0 . 8 9 mA o r I D= 0 . 5
I_D = 0.5; // i n mA
I_D = I_D *10^ -3; // i n A
V_S = R_S * I_D ; // i n V
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is
27 V_GS = V_G - V_S ; // i n V

28 V_D = V_DD - I_D * R_D ; // i n V
29 disp ( I_D *10^3 , The v a l u e o f I D i n mA i s : )
30 disp ( V_S , The v a l u e o f V S i n v o l t i s : )
31 disp ( V_GS , The v a l u e o f V GS i n v o l t i s : )
32 disp ( V_D , The v a l u e o f V D i n v o l t i s : )
33 disp ( S i n c e V D > V G Vt , t h e t r a n s i s t o r i s
operating in saturation
, a s i n i t i a l l y assumed )
Scilab code Exa 2.9 Value of ID and VDS

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// Exa 2 . 9
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
R_D = 20; // i n k
R_D = R_D *10^3; // i n
R1 = 30; // i n k
R1 = R1 *10^3; // i n
R2 = 20; // i n k
R2 = R2 *10^3; // i n
V_DD = 5; // i n V
Vtn = 1; // i n V
Kn = 0.1; // i n mA/V2
Kn = Kn *10^ -3; // i n A/V2
V_GS = R2 * V_DD /( R1 + R2 ) ; // i n V
// I D= 1 /2 n C o x W/L ( V GSVtm) 2
I_D = Kn *( V_GS - Vtn ) ^2 ; // i n mA ( As Kn= 1/2 n C o x
W/L )
V_DS = V_DD - I_D * R_D ; // i n V
disp ( V_GS , The v a l u e o f V GS i n v o l t i s : )
disp ( I_D *10^3 , The v a l u e o f I D i n mA i s : )
disp ( V_DS , The v a l u e o f V DS i n v o l t i s : )
disp ( S i n c e V DS = 3V > V DS ( s a t ) = V GSVtn = 2 1
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V, t h e t r a n s i s t o r i s i n d e e d b i a s e d i n t h e
s a t u r a t i o n r e g i o n )
Scilab code Exa 2.10 Design a bias circuit

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// Exa 2 . 1 0
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
V_DD = 15; // i n V
Vt = 1; // i n V
V_D = 10; // i n V
V_S = 5; // i n V
KnWbyL = 1; // i n mA/V2
R_G1 = 8; // i n M
R_G1 = R_G1 *10^6; // i n
I_D = 0.5; // i n mA
I_D = I_D *10^ -3; // i n A
R_D = ( V_DD - V_D ) / I_D ; // i n
R_S = V_S / I_D ; // i n
// Formul I D= 1 /2 KnWbyL (V OV) 2
V_OV = sqrt (2* I_D / KnWbyL ) ; // i n V
// Formula V OV= V GSVt
V_G = V_GS + V_S ; // i n V
// Formul V G= R G2V DD/ ( R G1+R G2 )
R_G2 = R_G1 * V_G /( V_DD - V_G ) ; // i n
disp ( R_D *10^ -3 , The v a l u e o f R D i n k
is
disp ( R_S *10^ -3 , The v a l u e o f R S i n k
is
disp ( V_OV , The v a l u e o f V OV i n v o l t s i s :
disp ( V_GS , The v a l u e o f V GS i n v o l t s i s
disp ( R_G2 *10^ -6 , The v a l u e o f R G2 i n M
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: )
: )
)
: )
i s : )
Scilab code Exa 2.11 Bias point

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// Exa 2 . 1 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
V_DD = 15; // i n V
KnWbyL = 0.25; // i n mA/V2
Vt = 1.5; // i n V
V_A = 50; // i n V
R_D = 10; // i n k
R_D = R_D *10^3; // i n
R_L = 10; // i n k
R_L = R_L *10^3; // i n
R_G = 10; // i n M
R_G = R_G *10^6; // i n
// I D= 1 /2 KnWbyL ( V DVt ) 2 , ( V GS= V D , a s dc
gate current i s zero )
(i)
// V D= V DD I D R D
( ii )
I_D = 1.06; // i n mA
I_D = I_D *10^ -3; // i n A
V_D = V_DD - I_D * R_D ; // i n V
V_GS = V_D ; // i n V
// The c o o r d i n a t e s o f o p e r a t i n g p o i n t
V_GSQ = V_D ; // i n V
I_DQ = I_D *10^3; // i n mA
disp ( The c o o r d i n a t e s o f o p e r a t i n g p o i n t s a r e V GSQ
= + string ( V_GSQ ) + V and I DQ= + string ( I_DQ ) +
mA )
gm = KnWbyL *( V_GS - Vt ) ; // i n A/V
r_o = V_A / I_D ; // i n
// The g a i n i s : Av= vo / v i = gm ( R D | | R L | | r o )
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30 Av = - gm *[ R_D * R_L * r_o /( R_D * R_L + R_D * r_o + R_L * r_o ) ]; //

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i n V/V
// i i = ( v i vo ) /R G
// i i = v i /R G(1 vo / v i ) and Rin= v i / i i = R G/(1 Av
)
Rin = R_G /(1 - Av ) ; // i n
disp ( Rin *10^ -6 , The i n p u t r e s i s t a n c e i n M
i s : )
disp ( The l a r g e s t a l l o w a b l e i n p u t s i g n a l v i i s
d e t e r m i n e d by t h e n e e d t o k e e p t h e MOSFET i n
s a t u r a t i o n at a l l times )
disp (
V DS >= V GS
vt )
disp ( By e n f o r c i n g t h i s c o n d i t i o n w i t h e q u a l i t y a t
t h e p o i n t V GS i s maximum and V DS i s
c o r r e s p o n d i n g l y minimum )
disp (
V DSmin=
V GSmax Vt )
disp (
V DS|Av | v i
= V GS + v i Vt )
disp (
4.4 3.3 vi
= 4 . 4 + v i 1.5 )
disp ( which r e s u l t s i n v i= 0 . 3 4V )
Scilab code Exa 2.12 Largest value of RD

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// Exa 2 . 1 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
I_D = 0.5; // i n mA
I_D = I_D *10^ -3; // i n mA
V_D = 3; // i n V
Vt = -1; // i n V
KpWbyL = 1; // i n mA/V2
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11 KpWbyL = KpWbyL *10^ -3; // i n A/V2

12 // Formul I D= 1 /2 KpWbyL (V OV) 2
13 V_OV = sqrt (2* I_D / KpWbyL ) ; // i n V
14 // For PMOS
15 V_OV = - V_OV ; // i n V
16 V_GS = V_OV + Vt ; // i n V
17 R_D = V_D / I_D ; // i n
18 V_Dmax = V_D + abs ( Vt ) ; // i n V
19 R_D = V_Dmax / I_D ; // i n
20 disp ( R_D *10^ -3 , The l a r g e s t v a l u e t h a t R D can have
w h i l e m a i n t a i n i n g s a t u r a t i o n r e g i o n o p e r a t i o n i n
k
i s : )
Scilab code Exa 2.14 Resistance value

1 // Exa 2 . 1 4
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a
6 V_GS1 = 1.5; // i n V
7 Vt = 1; // i n V
8 r_DS1 = 1; // i n k
9 r_DS1 = r_DS1 *10^3; // i n
10 r_DS2 = 200; // i n k
(i)
11 //
r DS1= 1 / (KnWbyL ( V GS1Vt ) )
12 //
r DS2= 1 / (KnWbyL ( V GS2Vt ) )
(i)
13 // d i v i d i n g e q u a t i o n ( i ) by ( i i )
14 V_GS2 = ( r_DS1 / r_DS2 ) *( V_GS1 - Vt ) + Vt ; // i n V
15 disp ( V_GS2 , To O p t a i n rDS= 2 0 0 , The v a l u e o f V GS
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s h o u l d be ( i n v o l t ) )
// For V GS= 1 . 5 ; / / V
// W2= 2W1;
// r DS1 / r DS2= 2
r_DS2 = r_DS1 /2; // i n
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disp ( r_DS2 , For V GS= 1 . 5 V , t h e v a l u e o f r DS2 i n

i s : )
21 // For V GS= 3 . 5 V
22 r_DS2 = 200/2; // i n
23 disp ( r_DS2 , For V GS= 3 . 5 V , t h e v a l u e o f r DS2 i n
i s : )
20
Scilab code Exa 2.15 Required value of VGS and minimum value of VDS
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// Exa 2 . 1 5
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
I_D = 0.2; // i n mA
I_D = I_D *10^ -3; // i n mA
Vt = 1; // i n V
KpWbyL = 0.1; // i n mA/V2
KpWbyL = KpWbyL *10^ -3; // i n A/V2
// Formul I D= 1 /2 KpWbyL ( V GSVT) 2
V_GS = sqrt (2* I_D / KpWbyL ) + Vt ; // i n V
V_DSmin = V_GS - Vt ; // i n V
disp ( V_GS , R e q u i r e d V GS i n v o l t s i s : )
disp ( V_DSmin , The minimum r e q u i r e d V DS i n v o l t s i s
: )
// For I D= 0 . 8 mA
I_D = 0.8*10^ -3; // i n A
V_GS = sqrt (2* I_D / KpWbyL ) + Vt ; // i n V
V_DSmin = V_GS - Vt ; // i n V
disp ( V_GS , R e q u i r e d V GS i n v o l t s i s : )
disp ( V_DSmin , The minimum r e q u i r e d V DS i n v o l t s i s
: )
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Scilab code Exa 2.16 Value of RD and RS

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// Exa 2 . 1 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
V_SS = -5; // i n V
unCox = 60; // i n
A /V2
Vt = 1; // i n V
W = 100; // i n
m
L = 3; // i n
m
V_G =0; // i n V
V_DD = 5; // i n V
V_D =0; // i n V
I_D = 1*10^ -3; // i n A
// I D= (V DDV D ) /R D
R_D = ( V_DD - V_D ) / I_D ; // i n
disp ( R_D *10^ -3 , The v a l u e o f R D i n k
i s : )
// Formul I D= 1 /2 unCox W/L ( V GSVt ) 2
V_GS = sqrt (2* I_D * L /( unCox * W ) ) + Vt ; // i n V
V_S = V_G - V_GS ; // i n V
R_S = ( V_S - V_SS ) / I_D ; // i n
disp ( R_S *10^ -3 , The r e s i s t a n c e i n k
i s );
Scilab code Exa 2.17 Required value of R and W

1 // Exa 2 . 1 7
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a
6 V_D = 3.5; // i n V
7 I_D = 115*10^ -6; // i n A
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8 upCox = 60; // i n
A /V2
9 upCox = upCox *10^ -6; // i n A/V2
10 L = 0.8; // i n
m
11 V_GS = -1.5; // i n V
12 Vt = 0.7; // i n V
13 R = V_D / I_D ; // i n
14 disp ( R *10^ -3 , The v a l u e r e q u i r e d
for R in k
is :
)
15 // Formul I D= 1 /2 upCox W/L ( V GSVt ) 2
16 W = 2* I_D * L /( upCox *( V_GS - Vt ) ^2)
17 disp (W , The v a l u e r e q u i r e d f o r W i n
m i s : )
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//
Note :
Calculation of evaluating the value of W
i n t h e book i s wrong , s o t h e Answer o f t h e book
i s wrong
Scilab code Exa 2.18 Required value of gate width

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// Exa 2 . 1 8
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
Vt = 1; // i n V
unCox = 120; // i n
A /V2
L1 =1; // i n
m
L2 = L1 ; // i n
m
I_D = 120; // i n
A
I_D = I_D *10^ -6; // i n A
V_GS1 = 1.5; // i n V
V_G2 = 3.5; // i n V
V_S2 = 1.5; // i n V
V_DD = 5; // i n V
V_D2 = 3.5; // i n V
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18 // Formul I D= 1 /2 unCox W/L ( V GS1Vt ) 2

19 W1 = 2* I_D * L1 /( unCox *( V_GS1 - Vt ) ^2) ; // i n
m
20 disp ( W1 , The v a l u e o f W1 i n
m i s : )
21 V_GS2 = V_G2 - V_S2 ; // i n V
22 // Formul I D= 1 /2 unCox W/L ( V GS1Vt ) 2
23 W2 = 2* I_D * L2 /( unCox *( V_GS2 - Vt ) ^2) ; // i n
m
24 disp ( W2 , The v a l u e o f W2 i n
m i s : )
25 R = ( V_DD - V_D2 ) / I_D ; // i n
26 disp ( R *10^ -3 , R e s i s t a n c e i n k ) ;
Scilab code Exa 2.19 Value of V1 V2 V3 V4 and V5

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// Exa 2 . 1 9
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
Vt = 2; // i n V
K1WbyL = 1; // i n mA/V2
K1WbyL = K1WbyL *10^ -3; // i n mA/V2
I_D = 10; // i n
A
I_D = I_D *10^ -6; // i n A
V_DD = 10; // i n V
R_D = 4; // i n k
R_D = R_D *10^3; // i n
// Formul I D= 1 /2 K1WbyL ( V GSVt ) 2
V_GS = sqrt (2* I_D / K1WbyL ) + Vt ; // i n V
V1 = - V_GS ; // i n V
// P a r t ( b )
I_D = 2; // i n mA
I_D = I_D *10^ -3; // i n A
V2 = V_DD - I_D * R_D ; // i n V
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V3 = - V_GS ; // i n V
// P a r t ( c )
I_D = 1; // i n mA
I_D = I_D *10^ -3; // i n A
V4 = V_GS ; // i n V
// P a r t ( d )
I_D = 2; // i n mA
R_D = 2.5; // i n k
R_D = R_D *10^3; // i n
V_SS = 10; // i n V
I_D = I_D *10^ -3; // i n A
V5 = - V_SS + I_D * R_D ; // i n V
disp ( V1 , The v a l u e o f V1 i n v o l t s i s :
Scilab code Exa 2.20 Labelled current and voltage

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// Exa 2 . 2 0
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
unCox = 20*10^ -6; // i n A/V2
upCox = unCox /2.5; // i n A/V2
V_DD = 3; // i n V
Vt = 1; // i n V
W = 30; // i n
m
L = 10; // i n
m
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)
)
)
)
)
13
14 // V GS1= V GS2
15 // Formula V DD= V GS1+V GS2
16 V_GS1 = V_DD /2; // i n V
17 V_GS2 = V_GS1 ; // i n V
18 V2 = V_GS1 ; // inV
19 I1 = 1/2* unCox * W / L *( V_GS1 - Vt ) ^2; // i n A
20 // Both t r a n s i s t o r have V D = V G and t h e r e f o r e
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are operating in saturation

// 1/2 unCox W/L ( V4Vt ) 2 = 1/2 upCox W/L (V DDV4
Vt )
V4 = ( V_DD - Vt + sqrt ( unCox / upCox ) ) /(1+ sqrt ( unCox / upCox )
);
I3 = 1/2* unCox * W / L *(1.39 - Vt ) ^2
disp ( V2 , The v a l u e o f V2 i n v o l t i s : )
disp ( I1 *10^6 , The v a l u e o f I 1 i n
A i s : )
disp ( I3 *10^6 , The v a l u e o f I 3 i n
A i s : )

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they
// Exa 2 . 2 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
Vt = 0.9; // i n V
V_A = 50; // i n V
V_D = 2; // i n V
R_L = 10; // i n M
R_L = R_L *10^3; // i n
R_G = 10; // i n M
R_G = R_G *10^6; // i n
I_D = 500; // i n
A
I_D = I_D *10^ -6; // i n A
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V_GS = V_D ; // i n V
ro = V_A / I_D ; // i n
gm = 2* I_D /( V_GS - Vt ) ; // i n A/V
// vo= gm v i ( r o | | R L )
vo_by_vi = - gm *( ro * R_L /( ro + R_L ) ) ; // i n V/V
disp ( vo_by_vi , The v o l t a g e g a i n i n V/V i s : )
// For I= 1 mA o r t w i c e t h e c u r r e n t
I_D1 = I_D ; // i n A
I_D2 = 2* I_D1 ; // i n A
gm1 = gm ; // i n A/V
// E f f e c t on V D
// I D 1 / I D 2 = ( V GS1Vt ) 2 / ( V GS2Vt ) 2
V_GS1 = V_GS ;
V_GS2 = Vt + sqrt (2) *( V_GS1 - Vt ) ; // i n V
disp ( V_GS2 , The new v a l u e o f V GS i n v o l t s i s : )
// E f f e c t on gm
// gm1/gm2= s q r t ( I D 1 / I D 2 )
gm2 = sqrt ( I_D2 / I_D1 ) * gm1 ; // i n A/V
disp ( gm2 *10^3 , The new v a l u e o f gm2 i n mA/V i s : )
// E f f e c t on r o
// r o 1 / r o 2= I D 2 / I D 1
ro1 = ro ; // i n
ro2 = I_D1 * ro1 / I_D2 ; // i n
disp ( ro2 *10^ -3 , The new v a l u e o f r o i n k /V i s : )
// E f f e c t on g a i n
// Av= gm ( r o 2 | | R L )
Av = - gm *( ro2 * R_L /( ro2 + R_L ) ) ; // i n V/V
disp ( Av , The new v a l u e o f v o l t a g e g a i n i n V/V i s :
)
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// Note : There i s some d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e new

v a l u e o f v o l t a g e g a i n i n book and c o d i n g . The
reason behind t h i s i s that ,
45 // t h e a c c u r a t e v a l u e o f new v a l u e o f gm i s
1 . 2 8 5 6 4 8 7 and i n t h e book 1 . 3 h a s t a k e n a t p l a c e
of 1.2856487.
46 // I f we t a k e t h i s v a l u e o f new v a l u e o f gm 1 . 3 a t
p l a c e o f 1 . 2 8 5 6 4 8 7 t h e n o u r new v o l t a g e g a i n
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v a l u e w i l l be same a s i n t h e book
Scilab code Exa 2.23 Value of CS

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// Exa 2 . 2 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
I_D = 1; // i n mA
I_D = I_D *10^ -3; // i n A
gm = 1; // i n mA/V
gm = gm *10^ -3; // i n A/V
f_L = 10; // i n Hz
R_S = 6; // i n k
R_S = R_S *10^3; // i n
R_D = 10; // i n k
R_D = R_D *10^3; // i n
vo_by_vi = - gm * R_D /(1+ gm * R_S ) ; // i n V/V
disp ( vo_by_vi , Mid band g a i n i n V/V i s : ) ;
// Formula f L= 1 / ( 2 %pi ( 1 /gm | | R S ) ) CS
CS = 1/(2* %pi *(1/ gm * R_S /(1/ gm + R_S ) ) * f_L ) ; // i n F
disp ( CS *10^6 , The v a l u e o f Cs i n
F i s : )
Scilab code Exa 2.24 Midband gain and upper 3 dB frequency

1 // Exa 2 . 2 4
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a
6 Rsig = 100; // i n k
7 Rsig = Rsig *10^3; // i n
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R_G = 4.7; // i n M
R_G = R_G *10^6; // i n
R_D = 15; // i n k
R_D = R_D *10^3; // i n
R_L = R_D ; // i n
gm = 1; // i n mA/V
gm = gm *10^ -3; // i n A/V
ro =150; // i n k
ro = ro *10^3; // i n
Cgs = 1; // i n pF
Cgs = Cgs *10^ -12; // i n F
Cgd = 0.4; // i n pF
Cgd = Cgd *10^ -12; // i n F
vgsBYvsig = R_G /( Rsig + R_G ) ;
Rdesh_L = R_D * R_L /( R_D + R_L ) ; // i n
voBYvgs = - gm * Rdesh_L ;
Av = voBYvgs / vgsBYvsig ; // i n V/V
disp ( Av , The Midband g a i n i n V/V i s : )
CM = Cgd *(1+ gm * Rdesh_L ) ; // i n F
// f H= 1 / ( 2 %pi ( R s i g | | R G ) ( Cgs CM) )
f_H = 1/(2* %pi *( Rsig * R_G /( Rsig + R_G ) ) *( Cgs + CM ) ) ; //
i n Hz
29 disp ( f_H *10^ -3 , F r e q u e n c y i n kHz i s : )
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Chapter 3
Bipolar Junction Transistors
Scilab code Exa 3.1 Value of IE IB IC and VC

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// Exa 3 . 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
V_E = -0.7; // i n V
Bita =50;
RC = 5; // i n k
RE = 10; // i n k
RE = RE *10^3; // i n
RC = RC *10^3; // i n
V_CC = 10; // i n V
V_BE = -10; // i n v o l t
I_E = ( V_E - V_BE ) / RE ; // i n A
disp ( I_E *10^3 , E m i t t e r c u r r e n t i n mA i s : )
// I E= I B+I C and I C= B i t a I B , s o
I_B = I_E /(1+ Bita ) ; // i n A
disp ( I_B *10^6 , Base c u r r e n t i n
A i s : )
I_C = I_E - I_B ; // i n A
disp ( I_C *10^3 , C o l l e c t o r c u r r e n t i n mA i s : )
V_C = V_CC - I_C * RC ; // i n V
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disp ( V_C , The v a l u e o f V C i n v o l t s i s : )
Scilab code Exa 3.2 Value of alpha and bita

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// Exa 3 . 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
V_E = 1.7; // i n V
V_B = 1; // i n V
RC = 5; // i n k
RE = 5; // i n k
RE = RE *10^3; // i n
RC = RC *10^3; // i n
RB = 100; // i n k \
RB = RB *10^3; // i n
V_CC = 10; // i n V
V_BE = -10; // i n v o l t
I_E = ( V_CC - V_E ) / RE ; // i n A
I_B = V_B / RB ; // i n V
// Formula I B= (1 a l p h a ) I E
alpha = 1 - I_B / I_E ;
disp ( alpha , V a l u e o f a l p h a i s : )
bita = alpha /(1 - alpha ) ;
disp ( bita , V a l u e o f b i t a i s : )
V_C = ( I_E - I_B ) * RC - V_CC ; // i n v o l t
disp ( V_C , C o l l e c t o r v o l t a g e i n v o l t s i s : )
Scilab code Exa 3.3 Bias voltage

1 // Exa 3 . 3
2 clc ;
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clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
V_CC = 10; // i n V
V_CE = 3.2; // i n V
RC = 6.8; // i n k
RC = RC *10^3; // i n
I_S = 1*10^ -15; // i n A
V_T = 25*10^ -3; // i n V
I_C1 = ( V_CC - V_CE ) / RC ; // i n A
// Formula I C= I S %e ( V BE1/V T )
V_BE1 = V_T * log ( I_C1 / I_S ) ; // i n v o l t
disp ( I_C1 *10^3 , C o l l e c t o r c u r r e n t i n mA i s : )
disp ( V_BE1 , V a l u e o f V BE i n v o l t s i s : )
// P a r t ( b )
v_in = 5*10^ -3; // i n V
Av = -( V_CC - V_CE ) / V_T ; // i n V/V
disp ( Av , V o l t a g e g a i n i n V/V i s : )
v_o = abs ( Av ) * v_in ; // i n V
disp ( v_o , Change i n o u t p u t v o l t a g e i n v o l t s i s : )
// P a r t ( c ) f o r V CE= 0 . 3 V
V_CE = 0.3; // i n V
I_C2 = ( V_CC - V_CE ) / RC ; // i n A
(i)
// I C 1= I S %e ( V BE1/V T )
// I C 2= I S %e ( V BE2/V T )
( ii )
// d i v i d e t h e e q u a t i o n ( i i ) by ( i )
delta_V_BE = V_T * log ( I_C2 / I_C1 ) ; // i n v o l t
( where
d e l t a V B E = V BE2V BE1 )
32 disp ( delta_V_BE *10^3 , The p o s i t i v e i n c r e a m e n t i n
V BE i n mV i s : )
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34 // P a r t ( d )
35 v_o = 0.99* V_CC ; // i n V
36 I_C3 = ( V_CC - v_o ) / RC ; // i n A
37 delta_V_BE = V_T * log ( I_C3 / I_C1 ) ; // i n V
38 disp ( delta_V_BE *10^3 , The n e g a t i v e i n c r e a m e n t i n
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V BE i n mV i s : )
Scilab code Exa 3.4 Design a fixed bias circuit

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// Exa 3 . 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
V_CC = 10; // i n V
V_CE = 5; // i n V
V_BE = 0.7; // i n V
I_C = 5*10^ -3; // i n mA
bita = 100;
R_C = ( V_CC - V_CE ) / I_C ; // i n
I_B = I_C / bita ; // i n A
R_B = ( V_CC - V_BE ) / I_B ; // i n
disp ( R_C *10^ -3 , The v a l u e o f R C i n k
A
disp ( I_B *10^6 , The v a l u e o f I B i n
disp ( R_B *10^ -3 , The v a l u e o f R B i n k
i s : )
i s : )
i s : )
// Note : The v a l u e o f b a s e c u r r e n t i n t h e book i s

wrong
Scilab code Exa 3.5 Operating point

1 // Exa 3 . 5
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a
6 V_CC = 6; // i n V
7 bita = 100;
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R_C = 2; // i n k
R_C = R_C *10^3; // i n
R_B = 530; // i n k
R_B = R_B *10^3; // i n
// when I C =0
I_C =0;
V_CE = V_CC - I_C * R_C ; // i n v o l t
V_CE = 0:0.1:6; // i n V o l t
I_C = ( V_CC - V_CE ) / R_C *1000; // i n mA
plot ( V_CE , I_C ) ;
title ( DC l o a d l i n e )
xlabel ( V CE i n v o l t s )
ylabel ( I C i n mA )
disp ( DC l o a d l i n e shown i n f i g u r e )
// When V CE= 0
I_C = V_CC / R_C ; // i n A
// O p e r a t i n g p o i n t f o r s i l i c o n t r a n s i s t o r
V_BE = 0.7; // i n V
I_B = ( V_CC - V_BE ) / R_B ; // i n A
I_CQ = bita * I_B ; // i n A
V_CEQ = V_CC - I_CQ * R_C ; // i n v o l t
disp ( O p e r a t i n g p o i n t i s + string ( V_CEQ ) + V and +
string ( I_CQ *10^3) + mA )
Scilab code Exa 3.6 Q point values

1 // Exa 3 . 6
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a
6 V_CC = 12; // i n V
7 V_BE = 0.7; // i n V
8 bita = 100;
9 R_C = 10; // i n k
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R_C = R_C *10^3; // i n

R_B = 100; // i n k
R_B = R_B *10^3; // i n
I_BQ = ( V_CC - V_BE ) /((1+ bita ) * R_C + R_B ) ; // i n A
I_CQ = bita * I_BQ ; // i n A
V_CEQ = V_CC -( I_CQ + I_BQ ) * R_C ; // i n v o l t
// For dc l o a d l i n e
// When
I_C =0;
V_CE = V_CC -( I_C + I_BQ ) * R_C ; // i n v o l t
// When
V_CE = 0;
I_C = ( V_CC - I_BQ * R_C ) / R_C ; // i n A
disp ( Q p o i n t v a l u e s f o r c i r c u i t i s + string ( V_CEQ )
+ V and + string ( I_CQ *10^3) + mA )
Scilab code Exa 3.7 Collector to base bias circuit

// Exa 3 . 7
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
V_CC = 15; // i n V
V_BE = 0.7; // i n V
V_CE = 5; // i n V
I_C = 5; // i n mA
I_C = I_C *10^ -3; // i n A
bita = 100;
A i s : )
// Apply KVL t o c o l l e c t o r c i r c u i t , V CC= ( I C+I B )
R C+V CE
15 R_C = ( V_CC - V_CE ) /( I_C + I_B ) ; // i n
16 disp ( R_C *10^ -3 , The v a l u e o f R C i n k
i s : )
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// Apply KVL t o b a s e o r i n p u t c i r c u i t , V CC= ( I C+

I B ) R C+V CE + I B R B
18 R_B = ( V_CC - V_BE -( I_C + I_B ) * R_C ) / I_B ; // i n ohm
i s : )
19 disp ( R_B *10^ -3 , The v a l u e o f R B i n k
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Scilab code Exa 3.8 Value of RB

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// Exa 3 . 8
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
V_BE = 0.7; // i n V
V_CE = 3; // i n V
I_C = 1; // i n mA
I_C = I_C *10^ -3; // i n A
bita = 100;
// V CE= V BE+V CB and V CB= I B R B
R_B = ( V_CE - V_BE ) / I_B ; // i n
disp ( R_B *10^ -3 , The v a l u e o f R B i n k
Scilab code Exa 3.9 Operating point

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// Exa 3 . 9
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
R1 = 10; // i n k
R1 = R1 *10^3; // i n
R2 = 5; // i n k
R2 = R2 *10^3; // i n
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i s : )
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RC = 1; // i n k
RC = RC *10^3; // i n
RE = 2; // i n k
RE = RE *10^3; // i n
V_CC = 15; // i n V
V_BE = 0.7; // i n V
// When
I_C =0;
V_CE = V_CC - I_C *( RC + RE ) ; // i n V
// When V CE= 0
I_C = V_CC /( RC + RE ) ; // i n A
V_B = V_CC * R2 /( R1 + R2 ) ; // i n V
I_E = ( V_B - V_BE ) / RE ; // i n A
I_C = I_E ; // i n A ( a p p r o x )
I_CQ = I_C ; // i n A
V_CE = V_CC - I_C *( RC + RE ) ; // i n V
V_CEQ = V_CE ; // i n V
V_CE = 0:0.1:15; // i n V o l t
I_C = ( V_CC - V_CE ) /( RC + RE ) *1000; // i n mA
plot ( V_CE , I_C ) ;
title ( DC l o a d l i n e )
xlabel ( V CE i n v o l t s )
ylabel ( I C i n mA )
disp ( DC l o a d l i n e shown i n f i g u r e )
disp ( O p e r a t i n g p o i n t i s + string ( V_CEQ ) + V and +
string ( I_CQ *10^3) + mA )

1 // Exa 3 . 1 0
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a
6 V_CC = 10; // i n V
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V_BB = 3; // i n V
V_BE = 0.7; // i n V
V_T = 25*10^ -3; // i n V
bita =100;
RC = 3; // i n k
RC = RC *10^3; // i n
RB = 100; // i n k
RB = RB *10^3; // i n
I_B = ( V_BB - V_BE ) / RB ; // i n V
I_C = bita * I_B ; // i n A
V_C = V_CC - I_C * RC ; // i n V
gm = I_C / V_T ; // i n A/V
r_pi = bita / gm ; // i n
// v b e= r p i / (RB+ r p i ) v i
v_be_by_v_i = r_pi /( RB + r_pi ) ;
// v o= gm v b e RC
v_o_by_v_i = - gm * v_be_by_v_i * RC ; // i n V/V
Av = v_o_by_v_i ; // i n V/V
disp ( round ( Av ) , V o l t a g e g a i n i n V/V i s : )
Scilab code Exa 3.11 All node voltages and currents

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// Exa 3 . 1 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
V_B = 4; // i n V
V_BE = 0.7; // i n V
V_CC = 10; // i n V
V_E = V_B - V_BE ; // i n V
R_E = 3.3; // i n k
R_E = R_E *10^3; // i n
RC = 4.7; // i n k
RC = RC *10^3; // i n
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I_E = V_E / R_E ; // i n A

bita =100;
alpha = bita /(1+ bita ) ;
I_C = alpha * I_E ; // i n A
disp ( I_C *10^3 , The v a l u e o f I C i n mA i s : )
V_C = V_CC - I_C * RC ; // i n V
I_B = I_E /(1+ bita ) ; // i n A
disp ( I_B *10^3 , The v a l u e o f I B i n mA i s : )
Scilab code Exa 3.12 All node voltage and all branch current
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// Exa 3 . 1 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
V_B = 5; // i n V
V_BE = 0.7; // i n V
V_CC = 10; // i n V
bita =100;
R_B = 100; // i n k
R_C = 2; // i n k
R_B = R_B *10^3; // i n
R_C = R_C *10^3; // i n
I_B = ( V_B - V_BE ) / R_B ; // i n A
V_C = V_CC - I_C * R_C ; // i n V
I_E = I_C ; // i n A ( a p p r o x )
disp ( I_B *10^3 , The v a l u e o f I
disp ( I_C *10^3 , The v a l u e o f I
disp ( V_C , The v a l u e o f V C i n
disp ( I_E *10^3 , The v a l u e o f I
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B i n mA i s
C i n mA i s
volts is :
E i n mAis
: )
: )
)
: )
Scilab code Exa 3.13 All node voltage and all branch current
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// Exa 3 . 1 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
V_B = 0; // i n V
V_EB = 0.7; // i n V
bita =100;
V_EC = 0.2; // i n V
V_E = V_EB + V_B ; // i n V
V_CC = 5; // i n V
R_C = 1; // i n k
R_C = R_C *10^3; // i n
R_B = 10; // i n k
R_B = R_B *10^3; // i n
(i)
// V E= V B+V EB
// V C= V EV EC= V B+V EBV EC
( ii )
( iii
// I E= ( V CCV E ) /R C= ( V CCV BV EB ) /R C
)
// I B= V B/R B
( iv )
// I C= ( V C+V CC ) /R C= ( V B+V EBV EC+V CC ) /R B
(v)
// By u s i n g r e l a t i o n s h i p , I E= I B+I C
V_B = (9* V_CC -11* V_EB + V_EC ) /12; // i n V
V_E = V_B + V_EB ; // i n V
V_C = V_B + V_EB - V_EC ; // i n V
I_E = ( V_CC - V_B - V_EB ) / R_C // i n amp
I_C = ( V_B + V_EB - V_EC + V_CC ) / R_B ; // i n amp
I_B = V_B / R_B ; // i n amp
disp ( V_B , The v a l u e o f V B i n v o l t s i s : )
disp ( V_E , The v a l u e o f V E i n v o l t s i s : )
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disp ( I_E *10^3 , The v a l u e o f I E i n mA i s : )

disp ( I_B *10^3 , The v a l u e o f I B i n mA i s : )
Scilab code Exa 3.14 Region in which Q point lie

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// Exa 3 . 1 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
bita =100;
hFE = 100;
VCEsat = 0.2; // i n V
VBEsat = 0.8; // i n V
VBEactive = 0.7; // i n V
VBB = 5; // i n V
VCC = 10; // i n V
R_C = 3; // i n k
R_C = R_C *10^3; // i n
R_B = 50; // i n k
R_B = R_B *10^3; // i n
// Formula VCC= I C s a t R C+VCEsat
ICsat = ( VCC - VCEsat ) / R_C ; //A
disp ( ICsat *10^3 , The v a l u e o f IC ( s a t ) i n mA i s : )
IBmin = ICsat / bita ; // i n A
// Apply KVL t o i n p u t c i r c u i t , VBB= IB R B+VBEsat
IB = ( VBB - VBEsat ) / R_B ; // i n A
disp ( IB *10^6 , A c t u a l b a s e c u r r e n t i n
A i s : )
Scilab code Exa 3.16 Value of Bita

1
// Exa 3 . 1 6
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2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a
6 // b i t a= a l p h a /(1 a l p h a )
7 // At a l p h a= 0 . 5
8 alpha = 0.5;
9 bita =
alpha /(1 - alpha ) ;
10 disp ( bita , At a l p h a = 0 . 5 , t h e v a l u e o f b i t a i s : )
11 // At a l p h a= 0 . 9
12 alpha = 0.9;
13 bita = alpha /(1 - alpha ) ;
14 disp ( bita , At a l p h a = 0 . 9 , t h e v a l u e o f b i t a i s : )
15 // At a l p h a= 0 . 5
16 alpha = 0.999;
17 bita = alpha /(1 - alpha ) ;
18 disp ( bita , At a l p h a = 0 . 9 9 9 , t h e v a l u e o f b i t a i s : )
Scilab code Exa 3.17 Value of alpha

1 // Exa 3 . 1 7
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a
6 // a l p h a= b i t a /(1 b i t a )
7 // At b i t a= 1
8 bita =1;
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disp ( alpha , At b i t a =1 , t h e v a l u e o f a l p h a
11
// At b i t a= 2
12 bita =2;
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disp ( alpha , At b i t a =2 , t h e v a l u e o f a l p h a
15 // At b i t a= 100
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i s : )
i s : )
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bita =100;
disp ( alpha , At b i t a =100 , t h e v a l u e o f a l p h a i s : )
// At b i t a= 200
bita =200;
disp ( alpha , At b i t a =200 , t h e v a l u e o f a l p h a i s : )
Scilab code Exa 3.18 Value of Is Ic and VBE

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// Exa 3 . 1 8
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
VBE = 0.76; // i n V
VT = 0.025; // i n V
I_C = 10*10^ -3; // i n A
// Formula I C= I S %e (VBE/VT)
I_S = I_C /( %e ^( VBE / VT ) ) ; // i n A
disp ( I_S , The v a l u e o f I S i n amp i s : )
// P a r t ( a ) f o r VBE = 0 . 7 V
VBE = 0.7; // i n V
I_C = I_S * %e ^( VBE / VT )
disp ( I_C *10^3 , For VBE = 0 . 7 V , The v a l u e o f I C i n
mA i s : )
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17 // P a r t ( b ) f o r I C= 10
A
18 I_C = 10*10^ -6; // i n A
19 // Formula I C= I S %e (VBE/VT)
20 VBE = VT * log ( I_C / I_S ) ;
21 disp ( VBE , For I C = 10
A , The v a l u e o f VBE i n V i s
: )
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Scilab code Exa 3.19 Transistor model

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// Exa 3 . 1 9
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
VBE = 0.7; // i n V
VT = 0.025; // i n V
I_B = 100; // i n
A
I_B = I_B *10^ -6; // i n A
I_C = 10*10^ -3; // i n A
// Formula I C= I S %e (VBE/VT)
I_S = I_C /( %e ^( VBE / VT ) ) ; // i n A
alpha = I_C /( I_C + I_B ) ;
bita = I_C / I_B ;
IS_by_alpha = I_S / alpha ; // i n A
IS_by_bita = I_S / bita ; // i n A
disp ( alpha , The v a l u e o f a l p h a i s : ) ;
disp ( bita , The v a l u e o f b i t a i s : ) ;
disp ( IS_by_alpha , The v a l u e o f I s / a l p h a i n A i s : ) ;
disp ( IS_by_bita , The v a l u e o f I s / b i t a i n A i s : ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.20 Labelled current and voltage

1 // Exa 3 . 2 0
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a
6 VBE = 0.7; // i n V
7 VCC = 10.7; // i n V
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R_C = 10; // i n k
R_C = R_C *10^3; // i n
R_B = 10; // i n k
R_B = R_B *10^3; // i n
I1 = ( VCC - VBE ) / R_C ; // i n A
disp ( I1 *10^3 , The v a l u e o f I 1 i n mA i s : )
// P a r t ( b )
VC = -4; // i n V
VB = -10; // i n V
R_C = 5.6; // i n k
R_C = R_C *10^3; // i n
R_B = 2.4; // i n k
R_B = R_B *10^3; // i n
VCC =12; // V
I_C = ( VC - VB ) / R_B ; // i n A
V2 = VCC - ( R_C * I_C ) ;
disp ( V2 , The v a l u e o f V2 i n v o l t i s : ) ;
// P a r t ( c )
VCC = 0;
VCE = -10; // i n V
R_C = 10; // i n k
R_C = R_C *10^3; // i n
I_C = ( VCC - VCE ) / R_C ; // i n A
V4 = 1; // i n V
I3 = I_C ; // i n A ( a p p r o x )
disp ( V4 , The v a l u e o f V4 i n v o l t i s : ) ;
disp ( I3 *10^3 , The v a l u e o f I 3 i n mA i s : )
// P a r t ( d )
VBE = -10; // i n V
VCC = 10; // i n V
R_B = 5; // i n k
R_B = R_B *10^3; // i n
R_C = 15; // i n k
R_C = R_C *10^3; // i n
// I 5= I C and
// I 5= ( V60.7VBE) /R B and I C= (VCCV6 ) /R C
V6 = ( VCC * R_B + R_C *(0.7+ VBE ) ) /( R_C + R_B ) ;
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46 I5 = ( V6 -0.7 - VBE ) / R_B ; // i n A

47 disp ( I5 *10^3 , The v a l u e o f I 5 i n mA i s
: )
Scilab code Exa 3.21 Value of Bita and labelled voltage

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// Exa 3 . 2 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
// P a r t ( a )
V_C = 2; // i n V
R_C = 1; // i n k
R_C = R_C *10^3; // i n
V_B = 4.3; // i n V
R_B = 200; // i n k
R_B = R_B *10^3; // i n
I_C = V_C / R_C ; // i n A
I_B = V_B / R_B ; // i n A
bita = I_C / I_B ;
disp ( P a r t ( a ) )
A i s : )
disp ( bita , The v a l u e o f b i t a i s : )
// P a r t ( b )
V_C = 2.3; // i n V
R_C = 230; // i n k
R_C = R_C *10^3; // i n
V_B = 4.3; // i n V
R_B = 20; // i n k
R_B = R_B *10^3; // i n
I = V_C / R_C ; // c u r r e n t t h r o u g h 230
I C + I B in A
29 I_B = ( V_B - V_C ) / R_B ; // i n A
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resistro i . e .
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I_C = I - I_B ; // i n A
bita = abs ( I_C / I_B ) ;
disp ( P a r t ( b ) )
disp ( I_B *10^3 , Base c u r r e n t i n mA i s : )
// P a r t ( c )
V_E = 10; // i n V
R_E = 1; // i n k
R_E = R_E *10^3; // i n
V_1 = 7; // i n V
R_C = 1; // i n k
R_C = R_C *10^3; // i n
V_B = 6.3; // i n V
R_B = 100; // i n k
R_B = R_B *10^3; // i n
I_E = ( V_E - V_1 ) / R_C ; // i n A
I_C = I_E ; // i n A ( a p p r o x )
V_C = I_C * R_C ; // i n V
I_B = ( V_B - V_C ) / R_B ; // i n A
bita = I_E / I_B -1;
disp ( P a r t ( c ) )
disp ( I_E *10^3 , E m i t t e r c u r r e n t i n mA i s : )
A i s : )
disp ( V_C , C o l l e c t o r v o l t a g e i n v o l t s i s : )
// Note : I n t h e book t h e v a l u e o f b a s e c u r r e n t i n
t h e f i r s t p a r t i s wrong due t o c a l c u l a t i o n e r r o r .
59 //
In the part ( b ) the v a l u e s o f c o l l e c t o r
c u r r e n t and b i t a a r e wrong due t o c a l c u l a t i o n
e r r o r in the f i r s t l i n e of part (b)
Scilab code Exa 3.22 The emitter base and collector voltage and current
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// Exa 3 . 2 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
// P a r t ( a )
bita = 30;
R_C = 2.2; // i n k
R_C = R_C *10^3; // i n
R_B = 2.2; // i n k
R_B = R_B *10^3; // i n
VCC = 3; // i n V
VCE = -3; // i n V
VBE = 0.7; // i n V
V_B = 0; // i n V
V_E = V_B - VBE ; // i n V
I_E = ( V_E - VCE ) / R_B ; // i n
I_C = I_E ; // i n A
V_C = VCC - I_E * R_C ; // i n V
disp ( V_B , The v a l u e o f V
disp ( V_E , The v a l u e o f V
disp ( I_E *10^3 , The v a l u e
disp ( V_C , The v a l u e o f V
disp ( I_B *10^3 , The v a l u e
// P a r t ( b )
R_C = 560; // i n
R_B = 1.1; // i n k
R_B = R_B *10^3; // i n
VCC = 9; // i n V
VCE = 3; // i n V
V_B = 3; // i n V
V_E = V_B + VBE ; // i n V
I_E = ( VCC - V_E ) / R_B ; // i n
I_C = I_E * alpha ; // i n A
V_C = I_C * R_C ; // i n V
B in
E in
of I
C in
of I
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V
V
E
V
B
is
is
in
is
in
: )
: )
mA i s : )
: )
mA i s : )
39 I_B = I_C / bita ; // i n

40 disp ( P a r t ( b ) )
41 disp ( V_B , The v a l u e
42 disp ( V_E , The v a l u e
43 disp ( I_C *10^3 , The
44 disp ( V_C , The v a l u e
45 disp ( I_B *10^3 , The
A
of V
of V
value
of V
value
B in
E in
of I
C in
of I
V
V
E
V
B
is
is
in
is
in
: )
: )
mA i s : )
: )
mA i s : )
Scilab code Exa 3.23 Value of VE VC and alpha bita

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// Exa 3 . 2 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
VBE = 0.7; // i n V
VCC = 9; // i n V
VCE = -9; // i n V
V_B = -1.5; // i n V
R_C = 10; // i n k
R_C = R_C *10^3; // i n
R_B = 10; // i n k
R_B = R_B *10^3; // i n
I_B = abs ( V_B ) / R_B ; // i n A
V_E = V_B - VBE ; // i n V
disp ( V_E , The v a l u e o f V E i n v o l t i s : )
I_E = ( V_E - VCE ) / R_B ; // i n A
disp ( alpha , The v a l u e o f a l p h a i n v o l t i s : )
disp ( bita , The v a l u e o f b i t a i n v o l t i s : )
V_C = VCC - I_E * alpha * R_C ; // i n V
disp ( V_C , The v a l u e o f V C i n v o l t i s : )
// When b i t a = i n f i n i t e t h e n
alpha = 1 ; // As i n f i n i t e /(1+ i n f i n i t e ) = 1
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26 I_B = 0;
27 V_B =0;
28 V_C = VCC - I_E * R_C ; //
29 disp ( When B i t a =
30 disp ( V_B , The v a l u e
31 disp ( V_E , The v a l u e
32 disp ( V_C , The v a l u e
in volt
infinite
of V B
of V E
of V C
t h e n : )
in v o l t i s : )
in v o l t i s : )
in v o l t i s : )
Scilab code Exa 3.24 Current flow

1 // Exa 3 . 2 4
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a
6 VBE_1 = 0.7; // i n V
7 VBE_2 = 0.5; // i n V
8 V_T = 0.025; // i n V
9 I_C1 = 10; // i n mV
10 I_C1 = I_C1 *10^ -3; // i n A
(i)
11 //
I C 1= I S %e ( VBE 1/V T )
12 //
I C 2= I S %e ( VBE 2/V T )
( ii )
13 // D e v i d e e q u a t i o n ( i i ) by ( i )
14 I_C2 = I_C1 * %e ^(( VBE_2 - VBE_1 ) / V_T ) ; // i n A
A is
15 disp ( I_C2 *10^6 , The v a l u e o f I C 2 i n

1 // Exa 3 . 2 5
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a
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R1 = 10; // i n k
R1 = R1 *10^3; // i n
R2 = 10; // i n k
R2 = R2 *10^3; // i n
I_C =.5; // mA
V_T = 0.025; // i n V
I_C = I_C *10^ -3; // i n A
V = 10; // i n V
Vth = V * R1 /( R1 + R2 ) ; // i n V
Rth = R1 * R2 /( R1 + R2 ) ; // i n
vo = I_C * Rth ; // i n V
vi = V_T ; // i n V
vo_by_vi = vo / vi ; // i n V/V
disp ( vo_by_vi , The v a l u e o f vo / v i i n V/V i s : )
Scilab code Exa 3.27 Value of VB VC and VE

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// Exa 3 . 2 7
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
V_B = 2; // i n V
V_CC =5; // i n V
V_BE = 0.7; // i n V
R_E = 1*10^3; // i n
R_C = 1*10^3; // i n
V_E = V_B - V_BE ; // i n V
I_E = V_E / R_E ; // i n A
I_C = I_E ; // i n A
V_C = V_CC - I_C * R_C ; // i n V
disp ( At V B= +2 V )
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// P a r t ( b )
V_B = 0; // i n V
V_E = 0; // i n V
I_E = 0; // i n A
V_C = 5; // i n V
disp ( At V B= 0 V )
Scilab code Exa 3.28 Value of VE and VC

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// Exa 3 . 2 8
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
V_B = 0; // i n V
R_E =1*10^3; // i n
R_C =1*10^3; // i n
V_CC =5; // i n V
V_BE = 0.7; // i n V
V_E = V_B - V_BE ; // i n V
I_E = (1+ V_E ) / R_E ; // i n A
I_C = I_E ; // ( a p p r o x ) i n A
V_C = V_CC - I_C * R_C ; // i n V
disp ( P a r t ( i ) )
disp ( V_E , The v a l u e o f V E
disp ( V_C , The v a l u e o f V C
// For s a t u r a t i o n
V_CE =0.2 ; // V
V_CB = -0.5; // i n V
// I C= 5V C/R C and V C=
// I C= (5.2 V E ) /R C
// I E= ( V E+1) /R E and a t
I C=I E ,
i n v o l t i s : );
i n v o l t i s : );
V EVCE, So
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the edge o f s a t u r a t i o n
24 V_E = 4.2/2; // / i n V
25 V_B = V_E +0.7; // i n V
26 V_C = V_E +0.2; // i n V
27 disp ( P a r t ( i i ) )
28 disp ( V_E , The v a l u e o f
29 disp ( V_B , The v a l u e o f
30 disp ( V_C , The v a l u e o f
31
32 // Note : I n t h e book ,
V E i n v o l t s i s : );
V B i n v o l t s i s : );
V C i n v o l t s i s : );
there i s a miss p r i n t in the

l a s t l i n e o f t h i s q u e s t i o n b e c a u s e V E+0.2=
2.1+0.2 = 2.3
( n o t 2 . 8 ) , s o a n s w e r i n t h e book
i s wrong
Scilab code Exa 3.29 Value of VB IB IE IC VC alpha and bita

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// Exa 3 . 2 9
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
V_CC =5; // i n V
V_E = 1; // i n V
V_BE = 0.7; // i n V
R_E =5*10^3; // i n
R_C =5*10^3; // i n
R_B = 20*10^3; // i n
I_E = ( V_CC - V_E ) / R_E ; // i n A
// For pnp t r a n s i s t o r V BE= V EV B
V_B = V_E - V_BE ; // i n V
I_B = V_B / R_B ; // i n A
I_C = I_E - I_B ; // i n A
V_C = I_C * R_C - V_CC ; // i n V
bita = I_C / I_B ;
alpha = I_C / I_E ;
disp ( V_B , The v a l u e o f V B i n v o l t s i s : ) ;
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disp ( I_B *10^3 , The v a l u e o f I B i n mA i s

disp ( I_E *10^3 , The v a l u e o f I E i n mA i s
disp ( I_C *10^3 , The v a l u e o f I C i n mA i s
disp ( V_C , The v a l u e o f V C i n v o l t s i s :
disp ( bita , The v a l u e o f b i t a i s : ) ;
disp ( alpha , The v a l u e o f a l p h a i s : ) ;
: );
: );
: );
);
Scilab code Exa 3.30 DC voltage and value of gm

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// Exa 3 . 3 0
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
V_CC =5; // i n V
V_T = 0.025; // i n V
R_C =7.5*10^3; // i n
I_C = 0.5; // i n mA
I_C = I_C *10^ -3; // i n A
I_E = I_C ; // ( a p p r o x ) i n A
V_C = V_CC - I_C * R_C ; // i n V
disp ( V_C , dc v o l t a g e a t t h e c o l l e c t o r i n v o l t i s :
)
gm = I_C / V_T ; // i n A/V
disp ( gm *10^3 , The v a l u e o f gm i n mA/V i s : )
// v b e= v i
// v c= gm v b e R C
vcbyvi = gm * R_C ; // i n V/V
disp ( vcbyvi , The v a l u e o f vc / v i i n V/V i s : )
Scilab code Exa 3.31 Input resistance and overall voltage gain
1
// Exa 3 . 3 1
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clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
V_T = 0.025; // i n V
I_E = 0.5; // i n mA
I_E = I_E *10^ -3; // i n mA
Rsig = 50; // i n
R_C = 5*10^3; // i n
re = V_T / I_E ; // i n ohm
Rin = Rsig + re ; // i n ohm
disp ( Rin , I n p u t r e s i s t a n c e i n
i s : )
// P a r t ( b )
// vo= 0.99 i e R C and i e = v s i g / Rin
vo_by_v_sig = 0.99* R_C / Rin ; // i n V/V
disp ( vo_by_v_sig , The v a l u e o f vo / v s i g i n V/V i s :
)
Scilab code Exa 3.32 Input resistance and overall voltage gain
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// Exa 3 . 3 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
bita = 200;
R_C = 100; // i n
R_B = 10; // i n k
Rsig = 1; // i n k
Rsig = Rsig *10^3; // i n
R_B = R_B *10^3; // i n
V_T = 25*10^ -3;
V =1.5; // i n V
I_E = 10; // i n mA
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I_E = I_E *10^ -3; // i n A

I_C = alpha * I_E ; // i n A
V_C = I_C * R_C ; // i n V
V_B = V -( R_B * I_B )
gm = I_C / V_T ; // i n A/V
rpi = bita / gm ; // i n
Rib = rpi ; // i n
disp ( Rib , The v a l u e o f Rib i n
i s : )
Rin = R_B * rpi /( R_B + rpi ) ; // i n
disp ( Rin , The v a l u e o f Rin i n
i s : )
// vbe= v s i g Rin / ( R s i g+Rin ) ;
vbe_by_vsig = Rin /( Rsig + Rin ) ;
// vo= gm vbe R C and = gm v s i g Rin / ( R s i g+Rin )
vo_by_vsig = - gm * R_C * vbe_by_vsig ; // i n V/V
disp ( vo_by_vsig , O v e r a l l v o l t a g e g a i n i n V/V i s : )
// i f
vo = 0.4; // ( ) i n V
vs = vo / abs ( vo_by_vsig ) ; // i n V
vbe = vbe_by_vsig * vs ; // i n V
disp ( vs *10^3 , The v a l u e o f v s i g i n mV i s : )
disp ( vbe *10^3 , The v a l u e o f v b e i n mV i s : )
// Note : There i s some d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n i n t h i s
c o d i n g and book s o l u t i o n . But Coding i s c o r r e c t .
Scilab code Exa 3.33 Value of alpha bita and Is

1 // Exa 3 . 3 3
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a
6 V_T = 0.025; // i n V
7 // P a r t ( a )
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V_BE = 690; // i n mV
V_BE = V_BE *10^ -3; // i n V
I_C = 1; // i n mA
I_B = 50; // i n
A
I_C = I_C *10^ -3; // i n A
I_B = I_B *10^ -6; // i n A
bita = I_C / I_B ;
I_E = I_C / alpha ; // i n A
// I C= I S %e ( V BE/V T )
I_S = I_C /( %e ^( V_BE / V_T ) ) ;
disp ( alpha , The v a l u e o f a l p h a i s : )
// P a r t ( b )
V_BE = 690; // i n mV
V_BE = V_BE *10^ -3; // i n V
I_C = 1; // i n mA
I_C = I_C *10^ -3; // i n A
I_E = 1.070; // i n mA
I_E = I_E *10^ -3; // i n A
bita = I_C / I_B ;
alpha = I_C / I_E ;
bita = alpha /(1 - alpha ) ;
// I C= I S %e ( V BE/V T )
I_S = I_C /( %e ^( V_BE / V_T ) ) ;
disp ( I_B *10^6 , The v a l u e o f I B i n
A i s : )
// P a r t ( c )
disp ( P a r t (C) )
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V_BE = 580; // i n mV
V_BE = V_BE *10^ -3; // i n V
I_E = 0.137; // i n mA
I_B = 7; // i n
A
I_E = I_E *10^ -3; // i n A
I_B = I_B *10^ -6; // i n A
// I C= a l p h a I E = b i t a I B
// I C= I S %e ( V BE/V T )
I_S = I_C /( %e ^( V_BE / V_T ) ) ;
// P a r t ( d )
disp ( P a r t ( d ) )
V_BE = 780; // i n mV
V_BE = V_BE *10^ -3; // i n V
I_C = 10.10; // i n mA
I_B = 120; // i n
A
I_C = I_C *10^ -3; // i n A
I_B = I_B *10^ -6; // i n A
bita = I_C / I_B ;
I_E = I_C / alpha ; // i n A
// I C= I S %e ( V BE/V T )
I_S = I_C /( %e ^( V_BE / V_T ) ) ;
// P a r t ( e )
disp ( P a r t ( e ) )
V_BE = 820; // i n mV
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V_BE = V_BE *10^ -3; // i n V

I_E = 75; // i n mA
I_B = 1050; // i n
A
I_E = I_E *10^ -3; // i n A
I_B = I_B *10^ -6; // i n A
// I C= a l p h a I E = b i t a I B
// I C= I S %e ( V BE/V T )
I_S = I_C /( %e ^( V_BE / V_T ) ) ;
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Chapter 4
Differential Amplifiers
Scilab code Exa 4.1 Value of ic1 and vce1

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// Exa 4 . 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
V_CC = 10; // i n v o l t
V_EE = -10; // i n v o l t
I = 1; // i n mA
I = I *10^ -3; // i n A
R_C = 10; // i n kohm
R_C = R_C *10^3; // i n kohm
V_BE =0.7; // i n v o l t
i_C1 = I /2; // i n A
i_C2 = i_C1 ; // i n A
disp ( i_C1 *10^3 , V a l u e o f i C 1 i n mA i s : )
V_C1 = V_CC - i_C1 * R_C ; // i n V
// For V cm=0 v o l t
V_E = -0.7; // i n v o l t
V_CE1 = V_C1 - V_E ; // i n v o l t
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disp ( V_CE1 , For V cm =0 , The a l u e o f V CE1 i n v o l t

i s )
23
24 // For V cm= 5 v o l t
25 V_cm = -5; // i n V
26 V_B = V_cm ; // i n V
27 // From V BE= V BV E
28 V_E = V_B - V_BE ; // i n v o l t
29 V_CE1 = V_C1 - V_E ; // i n v o l t
30 disp ( V_CE1 , For V cm =5V , The a l u e o f V CE1 i n
v o l t i s )
31
32 // For V cm= 5 v o l t
33 V_cm = 5; // i n V
34 V_B = V_cm ; // i n V
35 V_E = V_B - V_BE ; // i n v o l t
36 V_CE1 = V_C1 - V_E ; // i n v o l t
37 disp ( V_CE1 , For V cm =5V , The a l u e o f V CE1 i n
i s )
Scilab code Exa 4.2 Value of VOV and VGS

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// Exa 4 . 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
V_DD = 1.5; // i n V
V_SS = V_DD ; // i n V
KnWL = 4; // i n mA/V2
KnWL = KnWL *10^ -3; // i n A/V2
Vt = 0.5; // i n V
I =0.4; // i n mA
I = I *10^ -3; // i n A
R_D = 2.5; // i n k
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R_D = R_D *10^3; // i n

// P a r t ( a )
V_OV = sqrt ( I / KnWL ) ; // i n V
disp ( V_OV , V a l u e o f V OV i n v o l t i s : )
disp ( V_GS , V a l u e o f V GS i n v o l t i s : )
// P a r t ( b )
V_CM = 0; // i n v o l t
V_S = - V_GS ; // i n v o l t
disp ( V_S , V a l u e o f V S i n v o l t i s
I =0.4; // i n mA
i_D1 = I /2; // i n mA
disp ( i_D1 , V a l u e o f i D 1 i n mA i s
i_D1 = i_D1 *10^ -3; // i n A
V_D1 = V_DD - i_D1 * R_D ; // i n V
V_D2 = V_D1 ; // i n V
disp ( V_D1 , V a l u e o f V D1 i n v o l t
// P a r t ( c )
disp ( P a r t ( c ) )
V_CM =1; // i n V
V_GS = 0.82; // i n V
V_G = 1; // i n V
V_S = V_G - V_GS ; // i n V
disp ( V_S , V a l u e o f V S i n v o l t i s
i_D1 = I /2; // i n mA
disp ( i_D1 , V a l u e o f i D 1 i n mA i s
i_D1 = i_D1 *10^ -3; // i n A
V_D1 = V_DD - i_D1 * R_D ; // i n V
V_D2 = V_D1 ; // i n V
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: )
: )
i s )
i s )
: )
: )
i s )
i s )
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53 // P a r t ( d )
54 disp ( P a r t ( d ) )
55 V_CM_max = Vt + V_DD - i_D1 * R_D
56 disp ( V_CM_max , H i g h e s t v a l u e o f V CM i n v o l t i s : )
57
58 // P a r t ( e )
59 V_S = 0.4; // i n V
60 disp ( P a r t ( e ) )
61 V_CM_min = - V_SS + V_S + Vt + V_OV ; // i n V
62 disp ( V_CM_min , Lowest v a l u e o f V CM i n v o l t i s )
63 V_Smin = V_CM_min - V_GS ; // i n v o l t
64 disp ( V_Smin , Lowest v a l u e o f V S i n v o l t i s )
Scilab code Exa 4.3 Required values of WbyL

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// Exa 4 . 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5)
// Given d a t a
I = 0.4; // i n mA
unCox = 0.2; // i n mA/V2
i_D = I /2; // i n mA
V_OV1 = 0.2; // i n V
V_OV2 = 0.3; // i n V
V_OV3 = 0.4; // i n V
WbyL1 = 2* i_D /( unCox * V_OV1 ^2) ;
gm1 = I / V_OV1 ; // i n mA/V
WbyL2 = 2* i_D /( unCox * V_OV2 ^2) ;
gm2 = I / V_OV2 ; // i n mA/V
WbyL3 = 2* i_D /( unCox * V_OV3 ^2) ;
gm3 = I / V_OV3 ; // i n mA/V
disp ( Vov ( i n V)
+ string ( V_OV1 ) +
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+ string ( V_OV2 ) +
20
V_OV3 ) )
disp ( W/L
+ string (
+ string ( WbyL1 ) +
+ string ( WbyL2 ) +
+ string (
WbyL3 ) )
21 disp ( gm( i n mA/V)
+ string ( gm2 ) +
+ string ( gm1 ) +
+ string ( gm3 ) )
Scilab code Exa 4.4 Value of VOV gm ro and Ad

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// Exa 4 . 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
format ( v ,11)
V_A = 20; // i n V
R_D = 5; // i n k
R_D = R_D *10^3; // i n
I = 0.8; // i n mA
I = I *10^ -3; // i n A
i_D = I /2; // i n A
unCox = 0.2; // mA/V2
WbyL = 100;
// Formula i D= 1/2 unCox WbyLV OV2
V_OV = sqrt (2* i_D /( unCox * WbyL ) ) ; // i n V
disp ( V_OV , The v a l u e o f V OV i n v o l t s i s : )
gm = I / V_OV ; // i n A/V ;
disp ( gm *10^3 , The v a l u e o f gm i n mA/V i s : )
r_o = V_A / i_D ; // i n
disp ( r_o *10^ -3 , The v a l u e o f r o i n k
i s : )
// Ad= v o / v i d = gm ( R D | | r o )
Ad = gm *( R_D * r_o /( R_D + r_o ) ) ; // i n V/V
disp ( Ad , D i f f e r e n t i a l g a i n i n V/V i s : )
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Scilab code Exa 4.5 Differential gain

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// Exa 4 . 5
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
R_D = 5; // i n k
R_D = R_D *10^3; // i n
R_SS = 25; // i n k
R_SS = R_SS *10^3; // i n
I = 0.8; // i n mA
I = I *10^ -3; // i n A
i_D = I /2; // i n A
unCox = 0.2; // mA/V2
WbyL = 100;
gm = i_D / V_OV ; // i n A/V ;
// P a r t ( a )
Ad = 1/2* gm * R_D ; // i n V/V
Acm = - R_D /(2* R_SS ) ; // i n V/V
disp ( Acm , Common mode g a i n i n V/V i s )
CMRR = abs ( Ad ) / abs ( Acm ) ;
CMRRindB = round (20* log10 ( CMRR ) ) ; // i n dB
disp ( CMRRindB , Common mode r e j e c t i o n r a t i o i n dB i s
: )
// P a r t ( b )
disp ( P a r t ( b ) when o u t p u t i s t a k e n d i f f e r e n t i a l l y )
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32 Ad = gm * R_D ; // i n V/V
33 disp ( Ad , D i f f e r e n t i a l g a i n i n V/V i s : )
34 Acm = 0;
35 disp ( Acm , Common mode g a i n i n V/V i s )
36 // CMRRindB= 20 l o g 1 0 ( Ad/Acm) = i n f i n i t e ; / / i n dB
37 disp ( Common mode r e j e c t i o n r a t i o i n dB i s : )
38 disp ( i n f i n i t e ) ;
39
40 // P a r t ( c )
41 disp ( P a r t ( c ) when o u t p u t i s t a k e n d i f f e r e n t i a l l y
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but t h e d r a i n r e s i s t a n c e have a 1% mismatch . )

Ad = gm * R_D ; // i n V/V
// d e l t a R D= 1% o f R D
delta_R_D = R_D *1/100; // i n
Acm = R_D /(2* R_SS ) * delta_R_D / R_D ; // i n V/V
disp ( Acm , Common mode g a i n i n V/V i s )
CMRRindB = 20* log10 ( abs ( Ad ) / abs ( Acm ) ) ; // i n dB
disp ( CMRRindB , Common mode r e j e c t i o n r a t i o i n dB i s
: )
// Note : I n t h e book , t h e r e i s p u t t i n g wrong v a l u e
o f Ad ( 2 0 a t p l a c e o f 1 0 ) t o e v a l u a t e t h e v a l u e
o f CMRR i n dB i n p a r t ( c ) , So t h e a n s w e r o f CMRR
i n dB o f P a r t ( c ) i s wrong
Scilab code Exa 4.6 CMRR

1 // Exa 4 . 6
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a ( From Exa 4 . 4 )
6 R_D = 5; // i n k
7 R_D = R_D *10^3; // i n
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R_SS = 25; // i n k
R_SS = R_SS *10^3; // i n
I = 0.8; // i n mA
I = I *10^ -3; // i n A
i_D = I /2; // i n A
unCox = 0.2; // mA/V2
WbyL = 100;
gm = i_D / V_OV ; // i n A/V ;
// gm mismatch have a n e g l i g i b l e e f f e c t on Ad
Ad = gm * R_D ; // i n V/V( a p p r o x )
// d e l t a g m= 1% o f gm
delta_gm = gm *1/100; // i n A/V
Acm = R_D /(2* R_SS ) * delta_gm / gm ;
CMRRindB = 20* log10 ( Ad / Acm ) ;
disp ( CMRRindB , CMRR i n dB i s : )
Scilab code Exa 4.7 Value of VE VC1 and VC2

1 // Exa 4 . 7
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a
6 V_CM = 0;
7 V_BE = -0.7; // i n v o l t
8 v_E = V_CM - V_BE ; // i n v o l t
9 disp ( v_E , V a l u e o f v E i n v o l t s
10
11 I_E = (5 -0.7) /10^3; // i n A
12 v_B1 = 0.5; // i n V
13 v_B2 = 0; // i n V
14 // Due t o Q1 i s o f f ; t h e r e f o r e
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i s : )
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v_C1 = -5; // i n V
v_C2 = I_E *10^3 -5; // i n V
disp ( v_C1 , V a l u e o f v C1 i n v o l t s i s : )
disp ( v_C2 , V a l u e o f v C2 i n v o l t s i s : )
Scilab code Exa 4.8 Input differential signal

1 // Exa 4 . 8
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a
6 iE1_by_I = 0.99;
// a s i t i s g i v e n t h a t i E 1= 0 . 9 9 I
7 VT = 0.025; // i n v o l t
8 // Formula i E 1= I /(1+%e( v i d /VT) )
9 // %e( v i d /VT)= 1/ i E 1 b y I 1
10 vid = log ( 1/ iE1_by_I -1) *( - VT ) ; // i n v o l t
11 disp ( round ( vid *10^3) , I n p u t d i f f e r e n t i a l s i g n a l i n
mVis : )
Scilab code Exa 4.9 Input differential resistance

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// Exa 4 . 9
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
Bita = 100;
// P a r t ( a )
RE = 150; // i n
VT = 25; // i n mV
VT = VT *10^ -3; // i n V
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12 IE = 0.5; // i n mA
13 IE = IE *10^ -3; // i n A
14 re1 = VT / IE ; // i n
15 R_id = 2*( Bita +1) *( re1 + RE ) ; // i n
16 R_id = round ( R_id *10^ -3) ; // i n k
17 disp ( R_id , The i n p u t d i f f e r e n t i a l
r e s i s t a n c e in
i s : )
18
19 // P a r t ( b )
20 RC =10; // i n k
21 RC = RC *10^3; // i n
22 Rsig = 5+5; // i n k
23 VoltageGain1 = R_id /( Rsig + R_id ) ; // v o l t a g e g a i n from
t h e s i g n a l s o u r c e t o t h e b a s e o f Q1 and Q2 i n V/V
VoltageGain2 = 2* RC /(2*( re1 + RE ) ) ; // v o l t a g e g a i n from
t h e b a s e s t o t h e o u t p u t i n V/V
25 Ad = VoltageGain1 * VoltageGain2 ; // i n V/V
26 disp ( Ad , The o v e r a l l d i f f e r e n t i a l v o l t a g e g a i n i n V/
V i s );
24
27
28 // P a r t ( c )
29 delta_RC = 0.02* RC ;
30 R_EE = 200; // i n k
31 R_EE = R_EE *10^3; // i n
32 Acm = RC /(2* R_EE ) * delta_RC / RC ; // i n V/V
33 disp ( Acm , Common mode g a i n i n V/V i s : )
34
35 // P a r t ( d )
36 CMRRindB = 20* log10 ( Ad / Acm ) ; // i n dB
37 disp ( CMRRindB , CMRR i n dB i s : )
38
39 // P a r t ( e )
40 V_A = 100; // i n V
41 r_o = V_A /( IE ) ; // i n
42 // Ricm= ( B i t a +1) ( R EE | | r o / 2 )
43 Ricm = ( Bita +1) *( R_EE *( r_o /2) /( R_EE +( r_o /2) ) ) ;
44 disp ( Ricm *10^ -6 , I n p u t common mode r e s i s t a n c e i n
i s : )
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Scilab code Exa 4.10 Three components of input offset voltage

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// Exa 4 . 1 0
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
delta_RDbyRD = 2/100;
delta_WLbyWL = 2/100;
delta_Vt = 2; // i n mV
delta_Vt = delta_Vt *10^ -3; // i n V
// ( From Exa 4 . 4 )
V_A = 20; // i n V
R_D = 5; // i n k
R_D = R_D *10^3; // i n
I = 0.8; // i n mA
I = I *10^ -3; // i n A
i_D = I /2; // i n A
unCox = 0.2; // mA/V2
WbyL = 100;
V_OS1 = V_OV /2* delta_RDbyRD ; // i n V
// V OS due t o W/L r a t i o
V_OS2 = V_OV /2* delta_WLbyWL ; // i n V
// V OS due t o t h r e s h o l d v o l t a g e
V_OS3 = delta_Vt ; // i n V
// T o t a l o f f s e t v o l t a g e
V_OS = sqrt ( V_OS1 ^2+ V_OS2 ^2+ V_OS3 ^2) ; // i n V
V_OS = V_OS *10^3; // i n mV
disp ( V_OS , T o t a l o f f s e t v o l t a g e i n mV i s : )
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Scilab code Exa 4.11 Value of Gm Ro Ad Acm and CMRR

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// Exa 4 . 1 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
WLn = 100;
WLp = 200;
unCox = 0.2; // mA/V2
RSS = 25; // i n k
RSS = RSS *10^3; // i n
I =0.8; // i n mA
I = I *10^ -3; // i n A
V_A = 20; // i n V
i_D = I /2; // i n A
// Formula i D= 1/2 unCox WLnV OV2
V_OV = sqrt (2* i_D /( unCox * WLn ) ) ; // i n V
gm = I / V_OV ; // i n A/V
disp ( gm *10^3 , V a l u e o f Gm i n mA/V i s : )
ro2 = V_A /( I /2) ; // i n ohm
ro4 = ro2 ; // i n ohm
Ro = ro2 * ro4 /( ro2 + ro4 ) ; // i n ohm
disp ( Ro *10^ -3 , V a l u e o f Ro i n k
i s : )
Ad = gm * Ro ; // i n V/V
disp ( Ad , V a l u e o f Ad i n V/V i s : )
// F i n d i n g t h e v a l u e o f gm3
upCox = 0.1; // mA/V2
upCox = upCox *10^ -3; // i n A/V2
// Formula i D= 1/2 upCox WLpV OV2
V_OV = sqrt (2* i_D /( upCox * WLp ) ) ; // i n V
gm3 = I / V_OV ; // i n A/V
Acm = 1/(2* gm3 * RSS ) ; // i n V/V
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disp ( abs ( Acm ) , V a l u e o f | Acm | i n V/V i s : )

CMRRindB = 20* log10 ( abs ( Ad ) / abs ( Acm ) ) ; // i n dB
disp ( round ( CMRRindB ) ,CMRR i n dB i s : )
Scilab code Exa 4.12 Value of Gm Ro Ad and Rid

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// Exa 4 . 1 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
I =0.8; // i n mA
I = I *10^ -3; // i n A
V_A = 100; // i n V
Bita =160;
VT =25; // i n mV
VT = VT *10^ -3; // i n V
gm = ( I /2) / VT ; // i n A/V
Gm = gm ; // S h o r t c i r c u i t t r n s c o n d u c t a n c e i n mA/V
disp ( Gm *10^3 , The v a l u e o f Gm i n mA/V )
ro2 = V_A /( I /2) ; // i n ohm
ro4 = ro2 ; // i n ohm
Ro = ro2 * ro4 /( ro2 + ro4 ) ; // i n ohm
disp ( Ro *10^ -3 , The v a l u e o f Ro i n k
i s : )
Ad = Gm * Ro ; // i n V/V
disp ( Ad , V a l u e o f Ad i n V/V i s : )
r_pi = Bita / gm ; // i n
Rid = 2* r_pi ; // i n
disp ( Rid *10^ -3 , The v a l u e o f Rid i n k
i s : )
Scilab code Exa 4.13 Value of VOV and VGS

1
// Exa 4 . 1 3
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clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
Vtp = -0.8; // i n V
KpWL = 3.5; // i n mA/V2
I =0.7; // i n mA
I = I *10^ -3; // i n A
R_D = 2; // i n k
R_D = R_D *10^3; // i n
KpWL = KpWL *10^ -3; // i n A/V2
v_G1 = 0; // i n V
v_G2 = v_G1 ; // i n V
VSS = 2.5; // i n V
VDD = VSS ; // i n V
VCS = 0.5; // i n V
// P a r t ( a )
V_OV = - sqrt ( I / KpWL ) ; // i n V
disp ( V_OV , The v a l u e o f V OV i n v o l t s i s : )
V_GS = V_OV + Vtp ; // i n V
disp ( V_GS , The v a l u e o f V GS i n v o l t s i s : )
V_G = 0; // a s g a t e i s c o n n e c t e d g r o u n d
v_S1 = V_G - V_GS ; // i n V
v_S2 = v_S1 ; // i n V
disp ( v_S1 , The v a l u e o f V S i n v o l t s i s : )
v_D1 = I /2* R_D - VDD ; // i n V
v_D2 = v_D1 ; // i n V
disp ( v_D1 , The v a l u e o f v D1 i n V i s : )
disp ( v_D2 , The v a l u e o f v D2 i n V i s : )
// P a r t ( b )
V_CMmin = I * R_D /2 - VDD + Vtp ; // i n V
V_CMmax = VSS - VCS + Vtp + V_OV ; // i n V
disp ( V_CMmin , The v a l u e o f V CMmin i n v o l t i s : )
disp ( V_CMmax , The v a l u e o f V CMmax i n v o l t i s : )
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Scilab code Exa 4.14 Ratio of W and L

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// Exa 4 . 1 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
V_OV = 0.2; // i n V
gm =1; // i n mA/V
gm = gm *10^ -3; // i n A/V
Vt =0.8; // i n V
unCox = 90; // i n
A /V2
// gm= I /V OV
I = gm * V_OV ; // i n A
disp ( I *10^3 , B i a s c u r r e n t i n mA i s : )
I_D = I /2; // i n A
// Formula I D= 1 /2 unCox WLnV OV2
WbyL = 2* I_D /( unCox * V_OV ^2) ;
disp ( WbyL , W/L r a t i o i s : )
Scilab code Exa 4.15 Value of VOV gm ro and Ad

1 // Exa 4 . 1 5
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a
6 I =0.5; // i n mA
7 I = I *10^ -3; // i n A
8 WbyL = 50;
9 unCox = 250; // i n
A /V2
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V_A = 10; // i n V
R_D = 4; // i n k
R_D = R_D *10^3; // i n
V_OV = sqrt ( I /( WbyL * unCox ) ) ; // i n V
disp ( V_OV , The v a l u e o f V OV i n V i s : )
gm = I / V_OV ; // i n A/V
disp ( gm *10^3 , The v a l u e o f gm i n mA/V i s )
I_D = I /2; // i n A
ro = V_A / I_D ; // i n
disp ( ro *10^ -3 , The v a l u e o f r o i n k
i s : )
Ad = gm *( R_D * ro /( R_D + ro ) ) ; // i n V/V
disp ( Ad , The v a l u e o f Ad i n V/V i s : )
Scilab code Exa 4.16 Voltage at emitter and outputs

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// Exa 4 . 1 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
I =1; // i n mA
I = I *10^ -3; // i n A
i_C =1; // i n mA
i_C = i_C *10^ -3; // i n A
V_CC = 5; // i n V
V_CM = -2; // i n V
V_BE = 0.7; // i n V
R_C = 3; // i n k
R_C = R_C *10^3; // i n
Alpha =1;
Bita =100;
V_B = 1; // i n V
i_C1 = Alpha * I ; // i n A
i_C2 =0;
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20 v_E = V_B - V_BE ; // i n V

21 disp ( v_E , E m i t t e r s v o l t a g e i n v o l t s i s : )
22 v_C1 = V_CC - i_C1 * R_C ; // i n V
23 v_C2 = V_CC - i_C2 * R_C ; // i n V
24 disp ( Output v o l t a g e i s + string ( v_C1 ) + V and +
string ( v_C2 ) + V )
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Chapter 5
Feedback Amplifiers
Scilab code Exa 5.1 Percentage of output which is feedback to input

1 // Exa 5 . 1
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a
6 A = 800; // u n i t l e s s
7 Af = 50; // u n i t l e s s
8 // Formula Af= A/(1+ B i t a A)
9 Bita = 1/ Af -1/ A ;
10 disp ( Bita *100 , P e r c e n t a g e o f o u t p u t which i s
feedback to the input in % i s

1 // Exa 5 . 2
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
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// Given d a t a
Af = 100; // u n i t l e s s
Vi = 50; // i n mV
Vi = Vi *10^ -3; // i n V
Vs = 0.5; // i n V
// Formula Af= Vo/ Vs
Vo = Af * Vs ; // i n V
A = Vo / Vi ;
disp (A , V a l u e o f A i s : )
// Formula Af= A/(1+BA)
B = 1/ Af -1/ A ;
B = B *100; // i n %
disp (B , V a l u e o f B i s i n p e r c e n t : )
Scilab code Exa 5.3 Value of fL and fH

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// Exa 5 . 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
Bita = 5/100;
f_H = 50; // i n kHz
f_H = f_H *10^3; // i n Hz
f_L = 50; // i n kHz
Amid = 1000;
f_LF = f_L /(1+ Bita * Amid ) ; // i n Hz
f_HF = f_H *(1+ Bita * Amid ) ; // i n Hz
disp ( f_LF , V a l u e o f f L F i n Hz i s : )
disp ( f_HF *10^ -6 , V a l u e o f f L F i n MHz i s : )
Scilab code Exa 5.4 Value of Bita and Af

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1 // Exa 5 . 4
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a
6 dAf_by_Af = 0.2/100;
7 dA_by_A = 150/2000;
8 A =2000;
9 // Formula d A f b y A f = 1/(1+ B i t a A) dA by A
10 Bita = dA_by_A /( A * dAf_by_Af ) -1/ A ;
11 Af = A /(1+ Bita * A ) ;
12 disp ( Bita *100 , V a l u e o f B i t a i n p e r c e n t i s )
13 disp ( Af , V a l u e o f Af i s : )
Scilab code Exa 5.5 Fraction of the output that is feebback to input
1 // Exa 5 . 5
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a
6 Av = 140;
7 Avf = 17.5;
8 // Formula Avf= Av/(1+Av B i t a )
9 Bita = 1/ Avf -1/ Av ;
10 disp ( Bita , F r a c t i o n o f t h e o u t p u t
i s )
Scilab code Exa 5.6 Fraction of the output voltage feedback

1 // Exa 5 . 6
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
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// Given d a t a
Av = 100;
Avf = 50;
// Formula Avf= Av/(1+Av B i t a )
Bita = 1/ Avf -1/ Av ;
disp ( Bita , The v l a u e o f b i t a i s )
// P a r t ( i i )
Avf = 75;
Av = Avf /(1 - Bita * Avf )
disp ( Av , V a l u e o f a m p l i f i e r g a i n i s : )
Scilab code Exa 5.7 Percentage reduction in stage gain

// Exa 5 . 7
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
Av = 50;
Avf = 25;
Bita = 1/ Avf -1/ Av ;
// P a r t ( i )
Av =50;
Avf = 40;
Perc_reduction = ( Av - Avf ) / Av *100; // P e r c e n t a g e o f
reduction in stage gain in %
14 disp ( Perc_reduction , Without f e e d b a c k , p e r c e n t a g e o f
r e d u c t i o n in s t a g e gain in % i s : )
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16 // P a r t ( i i )
17 Av = 40;
18 Avf = 25;
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gain_with_neg_feed = Av /(1+ Bita * Av ) ;

Perc_reduction = ( Avf - gain_with_neg_feed ) / Avf *100; //
in %
21 disp ( Perc_reduction , With f e e d b a c k , p e r c e n t a g e
r e d u c t i o n in s t a g e gain in % i s : )
Scilab code Exa 5.8 Bandwidth of a feedback amplifiers

1 // Exa 5 . 8
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a
6 Ao = 10^4;
7 Afo = 50;
8 omega_H = 2* %pi *100; // i n r a d / s
9 // Formula Afo= Ao/(1+Ao B i t a )
10 Bita = 1/ Afo -1/ Ao ;
11 omega_f_H = omega_H *(1+ Ao * Bita ) ;
12 disp ( C l o s e d l o o p bandwidth i n r a d / s i s :
)
13 disp ( string ( omega_f_H ) + o r 2 %pi 2 0 1 0 3 ) ;
14 disp ( So t h e bandwidth i n c r e a s e form 100 Hz t o 20
kHz on t h e g a i n d e c r e a s e s form 104 t o 50 )
Scilab code Exa 5.10 Value of Av bita Avf Ri Rif Ro Rof

1 // Exa 5 . 1 0
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a
6 gm =50;
7 R_E = 100; // i n ohm
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8 R_S = 1; // i n kohm
9 R_S = R_S *10^3; // i n ohm
10 r_pi = 1100; // i n ohm
11 h_ie = r_pi ;
12 // Formula Av= Vo/Vs , But Vo= gm v p i R E and Vs= I b
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( Ri+r p i ) , s o
Av = gm * R_E /( R_S + h_ie )
// As Vo=Vf , s o
Bita =1;
D = 1+ Bita * Av ;
Avf = Av / D ;
Ri = R_S + r_pi ; // i n ohm
Ri = Ri *10^ -3; // i n kohm
R_if = Ri * D ; // i n kohm
// Ro= i n f i n i t e , s o
// Rof= i n f i n i t e
disp ( Av , V a l u e o f Av i s : )
disp ( Bita , V a l u e o f B i t a i s : )
disp ( Avf , V a l u e o f Avf i s : )
disp ( Ri , V a l u e o f Ri i n kohm )
disp ( R_if , V a l u e o f R i f i n kohm i s : )
disp ( V a l u e o f Rof i s : )
disp ( i n f i n i t e )
Scilab code Exa 5.11 Value of Avf Rif Rof and bita
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// Exa 5 . 1 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
gm =2; // i n mA/V
gm = gm *10^ -3; // i n A/V
r_d = 40; // i n kohm
r_d = r_d *10^3; // i n ohm
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Rs = 3; // i n kohm
Rs = Rs *10^3; // i n ohm
miu = gm * r_d ;
Bita =1;
Av = miu * Rs /( r_d + Rs ) ;
D = 1+ Bita * Av ;
Avf = Av / D ;
// Ri= i n f i n i t e , s o R i f =
Rof = r_d / D ; // i n ohm
disp ( Av , V a l u e o f Av i s :
disp (D , V a l u e o f D i s )
disp ( Avf , V a l u e o f Avf i s
disp ( V a l u e o f R i f i s )
disp ( Rof , V a l u e o f Rof i n
Ri D = i n f i n i t e
)
: )
ohm i s : )
Scilab code Exa 5.12 Value of D Gmf Rif and Rof

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// Exa 5 . 1 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
gm =75; // i n A/V
Rs = 1; // i n kohm
Rs = Rs *10^3; // i n ohm
R_E = 1; // i n kohm
R_E = R_E *10^3; // i n ohm
rpi = 1; // i n kohm
rpi = rpi *10^3; // i n ohm
hie = rpi ;
Io = - gm ;
Vi = Rs + R_E + rpi ;
Gm = Io / Vi ;
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disp ( Gm , V a l u e o f Gm i s : )
Bita = - R_E ;
disp ( Bita , V a l u e o f B i t a i s : )
D = 1+ Bita * Gm ;
disp (D , V a l u e o f D i s : )
Gmf = Gm / D ;
disp ( Gmf , V a l u e o f Gmf i s : )
Ri = Rs + R_E + hie ; // i n ohm
Rif = Ri * D ; // i n ohm
Rif = Rif *10^ -3; // i n kohm
disp ( Rif , V a l u e o f R i f i n kohm i s : )
// Ro= i n f i n i t e , s o R o f = RoD = i n f i n i t e
disp ( V a l u e o f R o f i s )
Scilab code Exa 5.19 Percentage change in Af

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// Exa 5 . 1 9
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
A = 10^5;
Af = 100;
// Formula Af= A/(1+A B i t a )
Bita = 1/ Af -1/ A ;
// when A= 1 0 3
A =10^3;
Af_desh = A /(1+ A * Bita ) ;
delta_Af = Af_desh - Af ;
Perc_Change_inAf = delta_Af / Af *100; // i n %
disp ( Perc_Change_inAf , P e r c e n t a g e c h a n g e i n Af i s :
)
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Scilab code Exa 5.20 Percentage gain deduction

1 // Exa 5 . 2 0
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a
6 A = 100;
7 Vs =1; // i n v o l t
8 Bita =1; // a s i n t h e v o l t a g e
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f o l l o w e r , the output
v o l t a g e i s same a s i n p u t
Af = A /(1+ Bita * A ) ;
CLG = 1+ A * Bita ; // c l o s e d l o o p g a i n
disp ( CLG , C l o s e d l o o p g a i n i s : )
CLG_dB = 20* log10 ( CLG ) ;
disp ( CLG_dB , C l o s e d l o o p g a i n i n dB i s : )
Vo = Af * Vs ; // i n V
disp ( Vo , V a l u e o f Vo i n v o l t i s : )
Vi = Vs - Vo ; // i n V
disp ( round ( Vi *10^3) , V a l u e o f Vi i n mV i s : )
// I f A d e c r e a s e 10%, i . e .
A =90;
Af_desh = A /(1+ Bita * A ) ;
Per_gain_reduction = ( Af_desh - Af ) / Af *100; // i n %
disp ( Per_gain_reduction , P e r c e n t a g e o f g a i n
r e d u c t i o n i n % )
Scilab code Exa 5.21 Open loop gain and loop gain
1 // Exa 5 . 2 1
2 clc ;
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3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a
6 // P a r t ( a )
7 PerError = 1; // i n %
8 A = 10^5; // ( Assumed v a l u e )
9 ABita = 1/ PerError *100;
10 Bita = 1/( PerError * A ) ;
11 disp ( % e r r o r
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A
A
1+ A )
disp ( string ( PerError ) +
+ string (
A)+
+ string ( ABita ) +
+ string (1+ ABita ) )
// P a r t ( b )
PerError = 5; // i n %
ABita = 1/ PerError *100;
Bita = 1/( PerError * A ) ;
+ string (
A)+
// P a r t ( c )
PerError = 50; // i n %
ABita = 1/ PerError *100;
Bita = 1/( PerError * A ) ;
+ string ( A )
+
Scilab code Exa 5.22 Value of AB

1 // Exa 5 . 2 2
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a
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6 S = -20; // s e n s i t i v i t y
o f c l o s e d t o open l o o p g a i n i n
dB
// s e n s i t i v i t y o f c l o s e d t o open l o o p g a i n = 1/(1+AB
) = S
8 // o r (1+AB) = S
9 AB = 10^( - S /20) - 1;
10 disp ( AB , The l o o p g a i n AB f o r which t h e s e n s i t i v i t y
o f c l o s e d l o o p g a i n t o open l o o p g a i n i s 20 dB ,
i s : )
7
11
12 // P a r t ( b ) when
13 S = 1/2; // s e n s i t i v i t y
o f c l o s e d t o open l o o p g a i n i n
dB
14 // S= 1/(1+AB)
15 AB = 1/ S -1;
16 disp ( AB , The l o o p g a i n AB f o r which t h e s e n s i t i v i t y
o f c l o s e d l o o p g a i n t o open l o o p g a i n i s 1/2 , i s
: )
Scilab code Exa 5.23 Gain densitivity factor

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// Exa 5 . 2 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
A =10^5;
Af = 10^3;
// Af= A/(1+A B i t a )
Bita = 1/ Af -1/ A ;
GDF = 1+ A * Bita ; // g a i n d e n s i t i v i t y f a c t o r
disp ( GDF , Gain d e n s i t i v i t y f a c t o r i s : )
// P a r t ( a ) when A d r o p s 10 %
A_desh = A - A *10/100;
Af_desh = A_desh /(1+ A_desh * Bita ) ;
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18
19
20
21
CorresPer = ( Af - Af_desh ) / Af *100; // c o r r e s p o n d i n g

percentage in %
disp ( CorresPer , When A d r o p s by 10 % t h e n
co rr es po nd in g percentage i s )
// P a r t ( b ) when A d r o p s 30 %
A_desh = A - A *30/100;
Af_desh = A_desh /(1+ A_desh * Bita ) ;
CorresPer = ( Af - Af_desh ) / Af *100; // c o r r e s p o n d i n g
percentage in %
disp ( CorresPer , When A d r o p s by 30 % t h e n
co rr es po nd in g percentage i s )
Scilab code Exa 5.24 Upper and lower 3dB frequency

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
// Exa 5 . 2 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
A =100;
Af = 10;
f_L = 100; // i n Hz
f_H = 10; // i n kHz
// Af= A/(1+A B i t a )
Bita = 1/ Af -1/ A ;
f_desh_L = f_L /(1+ A * Bita ) ; // i n Hz
f_desh_H = f_H /(1+ A * Bita ) ; // i n kHz
disp ( f_desh_L , Low f r e q u e n c y i n Hz i s : )
disp ( f_desh_H , High f r e q u e n c y i n kHz i s : )
// Note : I n t h e book C a l c u l a t i o n t o f i n d t h e v a l u e
o f h i g h f r e q u e n c y i . e . f d e s h H i s wrong s o t h e
a n s w e r i n t h e book i s wrong
105

1
2
3
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5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
// Exa 5 . 2 5
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
Vs = 100; // i n mV
Vf = 95; // i n mV
Vs = Vs *10^ -3; // i n V
Vf = Vf *10^ -3; // i n V
Vo =10; // i n V
Vi = Vs - Vf ; // i n V
Av = Vo / Vi ; // i n V/V
disp ( Av , V a l u e o f A i n V/V i s : )
Bita = Vf / Vo ; // i n V/V
disp ( Bita , V a l u e o f B i t a i n V/V i s : )
// Note : I n t h e book C a l c u l a t i o n t o f i n d t h e v a l u e
o f B i t a i s wrong s o t h e a s n w e r i n t h e book i s
wrong

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
// Exa 5 . 2 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
Is = 100; // i n
A
Is = Is *10^ -6; // i n A
If = 95; // i n
A
106
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
If = If *10^ -6; // i n A
Io = 10; // i n mA
Io = Io *10^ -3; // i n A
A = Io /( Is - If ) ; // n A/A
Bita = If / Io ; // A/A
disp (A , V a l u e o f A i n A/A i s : )
disp ( Bita , V a l u e o f B i t a i n A/A i s : )
// Note : I n t h e book , t o e v a l u a t i n g t h e v a l u e o f
B i t a , t h e y p u t t e d wrong v a l u e o f I f ( 9 5 a t p l a c e
of 90)
Scilab code Exa 5.28 Gain input resistance and output resistance of the
closed loop amp
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
// Exa 5 . 2 8
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
A =2000; //V/V
Bita = 0.1; // inV /V
Ri = 1; // i n kohm
Ri = Ri *10^3; // i n ohm
Ro = 1; // i n kohm
Ro = Ro *10^3; // i n ohm
Af = A /(1+ A * Bita ) ;
disp ( Af , The g a i n Af i n v o l t i s : )
Rif = Ri *(1+ A * Bita ) ; // i n ohm
disp ( Rif *10^ -3 , The i n p u t r e s i s t a n c e i n kohm i s : )
Rof = Ro /(1+ A * Bita ) ; // i n ohm
disp ( Rof *10^ -3 , The o u t p u t r e s i s t a n c e i n kohm i s :
)
18
19
107
// Note : I n t h e book , t o f i n d i n g t h e v a l u e o f Af ,
R i f and Rof t h e r e i s m i s s p r i n t i n g t o p u t t i n g t h e
v a l u e o f B i t a but v a l u e o f Af and R i f i s c o r r e c t
b e c a u s e t o c a l c u l a t i n g Af and R i f , t h e v a l u e o f
Bita i s taken . 1 ( not . 0 1 )
21 //
but t o e v a l u a t i n g t h e v a l u e o f Rof
c a l c u l a t i o n i s a l s o wrong s o t h e a n s w e r i n t h e
book i s wrong
20
Scilab code Exa 5.29 Closed loop voltage gain

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
// Exa 5 . 2 9
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
// P a r t ( b )
Af = 10;
A = 10^4;
// Af= A/(1+A B i t a ) ;
Bita = 1/ Af -1/ A ;
// B i t a= R1 / ( R1+R2 )
R2_by_R1 = 1/ Bita -1;
disp ( R2_by_R1 , V a l u e o f R2/R1 i s : )
// P a r t ( c )
Vs = 1; // i n V
Vo = (1+ R2_by_R1 ) * Vs ;
disp ( Vo , V a l u e o f Vo i n v o l t i s : )
Vf = Vo /(1+ R2_by_R1 )
disp ( Vf , V a l u e o f Vf i n v o l t i s : )
108
Chapter 6
Oscillators
Scilab code Exa 6.1 Minimum gain of the amplifier to provide oscillation
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
// Exa 6 . 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
Vf = 0.0125; // i n v o l t
Vo = 0.5; // i n v o l t
Bita = Vf / Vo ;
// For o s c i l l a t o r A B i t a= 1
A = 1/ Bita ;
disp ( A m p l i f i e r S h o u l d have a minimum g a i n o f +
string ( A ) + t o p r o v i d e o s c i l l a t i o n )
Scilab code Exa 6.2 The frequency of oscillation

1 // Exa 6 . 2
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
109
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
close ;
// Given d a t a
R1 = 50; // i n kohm
R1 = R1 *10^3; // i n ohm
R2 = R1 ; // i n ohm
R3 = R2 ; // i n ohm
C1 = 60; // i n pF
C1 = C1 *10^ -12; // i n F
C2 = C1 ; // i n F
C3 = C2 ; // i n F
f = 1/(2* %pi * R1 * C1 * sqrt (6) ) ;
disp ( f *10^ -3 , F r e q u e n c y o f o s c i l l t i o n s i n kHz i s :
)
Scilab code Exa 6.3 Wein Bridge oscillator

1
2
3
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5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
// Exa 6 . 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
f =2; // i n kHz
f = f *10^3; // i n Hz
// L e t
R = 10; // i n kohm
( As R s h o u l d be g r e a t e r t h a n 1
kohm )
R = R *10^3; // i n ohm
// Formula f= 1 / ( 2 %pi RC)
C = 1/(2* %pi * f * R ) ; // i n F
C = C *10^9; // i n nF
// For B i t a t o be 1 / 3 , Choose
R4 = R ; // i n ohm
R3 = 2* R4 ; // i n ohm
disp (C , V a l u e o f C i n nF i s : )
110
19
Scilab code Exa 6.4 Frequency of oscillations

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
// Exa 6 . 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
R1 = 200; // i n kohm
R1 = R1 *10^3; // i n ohm
R2 = R1 ; // i n ohm
C1 = 200; // i n pF
C1 = C1 *10^ -12; // i n F
C2 = C1 ; // i n F
f = 1/(2* %pi * R1 * C1 ) ; // i n Hz
disp ( f *10^ -3 , F r e q u e n c y o f o s c i l l t i o n s i n kHz i s :
)
// Note : C a l c u l a t i o n t o f i n d t h e v a l u e o f f i n t h e
book i s wrong , s o a n s w e r i n t h e book i s wrong
Scilab code Exa 6.5 Operating frequency

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
// Exa 6 . 5
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
L = 100; // i n
H
L = L *10^ -6; // i n H
C1 = .001; // i n
F
C1 = C1 *10^ -6; // i n F
111
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
C2 = .01; // i n
F
C2 = C2 *10^ -6; // i n F
C = C1 * C2 /( C1 + C2 ) ; // i n F
// ( i )
f = 1/(2* %pi * sqrt ( L * C ) ) ; // i n Hz
disp ( round ( f *10^ -3) , O p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n kHz i s :
)
// ( i i )
Bita = C1 / C2 ;
disp ( Bita , Feed back f r a c t i o n i s : )
// ( i i i )
// A B i t a >=1, s o Amin B i t a= 1
Amin = 1/ Bita ;
disp ( Amin , Minimum g a i n t o s u b s t a i n o s c i l l a t i o n s i s
: )
Scilab code Exa 6.6 Operating frequency

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
// Exa 6 . 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
L = 15; // i n
H
L = L *10^ -6; // i n H
C1 = .004; // i n
F
C1 = C1 *10^ -6; // i n F
C2 = .04; // i n
F
C2 = C2 *10^ -6; // i n F
C = C1 * C2 /( C1 + C2 ) ; // i n F
f = 1/(2* %pi * sqrt ( L * C ) ) ; // i n Hz
disp ( f *10^ -3 , F r e q u e n c y o f o s c i l l a t i o n s i n kHz i s :
)
112
Scilab code Exa 6.7 Frequency of oscillaiton

1
2
3
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5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
// Exa 6 . 7
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
L = 0.01; // i n H
C = 10; // i n pF
C = C *10^ -12; // i n F
f = 1/(2* %pi * sqrt ( L * C ) ) ; // i n Hz
disp ( f *10^ -3 , F r e q u e n c y o f o s c i l l a t i o n s i n kHz i s :
)
// Note : C a l c u l a t i o n t o f i n d t h e v a l u e o f f i n t h e
book i s wrong , s o a n s w e r i n t h e book i s wrong
Scilab code Exa 6.8 Value of fs and fp

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
// Exa 6 . 8
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
L = 0.8; // i n H
C = .08; // i n pF
C = C *10^ -12; // i n F
C_M = 1.9; // i n pF
C_M = C_M *10^ -12; // i n F
C_T = C * C_M /( C + C_M ) ; // i n F
R =5; // i n kohm
113
14 f_s = 1/(2* %pi * sqrt ( L * C ) ) ; // i n Hz

15 disp ( f_s *10^ -3 , S e r i e s r e s o n a n t f r e q u e n c y i n kHz i s
: )
16 // ( i i )
17 f_p = 1/(2* %pi * sqrt ( L * C_T ) ) ; // i n Hz
18 disp ( f_p *10^ -3 , p a r a l l e l r e s o n a n t f r e q u e n c y i n kHz
i s : )
19
20
// Note : C a l c u l a t i o n t o f i n d t h e v a l u e o f p a r a l l e l
r e s o n a n t f r e q u e n c y i n t h e book i s wrong , s o
a n s w e r i n t h e book i s wrong
Scilab code Exa 6.10 Frequency of oscillaiton

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
// Exa 6 . 1 0
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
R1 = 220; // i n kohm
R1 = R1 *10^3; // i n ohm
R2 = R1 ; // i n ohm
C1 = 250; // i n pF
C1 = C1 *10^ -12; // i n F
C2 = C1 ; // i n F
f = 1/(2* %pi * R1 * C1 ) ;
disp (f , F r e q u e n c y o f o s c i l l t i o n s i n Hz i s : )
Scilab code Exa 6.11 Value of C

1 // Exa 6 . 1 1
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
114
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
close ;
// Given d a t a
R = 10; // i n kohm
R = R *10^3; // i n ohm
f =1000;
fie = 60; // i n
// The i m p e d e n c e o f g i v e n c i r c u i t , Z= R+j 1 / ( omega
C)
// t h e p h a s e s h i f t , t a n ( f i e )= i m a g i n a r y p a r t / R e a l
part
// t a n d ( f i e ) = 1 / ( omega RC)
C = 1/(2* %pi * R * tand ( fie ) ) ;
disp ( C *10^12 , The v a l u e o f C i n pF i s : )
// Note : There i s an c a l c u l a t i o n e r r o r t o e v a l u a t e
t h e v a l u e o f C , So t h e a n s w e r i n t h e book i s
wrong
Scilab code Exa 6.12 Frequency of oscillaiton and minimum gain

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
// Exa 6 . 1 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
L = 50; // i n
H
L = L *10^ -6; // i n H
C1 = 300; // i n pF
C1 = C1 *10^ -12; // i n F
C2 = 100; // i n pF
C2 = C2 *10^ -12; // i n F
C_eq = C1 * C2 /( C1 + C2 ) ; // i n F
f = 1/(2* %pi * sqrt ( L * C_eq ) ) ; // i n Hz
disp ( f *10^ -6 , F r e q u e n c y o f o s c i l l a t i o n s i n MHz i s :
)
115
15
16
17
Bita = C2 / C1 ;
// ( i i i )
// A B i t a >=1, s o A B i t a= 1 ( f o r s u s t a i n e d
oscillations )
18 Amin = 1/ Bita ;
19 disp ( Amin , Minimum g a i n t o s u b s t a i n o s c i l l a t i o n s
: )
is
Scilab code Exa 6.14 The range of capacitance

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
// Exa 6 . 1 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
L1 = 2; // i n mH
L1 = L1 *10^ -3; // i n H
L2 = 1.5; // i n mH
L2 = L2 *10^ -3; // i n H
// Formula f= 1 / ( 2 %pi s q r t ( ( L1+L2 ) C)
// For f= 1 0 0 0 kHz , C w i l l be maximum
f =1000; // i n kHz
f = f *10^3; // i n Hz
Cmax = 1/((2* %pi * f ) ^2*( L1 + L2 ) ) ; // i n F
// For f= 2 0 0 0 kHz , C w i l l be maximum
f =2000; // i n kHz
f = f *10^3; // i n Hz
Cmin = 1/((2* %pi * f ) ^2*( L1 + L2 ) ) ; // i n F
disp ( Cmin *10^12 , Minimum C a p a c i t a n c e i n pF i s : )
disp ( Cmax *10^12 , Maximum C a p a c i t a n c e i n pF i s : )
116
Chapter 7
Examintion Paper
Scilab code Exa 1.b The value of V1 and V0

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
// Exa 1 . b
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
R1 = 10; // i n k
R2 = 10; // i n k
Rf = 50; // i n k
V = 2; // i n V
V1 = V * R1 /( R1 + R2 ) ; // i n V
V01 = - Rf / R1 * V1 ; // i n V
disp ( V1 , The v a l u e o f V1 i n v o l t s i s : )
disp ( V01 , The v a l u e o f V01 i n v o l t s i s : )
disp ( Only 2 V s o u r c e t h e n t h e c i r c u i t a c t s a s non
i n v e r t i n g a m p l i f i e r )
Scilab code Exa 2.a The value of ID and VD
117
// Exa 2 . a
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
V_P = -4; // i n V
I_DSS = 10; // i n mA
V_GS = 0; // i n V
R_D = 1.8; // i n k
V_DD = 20; // i n V
I_D = I_DSS *(1 - V_GS / V_P ) ^2; // i n mA
// A p p l y i n g KVL t o t h e c i r c u i t , we g e t V DD= I D R D
+V D
13 V_D = V_DD - I_D * R_D ; // i n V
14 disp ( I_D , The v a l u e o f I D i n mA i s : )
15 disp ( V_D , The v a l u e o f V D i n v o l t s i s : )
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Scilab code Exa 2.c ON resistance of an NMOS transistor

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
// Exa 2 . c
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
V_GS = 3; // i n V
Vth = 1; // i n V
unCox = 25; // i n mA/V2
W =3; // i n
m
L =1; // i n
m
r_DS = 1/( unCox * W / L *( V_GS - Vth ) ) ; // i n
i s : )
disp ( r_DS , The v a l u e o f r DS i n
118
Scilab code Exa 3.b The value of RE RB and delta ICQ

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
// Exa 3 . b
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a
I_CQ = 10; // i n mA
I_CQ = I_CQ *10^ -3; // i n A
V_CQ = 5; // i n V
V_CC = 10; // i n V
R_C = 0.4; // i n k
R_C = R_C *10^3; // i n
V_BE = 0.075; // i n V
V_BB = 0.175; // i n V
bita =100;
bita_max =120;
bita_min = 40;
// A p p l y i n g KVL we g e t , V CQ= V CCI C ( R C+R E )
R_E = ( V_CC - V_CQ ) / I_CQ - R_C ; // i n
i s : )
disp ( R_E , The v a l u e o f R E i n
I_B = I_CQ / bita ; // i n A
R_B = ( V_BB - V_BE ) / I_B ; // i n
disp ( R_B *10^ -3 , The v a l u e o f R B i n k )
I_Cmax = bita_max * I_B ; // i n A
I_Cmin = bita_min * I_B ; // i n A
delta_I_CQ = I_Cmax - I_Cmin ; // i n A
disp ( delta_I_CQ *10^3 , The v a l u e o f d e l t a I C i n mA
i s : )
119

Electronic Circuits - P. Raja

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Scilab Textbook Companion for

by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

3 Bipolar Junction Transistors

List of Scilab Codes

Value of VGS RS and RD . . . . . . . . . . .

Value of Bita and labelled voltage . . . . . . . . .

Value of D Gmf Rif and Rof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Scilab code Exa 1.1 Value of Rf

Scilab code Exa 1.2 Output voltage

Scilab code Exa 1.3 Inverting amplifier

Scilab code Exa 2.3 Value of ID and VDS

Scilab code Exa 1.4 Output voltage

Scilab code Exa 1.5 Output voltage

Scilab code Exa 1.7 Output voltage

Scilab code Exa 1.8 Voltage gain

Scilab code Exa 1.10 Output voltage

Scilab code Exa 1.11 Range of voltage gain

Scilab code Exa 1.12 Range of output voltage

Scilab code Exa 1.13 The value of R1 and R2

Scilab code Exa 1.14 Output voltage

Scilab code Exa 1.15 Output voltage

Scilab code Exa 1.16 Ouptut voltage

Scilab code Exa 1.17 Output voltage

Scilab code Exa 1.18 Output voltage

Scilab code Exa 1.19 Output voltage

Scilab code Exa 1.20 Output voltage

Scilab code Exa 1.22 Inverting op amp

disp ( Rf *10^ -3 , The v a l u e o f Rf i n

Scilab code Exa 1.24 Output voltage

Scilab code Exa 1.25 Output voltage

Scilab code Exa 1.26 Gain

Scilab code Exa 1.27 Value of Ao fb fr

Scilab code Exa 1.28 3dB frequency and gain

Scilab code Exa 2.1 Device operate region

Scilab code Exa 2.2 Drain current

Scilab code Exa 2.4 Value of VGS RS and RD

26 R_D = ( V_DD - V_D ) / I_D ; // i n

Scilab code Exa 2.5 Value required of R

Scilab code Exa 2.6 Value of R and VD

13 // Formula I D= KnW/L [ ( V GSVt ) V DSV DS 2 / 2 ]

Scilab code Exa 2.8 Voltages at all nodes

27 V_GS = V_G - V_S ; // i n V

Scilab code Exa 2.9 Value of ID and VDS

Scilab code Exa 2.10 Design a bias circuit

Scilab code Exa 2.11 Bias point

30 Av = - gm *[ R_D * R_L * r_o /( R_D * R_L + R_D * r_o + R_L * r_o ) ]; //

Scilab code Exa 2.12 Largest value of RD

11 KpWbyL = KpWbyL *10^ -3; // i n A/V2

Scilab code Exa 2.14 Resistance value

disp ( r_DS2 , For V GS= 1 . 5 V , t h e v a l u e o f r DS2 i n

Scilab code Exa 2.16 Value of RD and RS

Scilab code Exa 2.17 Required value of R and W

Scilab code Exa 2.18 Required value of gate width

18 // Formul I D= 1 /2 unCox W/L ( V GS1Vt ) 2

Scilab code Exa 2.19 Value of V1 V2 V3 V4 and V5

Scilab code Exa 2.20 Labelled current and voltage

are operating in saturation

Scilab code Exa 2.22 Voltage gain

// Note : There i s some d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e new

Scilab code Exa 2.23 Value of CS

Scilab code Exa 2.24 Midband gain and upper 3 dB frequency

Scilab code Exa 3.1 Value of IE IB IC and VC

disp ( V_C , The v a l u e o f V C i n v o l t s i s : )

30 Av = - gm [ R_D R_L * r_o /( R_D * R_L + R_D * r_o + R_L * r_o ) ]; //